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M.com. final (distance education) internal assessment
This document provides the syllabus for the Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Final annual scheme offered by Kurukshetra University beginning in the 2013-2014 session. It outlines the course structure, including one compulsory paper and optional groups from which students must choose. Details are given for six papers, including course codes, titles, external and internal assessment marks and duration. The syllabus and reading references are provided for the compulsory paper on computer applications to business and e-commerce, as well as several optional papers on subjects like financial management, security analysis, human resource management, and services marketing.
D.com 2
The document provides information about education materials that are available for free download at www.tauqeerhillsjab.blogspot.com. It includes past papers, notes, syllabuses and other education related materials for various qualifications such as matric, intermediate, bachelor's and master's degrees as well as professional qualifications. The website also provides subject details, course contents, recommended books and other relevant information for subjects including English, Urdu, Pakistan Studies, Business IT, Principles of Economics, Communication Skills and Applied Accounting for the D.Com Part II qualification.
D.com 1
This document contains course content details for the Business I.T - I course for the D.Com Part - I program. It includes an overview of the course objectives, structure, topics, credit hours, and marks allocation. The course aims to provide an introduction to information technology, computer fundamentals, computer applications in business, word processing, spreadsheets, and typing practice. Key topics include the introduction to IT, computer components, operating systems, Windows functions, MS Word, MS Excel functions and formulas, and English and Urdu typing skills. Recommended textbooks are also listed.
Paper 2 Economics Lecture 01 And 2
- The document outlines an economics lecture on fundamental economic concepts. It discusses topics like scarcity, choice, opportunity cost, production possibility curves, different methods of organizing an economy, factors of production, entrepreneurship, and the nature of profit.
- Key concepts covered include rational choice theory, allocative and technical efficiency, and the differences between economic profit and accounting profit.
- The lecture also introduces different ways economies can be organized, such as through command, free market, and mixed systems. It emphasizes the importance of understanding economic concepts and previewed upcoming material.
Categorical propositions
The document discusses the theory of deduction and categorical propositions. It explains that Aristotelian logic focuses on arguments with categorical propositions that relate classes or categories to each other. There are four standard forms of categorical propositions - universal affirmative (A), universal negative (E), particular affirmative (I), and particular negative (O). Each relates the subject and predicate classes in a different way. For example, an A proposition states that all members of the subject class are members of the predicate class, while an O proposition states that at least one member of the subject class is not a member of the predicate class.
Advertising & Sales Management
This document provides an overview of advertising and sales management. It includes chapters on advertising, advertising as a communication process, advertising campaigns, advertising media, creative strategy, evaluation of advertisements, and advertising agencies. It also includes an introduction to sales management, sales organization structure, managing distribution channels, and managing sales personnel. The document contains definitions of key terms, descriptions of concepts and processes, and guidelines. It serves as a reference for understanding advertising and sales management topics.
Chi square test final
The document provides information about the Chi Square test, including:
- It is one of the most widely used statistical tests in research.
- It compares observed frequencies to expected frequencies to test hypotheses about categorical variables.
- The key steps are defining hypotheses, calculating the test statistic, determining the degrees of freedom, finding the critical value, and making a conclusion by comparing the test statistic to the critical value.
- It can be used for goodness of fit tests, tests of homogeneity of proportions, and tests of independence between categorical variables. Examples of applications in cohort studies, case-control studies, and matched case-control studies are provided.
Chi Square Worked Example
The document discusses how to use a chi-squared (x2) test to examine differences between observed and expected frequencies of categorical data. It provides guidelines for when a chi-squared test is appropriate, how to perform the calculation, and how to interpret the results. A case study example is presented of a student analyzing questionnaire responses about the 2012 Olympics using a chi-squared test to determine if response frequencies differed significantly between demographic groups.
Recommandé
M.com. final (distance education) internal assessment
This document provides the syllabus for the Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Final annual scheme offered by Kurukshetra University beginning in the 2013-2014 session. It outlines the course structure, including one compulsory paper and optional groups from which students must choose. Details are given for six papers, including course codes, titles, external and internal assessment marks and duration. The syllabus and reading references are provided for the compulsory paper on computer applications to business and e-commerce, as well as several optional papers on subjects like financial management, security analysis, human resource management, and services marketing.
