SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  33
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
AND
NUTRIENT NEEDS OF
PREGNANT LADY
N DIET 307
MATERNAL AND INFANT NUTRITION
PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY
PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
Pregnancy is an awe-inspiring process of growth and development
that has a great influence on both mother and fetus.While the
fertilized ovum is developing from a mass of dividing cells to an
embryo to a fetus, changes keep on occurring inside the mother as
well.These changes are and integral part of maternal-fetal system
which creates the most favorable environment possible for a child’s
development.The changes are necessary to:
•Regulate maternal metabolism
•Promote fetal growth
•Prepare the mother for labor
•Birth and lactation
PHYSICAL CHANGES
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Respiratory adaptations occur during pregnancy to meet both
maternal and fetal needs.
2. The maternal oxygen demand increases in response to :
1. Increased metabolic rate
2. The need to add to the tissue mass in the uterus and breasts
3. The fetus requires oxygen
4. A way to eliminate carbon dioxide
3. As the uterus enlarges, there is resultant increase in the intra-
abdominal pressure and increase in diaphragmatic breathing.
4. The pregnant lady breathes deeper ( greaterTIDALVOLUME) but
increases her respiratory rate only by few breathes.
5. Efficiency of gas exchange a alveolar level increases: the oxygen
carrying capacity of the blood increases accordingly.
PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1. Extensive physiological and anatomic changes occurring in
cardiovascular system, serve to protect the woman’s normal
physiological functioning to meet the metabolic demands
pregnancy imposes on her body, and to provide fetal development
and growth needs.
2. The cardiac output increase; it’s a result of increased stroke volume
and is in response to increase tissue demand for oxygen.
3. There is decline in resistance in vessels; leading to increased stroke
volume of heart and increased cardiac output.
4. The blood pressure drops in pregnancy i.e. there is decrease in both
systolic and diastolic blood pressure.The drop in blood pressure is
the result of peripheral vasodilatation from increased levels of
progesterone.
HAEMATOLOGICAL
CHANGES
1. These are the changes in
blood volume and
composition.
2. The plasma volume
increases by 50%.This
increased level is linked
with obstetric performance.
3. The RBC production is
stimulated during
pregnancy so that their
number rise but increase is
not large as the expansion
of plasma volume.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CHANGES
The pregnant lady secrets several
hormones throughout gestation. Some
are those that are present during
pregnancy whereas others that are
normally present; have altered their
secretion rate. Most hormones are
protein or steroids that are synthesized
from precursors such as amino acids and
cholesterol in the endocrine gland.Their
production is influenced by mothers
general health and nutritional status.
•They prepare the mother for pregnancy
•Help to maintain pregnancy
•Prepares mother for parturition
PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY
PROGESTERONE
Chief action is to cause relaxation of
smooth muscles of the uterus; so
that they can expand as the fetus
grows.
The relaxation of the muscles of the
gastrointestinal tract reduces
motility in the gut, allowing more
time for nutrients to get absorbed
and account for constipation in
pregnant lady.
General metabolic function of this
hormone is
•To induce maternal fat deposition
•Reduce alveolar and arterial pco2
(facilitate exchange of lung gases)
• Increase renal sodium excretion.
ESTROGEN
Its secretion is lower then
progesterone in the early months but
rises sharply near term. It promotes
the growth and control function and
the uterus.
Alters the structure of
mucopolysaccharides in connective
tissue.The alteration is beneficial as it
makes the tissue more flexible and
helps in uterus dilation during birth,
but also increases affinity of
connective tissue to water.
Because of estrogen many pregnant
women complain of excess fluid
retention in skin.Their faces and