D.com 2
The document provides information about education materials that are available for free download at www.tauqeerhillsjab.blogspot.com. It includes past papers, notes, syllabuses and other education related materials for various qualifications such as matric, intermediate, bachelor's and master's degrees as well as professional qualifications. The website also provides subject details, course contents, recommended books and other relevant information for subjects including English, Urdu, Pakistan Studies, Business IT, Principles of Economics, Communication Skills and Applied Accounting for the D.Com Part II qualification.
D.com 1
This document contains course content details for the Business I.T - I course for the D.Com Part - I program. It includes an overview of the course objectives, structure, topics, credit hours, and marks allocation. The course aims to provide an introduction to information technology, computer fundamentals, computer applications in business, word processing, spreadsheets, and typing practice. Key topics include the introduction to IT, computer components, operating systems, Windows functions, MS Word, MS Excel functions and formulas, and English and Urdu typing skills. Recommended textbooks are also listed.
Paper 2 Economics Lecture 01 And 2
- The document outlines an economics lecture on fundamental economic concepts. It discusses topics like scarcity, choice, opportunity cost, production possibility curves, different methods of organizing an economy, factors of production, entrepreneurship, and the nature of profit.
- Key concepts covered include rational choice theory, allocative and technical efficiency, and the differences between economic profit and accounting profit.
- The lecture also introduces different ways economies can be organized, such as through command, free market, and mixed systems. It emphasizes the importance of understanding economic concepts and previewed upcoming material.
Categorical propositions
The document discusses the theory of deduction and categorical propositions. It explains that Aristotelian logic focuses on arguments with categorical propositions that relate classes or categories to each other. There are four standard forms of categorical propositions - universal affirmative (A), universal negative (E), particular affirmative (I), and particular negative (O). Each relates the subject and predicate classes in a different way. For example, an A proposition states that all members of the subject class are members of the predicate class, while an O proposition states that at least one member of the subject class is not a member of the predicate class.
Advertising & Sales Management
This document provides an overview of advertising and sales management. It includes chapters on advertising, advertising as a communication process, advertising campaigns, advertising media, creative strategy, evaluation of advertisements, and advertising agencies. It also includes an introduction to sales management, sales organization structure, managing distribution channels, and managing sales personnel. The document contains definitions of key terms, descriptions of concepts and processes, and guidelines. It serves as a reference for understanding advertising and sales management topics.
Chi square test final
The document provides information about the Chi Square test, including:
- It is one of the most widely used statistical tests in research.
- It compares observed frequencies to expected frequencies to test hypotheses about categorical variables.
- The key steps are defining hypotheses, calculating the test statistic, determining the degrees of freedom, finding the critical value, and making a conclusion by comparing the test statistic to the critical value.
- It can be used for goodness of fit tests, tests of homogeneity of proportions, and tests of independence between categorical variables. Examples of applications in cohort studies, case-control studies, and matched case-control studies are provided.
Chi Square Worked Example
The document discusses how to use a chi-squared (x2) test to examine differences between observed and expected frequencies of categorical data. It provides guidelines for when a chi-squared test is appropriate, how to perform the calculation, and how to interpret the results. A case study example is presented of a student analyzing questionnaire responses about the 2012 Olympics using a chi-squared test to determine if response frequencies differed significantly between demographic groups.
Chi square test
The document discusses the chi-square test, which is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can be used as a test of independence to determine if two variables are associated, and as a test of goodness of fit to assess how well an expected distribution fits observed data. The steps of the chi-square test are outlined, including calculating the test statistic, determining degrees of freedom, and comparing the statistic to critical values to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected. An example of a chi-square test of independence is shown to test if perceptions of fairness of performance evaluation methods are independent of each other.
Chi square test
The document provides information about the chi-square test, including its introduction by Karl Pearson, its applications and uses, assumptions, and examples. The chi-square test is used to determine if an observed set of frequencies differ from expected frequencies. It can be used to test differences between categorical data and expected values. Examples shown include a goodness of fit test comparing blood group frequencies to expected equal distribution, and a one-dimensional coin flipping example.
Parametric and non parametric test
Statistical tests can be used to analyze data in two main ways: descriptive statistics provide an overview of data attributes, while inferential statistics assess how well data support hypotheses and generalizability. There are different types of tests for comparing means and distributions between groups, determining if differences or relationships exist in parametric or non-parametric data. The appropriate test depends on the question being asked, number of groups, and properties of the data.
Parametric vs Nonparametric Tests: When to use which
There are several statistical tests which can be categorized as parametric and nonparametric. This presentation will help the readers to identify which type of tests can be appropriate regarding particular data features.
Non-Parametric Tests
This document provides an overview of nonparametric tests. It defines nonparametric tests as techniques that do not rely on assumptions about the underlying data distribution. Some key points made in the document include:
- Nonparametric tests are used when the sample distribution is unknown or when there are too many variables to assume a normal distribution.
- Common nonparametric tests include the chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, median test, and sign test.
- The main difference between parametric and nonparametric tests is that parametric tests make assumptions about the population distribution, while nonparametric tests do not require these assumptions and are distribution-
Chi – square test
The document discusses the chi-square test, which offers an alternative method for testing the significance of differences between two proportions. It was developed by Karl Pearson and follows a specific chi-square distribution. To calculate chi-square, contingency tables are made noting observed and expected frequencies, and the chi-square value is calculated using the formula. Degrees of freedom are also calculated. Chi-square test is commonly used to test proportions, associations between events, and goodness of fit to a theory. However, it has limitations when expected values are less than 5 and does not measure strength of association or indicate causation.
Exercise answers chapter 1, 2 & 3
This document provides exercises and discussion questions from a critical thinking textbook. It includes sample answers to questions about moral relativism and inconsistencies that can arise from it. It also provides examples of statements and non-statements, and examines arguments with multiple premises and conclusions.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP- CONCEPT
ENTREPRENEUR- CONCEPT, MEANING, DEFINITION, FEATURES, NEED, IMPORTANCE, FUNCTIONS, CHARACTERISTICS, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, PURSUITS & SUMMARY, WITH HUMAN ACTIVITIES.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP- CONCEPT, MEANING, DEFINITION, FEATURES, NEED, IMPORTANCE, FUNCTIONS, CHARACTERISTICS, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, PURSUITS & SUMMARY, WITH HUMAN ACTIVITIES.
INNOVATION, CREATIVITY, RISK TAKING, CHANGE AGENT, PROBLEM SOLVER,
PACE SETTER, EXCELLENCE SEEKER, MARKETING EXECUTIVE, CONCEPT PROMOTER, MOTIVATOR, MANAGER, LEADER,SUPERVISOR & COMMUNICATIOR.
ENTREPRENEURIAL VALUES, ATTITUDES, MOTIVATION, COMPETENCIES, BARRIERS, MYTHS WITH HELP & SUPPORT TO ENTREPRENEURS.
UNDERSTANDING A MARKET & COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS- PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS, INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS, GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS, etc.
Introduction to Entrepreneurship
The document discusses entrepreneurship, defining it as starting a new business and taking on the associated risks. It notes that entrepreneurs risk more than employees but also have more potential for reward. The pros of entrepreneurship are listed as making your own rules, enjoying your work, creating wealth, and helping your community, while the cons include potential business failure, unexpected obstacles, and financial insecurity early on. Successful entrepreneurs like Thomas Edison, P.T. Barnum, and Steve Jobs are mentioned. Characteristics of entrepreneurs like courage, creativity, and determination are also outlined.
Chapter 1 on Entrepreneurship
The document discusses entrepreneurship and introduces key concepts:
1) Entrepreneurship is creating something new of value by devoting time and effort while accepting risks and potential rewards.
2) An entrepreneur actively starts and leads their own business to grow and prosper by recognizing opportunities and managing resources.
3) Entrepreneurship can lead to innovation, job creation, and economic growth through organizing resources and creating new products/services.
Basics of entrepreneurship
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship, defining entrepreneurs as risk-takers who start new businesses. It discusses the mindset of entrepreneurs, including traits like seizing opportunities and always improving. The document also outlines the different forms entrepreneurship can take and reasons why entrepreneurs are important, such as creating most new jobs and solving problems through innovation.
Stress Management Presentation
This document discusses stress management and provides strategies for coping with stress. It defines stress and outlines its causes such as life events, work, and lifestyle factors. The physical and psychological symptoms of stress are described. The document also explains how the body's stress response system works and covers strategies for managing stress through changing one's thinking, behavior, and lifestyle habits like diet, exercise, and relaxation techniques. Alternative therapies for reducing stress are also mentioned.