fingers become puffy, and there are
indications of generalized edema.
Pregnant women may feel warm and hot flushes due to increased
hormonal level and basal metabolic rate.
The parathyroid gland increases slightly in size to meet up the
increased calcium requirement. In addition the hormones HCG, HPL,
prolactin, cortisone, progesterone, estrogen, and variety of proteins
and glycoprotein help in suppression of lymphocytes produced in
response to graft rejection.
β- HCG
•The increased level of this hormone indicates pregnancy.
•The hormone peaks up just before three months then goes down slowly.
•The hormone is produced by placenta.
A great variety of regulatory hormones are produced in placenta,
including HCG, human placental lactogen (HPL), chorionic
somatomamotropin, and human chronic thyrotropin (HCT).
MUSCULOSKELETAL CHANGES
•The uterus enlarges, it rises up and
out of pelvic cavity.This action
displaces the stomach, intestine
and other adjacent organs.
•Pregnant women have an
exaggerated arch in their back
(called lumbar lordosis) as the spine
realigns to maintain balance.The
ligaments become more lax due to
hormones, causing back pain and
pelvic pain (called symphysis pubis
dysfunction)
DERMATALOGICAL CHANGES`
•Stretch marks
•Hyper pigmentation
•Spots/ acne
•Broken veins
•Sensitivity and itching
•Obstetric choleostasis
The areas that get hyper pigmented are:
Nipples and surrounded skin
Moles and freckles
At face around forehead, cheeks and neck
Around tummy
PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CHANGES
1. Changes in structure of uterus; increasing its size 5 times the normal.
2. The capacity of uterus expands.
3. The abdominal content displaces towards side and uterus expands.
4. Vagina lactobacilli proliferation
1. Increase in lactic acid
2. Lower ph of vagina
3. Resulting in protective environment that prevents
development of other microorganisms.
5. Enlargement of breasts
1. Preparation for feeding
2. Peaked up adipose tissue enlarge breasts
PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY
METABOLIC CHANGES
•A rise in BMR during pregnancy is the major reason for weight gain.
•BMR increase up to 5% during first trimester and 12% during third
trimester.
•Calorie intake is increased by 350kcal/day in first trimester and by
500kcal/day in third trimester.
RENAL CHANGES
•Reabsorption of nutrients decreases as the blood volume increases
which causes a rise in glomerular filtration rate.
•Mild glycosuria and proteinuria is seen
•Sodium retention occurs
•Urinary tract infections are common
GASTROINTESTINAL CHANGES
•Heart burn (pyrosis) is common
•Appetite increases
•Alteration in GI tract-reduced
motility due to hormones-
results in nausea, vomiting and
constipation.
•Ptyalism is seen.
•Possibility of having gallstone
complication.
•Gums become swollen and
bleeding (gum hypertrophy)
Health risks associated with malnutrition during pregnancy.
Pregnant women who receive inadequate nutrition experience
greater maternal morbidity and have a higher risk of
poor pregnancy outcomes (e.g. premature birth, miscarriage).
Deficiency of micronutrients during pregnancy may lead to:
•Zinc and Magnesium: pre-eclampsia and preterm birth.
•A lack of Iron andVitamin B12: anemia.
•Vitamin B12: neurological issues.
•Vitamin K: excessive bleeding during childbirth.
•Iodine: miscarriage and stillbirth.
EFFECT OF MALNUTRITION ON
MOTHER FETUS
MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
DURING PREGNANCY ADVERSELY
AFFECT THE BABY
MICRONUTRIENT AFFECT ON BABY
Iodine congenital abnormalities, neurological
cretinism, mental deficiency, cretinism, etc.
It can also increase infant mortality risk.
Zinc fetal growth retardation and congenital
abnormalities
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in the fetus
Folate neural tube defects in the infant.
Calcium poor fetal skeletal development
Iron low levels in the mother’s body can cause
fetal growth retardation.
AN UNBALANCED DIET DURING PREGNANCY COULDTAKE A
TOLL ONTHE NEWBORN’S HEALTH INTHE FOLLOWINGWAYS:
It can lead to stillbirth.
•It can cause a premature birth.
•It can increase prenatal mortality risk.
•It can lead to neurological, respiratory, intestinal and circulatory
complications in the infant.
•It may lead to birth defects and brain damage.