DIstinguish between Parametric vs nonparametric test
This document summarizes parametric and nonparametric tests. Parametric tests make assumptions about the population based on known parameters, while nonparametric tests make no assumptions about the population. Some examples of parametric tests provided are t-test, F-test, z-test, and ANOVA, while examples of nonparametric tests include Mann-Whitney, rank sum test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The key differences between parametric and nonparametric tests are that parametric tests are based on population parameters and distributions while nonparametric tests are not, and parametric tests can only be applied to variable data while nonparametric tests can be used for variable or attribute data.
Chi square test
The chi-square test is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can test goodness of fit, independence of attributes, and homogeneity. The test involves calculating chi-square by taking the sum of the squares of the differences between observed and expected frequencies divided by expected frequencies. For the test to be valid, certain conditions must be met regarding sample size, expected frequencies, independence, and randomness. The test has some limitations such as not measuring strength of association and being unreliable with small expected frequencies.
Entrepreneurship powerpoint slide
This powerpoint presentation defines entrepreneurship and discusses its history and modern applications. It begins by defining an entrepreneur as someone who organizes and manages a business while taking on financial risk. It notes that agricultural students have been involved in entrepreneurship since the early 20th century through programs like raising livestock and growing crops. Today, agricultural entrepreneurship can involve many diverse activities beyond farming like custom harvesting or operating a small engine repair service. The presentation concludes by discussing characteristics of successful entrepreneurs and different types like social and lifestyle entrepreneurs.
Qualitative data analysis
This presentation summarizes qualitative data analysis methods in a brief manner. Read and use for your qualitative researches.
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En vedette
Chi square test
The document discusses the chi-square test, which is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can be used as a test of independence to determine if two variables are associated, and as a test of goodness of fit to assess how well an expected distribution fits observed data. The steps of the chi-square test are outlined, including calculating the test statistic, determining degrees of freedom, and comparing the statistic to critical values to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected. An example of a chi-square test of independence is shown to test if perceptions of fairness of performance evaluation methods are independent of each other.
Chi square test
The document provides information about the chi-square test, including its introduction by Karl Pearson, its applications and uses, assumptions, and examples. The chi-square test is used to determine if an observed set of frequencies differ from expected frequencies. It can be used to test differences between categorical data and expected values. Examples shown include a goodness of fit test comparing blood group frequencies to expected equal distribution, and a one-dimensional coin flipping example.
Parametric and non parametric test
Statistical tests can be used to analyze data in two main ways: descriptive statistics provide an overview of data attributes, while inferential statistics assess how well data support hypotheses and generalizability. There are different types of tests for comparing means and distributions between groups, determining if differences or relationships exist in parametric or non-parametric data. The appropriate test depends on the question being asked, number of groups, and properties of the data.
Parametric vs Nonparametric Tests: When to use which
There are several statistical tests which can be categorized as parametric and nonparametric. This presentation will help the readers to identify which type of tests can be appropriate regarding particular data features.
Non-Parametric Tests
This document provides an overview of nonparametric tests. It defines nonparametric tests as techniques that do not rely on assumptions about the underlying data distribution. Some key points made in the document include:
- Nonparametric tests are used when the sample distribution is unknown or when there are too many variables to assume a normal distribution.
- Common nonparametric tests include the chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, median test, and sign test.
- The main difference between parametric and nonparametric tests is that parametric tests make assumptions about the population distribution, while nonparametric tests do not require these assumptions and are distribution-
Chi – square test
The document discusses the chi-square test, which offers an alternative method for testing the significance of differences between two proportions. It was developed by Karl Pearson and follows a specific chi-square distribution. To calculate chi-square, contingency tables are made noting observed and expected frequencies, and the chi-square value is calculated using the formula. Degrees of freedom are also calculated. Chi-square test is commonly used to test proportions, associations between events, and goodness of fit to a theory. However, it has limitations when expected values are less than 5 and does not measure strength of association or indicate causation.
Exercise answers chapter 1, 2 & 3
This document provides exercises and discussion questions from a critical thinking textbook. It includes sample answers to questions about moral relativism and inconsistencies that can arise from it. It also provides examples of statements and non-statements, and examines arguments with multiple premises and conclusions.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP- CONCEPT
ENTREPRENEUR- CONCEPT, MEANING, DEFINITION, FEATURES, NEED, IMPORTANCE, FUNCTIONS, CHARACTERISTICS, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, PURSUITS & SUMMARY, WITH HUMAN ACTIVITIES.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP- CONCEPT, MEANING, DEFINITION, FEATURES, NEED, IMPORTANCE, FUNCTIONS, CHARACTERISTICS, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, PURSUITS & SUMMARY, WITH HUMAN ACTIVITIES.