MATERNAL UNDER-NUTRITION LEAD TO HEALTH
COMPLICATIONS, IN THE LONG RUN:
•Renal dysfunction.
•She may face cardiovascular issues like – hypertension,
atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease.
•Osteoporosis.
•Breast Cancer.
•Organ dysfunction of testes, ovaries, brain, heart, liver, and
small intestine, etc.
•Maternal malnutrition can also negatively affect mental
development and school performance of a child
NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR
GENERAL HEALTH
ENERGY- During pregnancy, energy requirements increase.
Additional, 150 kcal are given to a women in first trimester. And
additional, 350 kcal in 2nd and 3rd trimester.The fat that
accumulates throughout pregnancy (especially for the first 30
weeks) acts as an energy reserve.
BVITAMIN: Since, energy is increased therefore, b-vitamin.
Requirement will also increase.
So, thiamine gets increased by 0.2 mg/day., riboflavin is
increased by 0.3 mg/day. Whereas, niacin is increased by 2
mg/day.
PROTEIN: In addition to normal 0.8 g/kg body weight extra 27.2 g of
protein is needed per day.
For a vegan, who excludes all the animal foods from her diet,
the increased need for high quality protein during pregnancy
demands attention.
They should practice mutual supplementation.
VITAMIN B6: since, protein is increased so vitamin b6 requirement
increases by 0.5 mg/day.
FATS:Total fat should be 20% of energy. Requirement ofVisible fat is
30 g/day.
A pregnant women should consume 200mg of DHA per day.
Essential fatty acid are needed to relax muscles of uterus and
making delivery easy.
NUTRIENTS FOR BLOOD
PRODUCTION AND CELL GROWTH
FOLACIN ANDVITAMIN B-12:
folacin and vitamin b-12
requirement increases because
there is increase in total blood
volume.
Deficiency of folic acid can result in
megaloblastic anemia , spina
bifidia and encephalopathy. Its
requirement increases by 200
microgram/day.
Animal foods are only source of
vitamin b-12. its requirement
increases by 0.2 microgram/day.
• IRON : Iron requirement increases by 8
mg/day. Iron requirement increases mainly in
2nd and 3rd trimester by 3.3mg and 5 mg
respectively.
• VITAMIN- C: Intake triple iron absorption.
• ZINC: Zinc requirement increases to
12mg/day. It is required for DNA, RNA and
protein synthesis.
• To much folic acid supplements
interfere with zinc absorption.
NUTRIENTS FOR BONE
DEVELOPMENT
 Calcium: calcium requirement increases to 1200mg/day.
 Calcium needed for calcification of fetal bones.
 Deficiency of calcium leads to osteoporosis.
 Vegan need to take special care.
 Vitamin- D: in pregnancy, about 400 I.U of it is required.
 Important for absorption and utilization of calcium.
 Maternal deficiency leads to poor fetal bone development.
 FLUORIDE : needed for
formation of bones and teeth.
Sources limited hence,
supplements given, if needed.
 Magnesium: required for
building skeleton. Also needed
for muscle relaxation and
energy production.
OTHER NUTRIENTS
 Vitamin- A requirement increases by 200 microgram/day. It is
needed for storage in fetal liver and to prevent night blindness.
 Vitamin- C requirement increases to 60 mg/day. Low intake result
in increased neonatal death rates.
 Extra 25 microgram of iron required per day as its deficiency leads
to still birth, abortion, congenital malformations, etc.
EFFECTS OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL FOODS
 ALCOHOL :Physical and mental development impaired. Infants
inhibit poor rates of weight gain.
 CAFFEINE : Can cause low birth weight
FOODS GOOD
DURING
PREGNANCY
FOODS AVOIDED
DURING
PREGNANCY
 Cheese, made with
mould and can contain
listeria bacteria.
 Raw eggs, as risk of
salmonella food
poisoning.
 Unpasteurized milk.
 Some fishes like tuna.
 Whole grains, because of rich folic
acid and iron content.
 Beans, provide protein and fibre.
 Salmon, omega-3 fatty acids are
good for baby's brain and eyes.
 Eggs
 Berries
 Low fat yogurt.
FOOD FALLACIES
 Don’t eat twin banana.
 Don’t take a photo.
 Use kids tooth brush.
 Follow your cravings else
you’ll get miscarriage.
 If you are blooming during
pregnancy expect a baby
girl.
THANK YOU
PRATIBHA L-2014-HSC—BND
RICHIKAGARG L-2014-HSC-39-BND
RUCHIWADHWA L-2014-HSC-41-BND
SAKSHI SINGLA L-2014-HSC-42-BND
SANGAM BUTTAR L-2014-HSC-43-BND

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Nutrition during pregnancy presentation
Nutrition during pregnancy presentationNutrition during pregnancy presentation
Nutrition during pregnancy presentationEmerson Hart
 
Lecture 3 NDD10603
Lecture 3 NDD10603Lecture 3 NDD10603
Lecture 3 NDD10603wajihahwafa
 
Lifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation
Lifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and LactationLifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation
Lifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and LactationHelen Corless
 
Weight Management in Pregnancy and Postpartum
Weight Management in Pregnancy and PostpartumWeight Management in Pregnancy and Postpartum
Weight Management in Pregnancy and PostpartumIris Thiele Isip-Tan
 
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition during pregnancyNutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition during pregnancyAlisha Dias
 
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Weight Gain During PregnancyWeight Gain During Pregnancy
Weight Gain During Pregnancymegavista
 
Nutrition in pregnancy
Nutrition in pregnancyNutrition in pregnancy
Nutrition in pregnancyjilu123
 
Nutrition During Pregnancy
Nutrition During PregnancyNutrition During Pregnancy
Nutrition During Pregnancyhawraz Faris
 
PREGNANCY AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
PREGNANCY AND ITS COMPLICATIONSPREGNANCY AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
PREGNANCY AND ITS COMPLICATIONSDaedeepyaYangala
 
NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY.pptx
NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY.pptxNUTRITION IN PREGNANCY.pptx
NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY.pptxNiranjan Chavan
 
The physiological changes of pregnancy
The physiological changes of pregnancyThe physiological changes of pregnancy
The physiological changes of pregnancyReynel Dan
 
Physiology of Pregnancy for Undergraduates
Physiology of Pregnancy for UndergraduatesPhysiology of Pregnancy for Undergraduates
Physiology of Pregnancy for Undergraduatesthezaira
 
maternal nutrition 1.pdf
maternal nutrition 1.pdfmaternal nutrition 1.pdf
maternal nutrition 1.pdfMohammadAwais77
 
Multiple pregnancy
Multiple  pregnancyMultiple  pregnancy
Multiple pregnancyAmitndls
 
Diet During Pregnancy And Lactation
Diet During Pregnancy And LactationDiet During Pregnancy And Lactation
Diet During Pregnancy And LactationMia Ortega
 
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition during pregnancyNutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition during pregnancyguptehospitalanc
 
Ppt of physiology of lactation
Ppt of physiology of lactationPpt of physiology of lactation
Ppt of physiology of lactationGouri Sinha
 

Tendances (20)

Nutrition during pregnancy presentation
Nutrition during pregnancy presentationNutrition during pregnancy presentation
Nutrition during pregnancy presentation
 
Lecture 3 NDD10603
Lecture 3 NDD10603Lecture 3 NDD10603
Lecture 3 NDD10603
 
Lifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation
Lifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and LactationLifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation
Lifecycle nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation
 
Weight Management in Pregnancy and Postpartum
Weight Management in Pregnancy and PostpartumWeight Management in Pregnancy and Postpartum
Weight Management in Pregnancy and Postpartum
 
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition during pregnancyNutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition during pregnancy
 
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Weight Gain During PregnancyWeight Gain During Pregnancy
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
 
Nutrition in pregnancy
Nutrition in pregnancyNutrition in pregnancy
Nutrition in pregnancy
 
Nutrition During Pregnancy
Nutrition During PregnancyNutrition During Pregnancy
Nutrition During Pregnancy
 
PREGNANCY AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
PREGNANCY AND ITS COMPLICATIONSPREGNANCY AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
PREGNANCY AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
 
Puerperium
PuerperiumPuerperium
Puerperium
 
NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY.pptx
NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY.pptxNUTRITION IN PREGNANCY.pptx
NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY.pptx
 
The physiological changes of pregnancy
The physiological changes of pregnancyThe physiological changes of pregnancy
The physiological changes of pregnancy
 
Physiology of Pregnancy for Undergraduates
Physiology of Pregnancy for UndergraduatesPhysiology of Pregnancy for Undergraduates
Physiology of Pregnancy for Undergraduates
 
Gestational Diabetes.
Gestational Diabetes.Gestational Diabetes.
Gestational Diabetes.
 