INNOVATION, CREATIVITY, RISK TAKING, CHANGE AGENT, PROBLEM SOLVER,
PACE SETTER, EXCELLENCE SEEKER, MARKETING EXECUTIVE, CONCEPT PROMOTER, MOTIVATOR, MANAGER, LEADER,SUPERVISOR & COMMUNICATIOR.
ENTREPRENEURIAL VALUES, ATTITUDES, MOTIVATION, COMPETENCIES, BARRIERS, MYTHS WITH HELP & SUPPORT TO ENTREPRENEURS.
UNDERSTANDING A MARKET & COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS- PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS, INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS, GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS, etc.
Introduction to Entrepreneurship
The document discusses entrepreneurship, defining it as starting a new business and taking on the associated risks. It notes that entrepreneurs risk more than employees but also have more potential for reward. The pros of entrepreneurship are listed as making your own rules, enjoying your work, creating wealth, and helping your community, while the cons include potential business failure, unexpected obstacles, and financial insecurity early on. Successful entrepreneurs like Thomas Edison, P.T. Barnum, and Steve Jobs are mentioned. Characteristics of entrepreneurs like courage, creativity, and determination are also outlined.
Chapter 1 on Entrepreneurship
The document discusses entrepreneurship and introduces key concepts:
1) Entrepreneurship is creating something new of value by devoting time and effort while accepting risks and potential rewards.
2) An entrepreneur actively starts and leads their own business to grow and prosper by recognizing opportunities and managing resources.
3) Entrepreneurship can lead to innovation, job creation, and economic growth through organizing resources and creating new products/services.
Basics of entrepreneurship
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship, defining entrepreneurs as risk-takers who start new businesses. It discusses the mindset of entrepreneurs, including traits like seizing opportunities and always improving. The document also outlines the different forms entrepreneurship can take and reasons why entrepreneurs are important, such as creating most new jobs and solving problems through innovation.
Stress Management Presentation
This document discusses stress management and provides strategies for coping with stress. It defines stress and outlines its causes such as life events, work, and lifestyle factors. The physical and psychological symptoms of stress are described. The document also explains how the body's stress response system works and covers strategies for managing stress through changing one's thinking, behavior, and lifestyle habits like diet, exercise, and relaxation techniques. Alternative therapies for reducing stress are also mentioned.
DIstinguish between Parametric vs nonparametric test
This document summarizes parametric and nonparametric tests. Parametric tests make assumptions about the population based on known parameters, while nonparametric tests make no assumptions about the population. Some examples of parametric tests provided are t-test, F-test, z-test, and ANOVA, while examples of nonparametric tests include Mann-Whitney, rank sum test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The key differences between parametric and nonparametric tests are that parametric tests are based on population parameters and distributions while nonparametric tests are not, and parametric tests can only be applied to variable data while nonparametric tests can be used for variable or attribute data.
Chi square test
The chi-square test is used to determine if an observed frequency distribution differs from an expected theoretical distribution. It can test goodness of fit, independence of attributes, and homogeneity. The test involves calculating chi-square by taking the sum of the squares of the differences between observed and expected frequencies divided by expected frequencies. For the test to be valid, certain conditions must be met regarding sample size, expected frequencies, independence, and randomness. The test has some limitations such as not measuring strength of association and being unreliable with small expected frequencies.
Entrepreneurship powerpoint slide
This powerpoint presentation defines entrepreneurship and discusses its history and modern applications. It begins by defining an entrepreneur as someone who organizes and manages a business while taking on financial risk. It notes that agricultural students have been involved in entrepreneurship since the early 20th century through programs like raising livestock and growing crops. Today, agricultural entrepreneurship can involve many diverse activities beyond farming like custom harvesting or operating a small engine repair service. The presentation concludes by discussing characteristics of successful entrepreneurs and different types like social and lifestyle entrepreneurs.
Qualitative data analysis
This presentation summarizes qualitative data analysis methods in a brief manner. Read and use for your qualitative researches.
En vedette (16)
Parametric vs Nonparametric Tests: When to use which
Parametric vs Nonparametric Tests: When to use which
DIstinguish between Parametric vs nonparametric test
DIstinguish between Parametric vs nonparametric test