Nutrition in pregnancy
Nutrition in pregnancy Nutrition in pregnancy
Nutrition in pregnancy
 
maternal nutrition 1.pdf
maternal nutrition 1.pdfmaternal nutrition 1.pdf
maternal nutrition 1.pdf
 
Multiple pregnancy
Multiple  pregnancyMultiple  pregnancy
Multiple pregnancy
 
Diet During Pregnancy And Lactation
Diet During Pregnancy And LactationDiet During Pregnancy And Lactation
Diet During Pregnancy And Lactation
 
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition during pregnancyNutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition during pregnancy
 
Ppt of physiology of lactation
Ppt of physiology of lactationPpt of physiology of lactation
Ppt of physiology of lactation
 

Similaire à PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY

Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancyPhysiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancyJayashree Ajith
 
Pregnancy_Physiology-IUGR-PIH-edited14-09-10.ppt
Pregnancy_Physiology-IUGR-PIH-edited14-09-10.pptPregnancy_Physiology-IUGR-PIH-edited14-09-10.ppt
Pregnancy_Physiology-IUGR-PIH-edited14-09-10.pptShama
 
Physiological changes during pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancyPhysiological changes during pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancySai Sandeep
 
Physiological and psychosocial adaptations to pregnancy
Physiological and psychosocial adaptations to pregnancyPhysiological and psychosocial adaptations to pregnancy
Physiological and psychosocial adaptations to pregnancySangeetha Francis
 
Systemic changes during antenatal period by tanoj patidar msc nursing
Systemic changes during antenatal period by tanoj patidar msc nursingSystemic changes during antenatal period by tanoj patidar msc nursing
Systemic changes during antenatal period by tanoj patidar msc nursingTanoj Patidar
 
Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)
Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)
Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)mariaidrees3
 
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptxPhysiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptxMonikaKosre
 
2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.ppt
2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.ppt2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.ppt
2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.pptsolomonchikwira
 
Nutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptx
Nutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptxNutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptx
Nutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptxyakemichael
 
Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancyPhysiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancyneha uike
 

Similaire à PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY (20)

Pregnancy (physiological changes during pregnancy)
Pregnancy (physiological changes during pregnancy)Pregnancy (physiological changes during pregnancy)
Pregnancy (physiological changes during pregnancy)
 
Maternal Nutrition
Maternal NutritionMaternal Nutrition
Maternal Nutrition
 
Doc 20170531-wa0001-180126211823
Doc 20170531-wa0001-180126211823Doc 20170531-wa0001-180126211823
Doc 20170531-wa0001-180126211823
 
Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancyPhysiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancy
 
Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancyPhysiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancy
 
Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancyPhysiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancy
 
Pregnancy_Physiology-IUGR-PIH-edited14-09-10.ppt
Pregnancy_Physiology-IUGR-PIH-edited14-09-10.pptPregnancy_Physiology-IUGR-PIH-edited14-09-10.ppt
Pregnancy_Physiology-IUGR-PIH-edited14-09-10.ppt
 
Physiological changes during pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancyPhysiological changes during pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancy
 
changes in pragnency
changes in pragnencychanges in pragnency
changes in pragnency
 
Physiological and psychosocial adaptations to pregnancy
Physiological and psychosocial adaptations to pregnancyPhysiological and psychosocial adaptations to pregnancy
Physiological and psychosocial adaptations to pregnancy
 
Physiological changes during pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancyPhysiological changes during pregnancy
Physiological changes during pregnancy
 
Maternal anatomical, physiological and biomechanical changes during pregnancy
Maternal anatomical, physiological and biomechanical changes during pregnancyMaternal anatomical, physiological and biomechanical changes during pregnancy
Maternal anatomical, physiological and biomechanical changes during pregnancy
 
Pregnancy
PregnancyPregnancy
Pregnancy
 
Systemic changes during antenatal period by tanoj patidar msc nursing
Systemic changes during antenatal period by tanoj patidar msc nursingSystemic changes during antenatal period by tanoj patidar msc nursing
Systemic changes during antenatal period by tanoj patidar msc nursing
 
Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)
Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)
Changes in physiological systems during pregnancy (1)
 
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptxPhysiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptx
 
2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.ppt
2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.ppt2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.ppt
2. Physiological changes of pregnancy.ppt
 
Nutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptx
Nutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptxNutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptx
Nutrition during Pregancy in wh BHND.pptx
 
Physiological changes in Pregnancy
Physiological changes in PregnancyPhysiological changes in Pregnancy
Physiological changes in Pregnancy
 
Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancyPhysiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancy
 

Dernier

HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 

Dernier (20)

HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 

PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY

  • 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADY N DIET 307 MATERNAL AND INFANT NUTRITION
  • 3. PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY Pregnancy is an awe-inspiring process of growth and development that has a great influence on both mother and fetus.While the fertilized ovum is developing from a mass of dividing cells to an embryo to a fetus, changes keep on occurring inside the mother as well.These changes are and integral part of maternal-fetal system which creates the most favorable environment possible for a child’s development.The changes are necessary to: •Regulate maternal metabolism •Promote fetal growth •Prepare the mother for labor •Birth and lactation
  • 5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. Respiratory adaptations occur during pregnancy to meet both maternal and fetal needs. 2. The maternal oxygen demand increases in response to : 1. Increased metabolic rate 2. The need to add to the tissue mass in the uterus and breasts 3. The fetus requires oxygen 4. A way to eliminate carbon dioxide 3. As the uterus enlarges, there is resultant increase in the intra- abdominal pressure and increase in diaphragmatic breathing. 4. The pregnant lady breathes deeper ( greaterTIDALVOLUME) but increases her respiratory rate only by few breathes. 5. Efficiency of gas exchange a alveolar level increases: the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood increases accordingly.
  • 7. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. Extensive physiological and anatomic changes occurring in cardiovascular system, serve to protect the woman’s normal physiological functioning to meet the metabolic demands pregnancy imposes on her body, and to provide fetal development and growth needs. 2. The cardiac output increase; it’s a result of increased stroke volume and is in response to increase tissue demand for oxygen. 3. There is decline in resistance in vessels; leading to increased stroke volume of heart and increased cardiac output. 4. The blood pressure drops in pregnancy i.e. there is decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.The drop in blood pressure is the result of peripheral vasodilatation from increased levels of progesterone.
  • 8. HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES 1. These are the changes in blood volume and composition. 2. The plasma volume increases by 50%.This increased level is linked with obstetric performance. 3. The RBC production is stimulated during pregnancy so that their number rise but increase is not large as the expansion of plasma volume.
  • 9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CHANGES The pregnant lady secrets several hormones throughout gestation. Some are those that are present during pregnancy whereas others that are normally present; have altered their secretion rate. Most hormones are protein or steroids that are synthesized from precursors such as amino acids and cholesterol in the endocrine gland.Their production is influenced by mothers general health and nutritional status. •They prepare the mother for pregnancy •Help to maintain pregnancy •Prepares mother for parturition
  • 11. PROGESTERONE Chief action is to cause relaxation of smooth muscles of the uterus; so that they can expand as the fetus grows. The relaxation of the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract reduces motility in the gut, allowing more time for nutrients to get absorbed and account for constipation in pregnant lady. General metabolic function of this hormone is •To induce maternal fat deposition •Reduce alveolar and arterial pco2 (facilitate exchange of lung gases) • Increase renal sodium excretion. ESTROGEN Its secretion is lower then progesterone in the early months but rises sharply near term. It promotes the growth and control function and the uterus. Alters the structure of mucopolysaccharides in connective tissue.The alteration is beneficial as it makes the tissue more flexible and helps in uterus dilation during birth, but also increases affinity of connective tissue to water. Because of estrogen many pregnant women complain of excess fluid retention in skin.Their faces and fingers become puffy, and there are indications of generalized edema.
  • 12. Pregnant women may feel warm and hot flushes due to increased hormonal level and basal metabolic rate. The parathyroid gland increases slightly in size to meet up the increased calcium requirement. In addition the hormones HCG, HPL, prolactin, cortisone, progesterone, estrogen, and variety of proteins and glycoprotein help in suppression of lymphocytes produced in response to graft rejection. β- HCG •The increased level of this hormone indicates pregnancy. •The hormone peaks up just before three months then goes down slowly. •The hormone is produced by placenta. A great variety of regulatory hormones are produced in placenta, including HCG, human placental lactogen (HPL), chorionic somatomamotropin, and human chronic thyrotropin (HCT).
  • 13. MUSCULOSKELETAL CHANGES •The uterus enlarges, it rises up and out of pelvic cavity.This action displaces the stomach, intestine and other adjacent organs. •Pregnant women have an exaggerated arch in their back (called lumbar lordosis) as the spine realigns to maintain balance.The ligaments become more lax due to hormones, causing back pain and pelvic pain (called symphysis pubis dysfunction)
  • 14. DERMATALOGICAL CHANGES` •Stretch marks •Hyper pigmentation •Spots/ acne •Broken veins •Sensitivity and itching •Obstetric choleostasis The areas that get hyper pigmented are: Nipples and surrounded skin Moles and freckles At face around forehead, cheeks and neck Around tummy
  • 16. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CHANGES 1. Changes in structure of uterus; increasing its size 5 times the normal. 2. The capacity of uterus expands. 3. The abdominal content displaces towards side and uterus expands. 4. Vagina lactobacilli proliferation 1. Increase in lactic acid 2. Lower ph of vagina 3. Resulting in protective environment that prevents development of other microorganisms. 5. Enlargement of breasts 1. Preparation for feeding 2. Peaked up adipose tissue enlarge breasts
  • 18. METABOLIC CHANGES •A rise in BMR during pregnancy is the major reason for weight gain. •BMR increase up to 5% during first trimester and 12% during third trimester. •Calorie intake is increased by 350kcal/day in first trimester and by 500kcal/day in third trimester. RENAL CHANGES •Reabsorption of nutrients decreases as the blood volume increases which causes a rise in glomerular filtration rate. •Mild glycosuria and proteinuria is seen •Sodium retention occurs •Urinary tract infections are common
  • 19. GASTROINTESTINAL CHANGES •Heart burn (pyrosis) is common •Appetite increases •Alteration in GI tract-reduced motility due to hormones- results in nausea, vomiting and constipation. •Ptyalism is seen. •Possibility of having gallstone complication. •Gums become swollen and bleeding (gum hypertrophy)
  • 20. Health risks associated with malnutrition during pregnancy. Pregnant women who receive inadequate nutrition experience greater maternal morbidity and have a higher risk of poor pregnancy outcomes (e.g. premature birth, miscarriage). Deficiency of micronutrients during pregnancy may lead to: •Zinc and Magnesium: pre-eclampsia and preterm birth. •A lack of Iron andVitamin B12: anemia. •Vitamin B12: neurological issues. •Vitamin K: excessive bleeding during childbirth. •Iodine: miscarriage and stillbirth. EFFECT OF MALNUTRITION ON MOTHER FETUS
  • 21. MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY DURING PREGNANCY ADVERSELY AFFECT THE BABY MICRONUTRIENT AFFECT ON BABY Iodine congenital abnormalities, neurological cretinism, mental deficiency, cretinism, etc. It can also increase infant mortality risk. Zinc fetal growth retardation and congenital abnormalities Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in the fetus Folate neural tube defects in the infant. Calcium poor fetal skeletal development Iron low levels in the mother’s body can cause fetal growth retardation.
  • 22. AN UNBALANCED DIET DURING PREGNANCY COULDTAKE A TOLL ONTHE NEWBORN’S HEALTH INTHE FOLLOWINGWAYS: It can lead to stillbirth. •It can cause a premature birth. •It can increase prenatal mortality risk. •It can lead to neurological, respiratory, intestinal and circulatory complications in the infant. •It may lead to birth defects and brain damage.
  • 23. MATERNAL UNDER-NUTRITION LEAD TO HEALTH COMPLICATIONS, IN THE LONG RUN: •Renal dysfunction. •She may face cardiovascular issues like – hypertension, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. •Osteoporosis. •Breast Cancer. •Organ dysfunction of testes, ovaries, brain, heart, liver, and small intestine, etc. •Maternal malnutrition can also negatively affect mental development and school performance of a child
  • 24. NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR GENERAL HEALTH ENERGY- During pregnancy, energy requirements increase. Additional, 150 kcal are given to a women in first trimester. And additional, 350 kcal in 2nd and 3rd trimester.The fat that accumulates throughout pregnancy (especially for the first 30 weeks) acts as an energy reserve. BVITAMIN: Since, energy is increased therefore, b-vitamin. Requirement will also increase. So, thiamine gets increased by 0.2 mg/day., riboflavin is increased by 0.3 mg/day. Whereas, niacin is increased by 2 mg/day.
  • 25. PROTEIN: In addition to normal 0.8 g/kg body weight extra 27.2 g of protein is needed per day. For a vegan, who excludes all the animal foods from her diet, the increased need for high quality protein during pregnancy demands attention. They should practice mutual supplementation. VITAMIN B6: since, protein is increased so vitamin b6 requirement increases by 0.5 mg/day. FATS:Total fat should be 20% of energy. Requirement ofVisible fat is 30 g/day. A pregnant women should consume 200mg of DHA per day. Essential fatty acid are needed to relax muscles of uterus and making delivery easy.
  • 26. NUTRIENTS FOR BLOOD PRODUCTION AND CELL GROWTH FOLACIN ANDVITAMIN B-12: folacin and vitamin b-12 requirement increases because there is increase in total blood volume. Deficiency of folic acid can result in megaloblastic anemia , spina bifidia and encephalopathy. Its requirement increases by 200 microgram/day. Animal foods are only source of vitamin b-12. its requirement increases by 0.2 microgram/day.
  • 27. • IRON : Iron requirement increases by 8 mg/day. Iron requirement increases mainly in 2nd and 3rd trimester by 3.3mg and 5 mg respectively. • VITAMIN- C: Intake triple iron absorption. • ZINC: Zinc requirement increases to 12mg/day. It is required for DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. • To much folic acid supplements interfere with zinc absorption.
  • 28. NUTRIENTS FOR BONE DEVELOPMENT  Calcium: calcium requirement increases to 1200mg/day.  Calcium needed for calcification of fetal bones.  Deficiency of calcium leads to osteoporosis.  Vegan need to take special care.  Vitamin- D: in pregnancy, about 400 I.U of it is required.  Important for absorption and utilization of calcium.  Maternal deficiency leads to poor fetal bone development.
  • 29.  FLUORIDE : needed for formation of bones and teeth. Sources limited hence, supplements given, if needed.  Magnesium: required for building skeleton. Also needed for muscle relaxation and energy production.
  • 30. OTHER NUTRIENTS  Vitamin- A requirement increases by 200 microgram/day. It is needed for storage in fetal liver and to prevent night blindness.  Vitamin- C requirement increases to 60 mg/day. Low intake result in increased neonatal death rates.  Extra 25 microgram of iron required per day as its deficiency leads to still birth, abortion, congenital malformations, etc. EFFECTS OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL FOODS  ALCOHOL :Physical and mental development impaired. Infants inhibit poor rates of weight gain.  CAFFEINE : Can cause low birth weight
  • 31. FOODS GOOD DURING PREGNANCY FOODS AVOIDED DURING PREGNANCY  Cheese, made with mould and can contain listeria bacteria.  Raw eggs, as risk of salmonella food poisoning.  Unpasteurized milk.  Some fishes like tuna.  Whole grains, because of rich folic acid and iron content.  Beans, provide protein and fibre.  Salmon, omega-3 fatty acids are good for baby's brain and eyes.  Eggs  Berries  Low fat yogurt.
  • 32. FOOD FALLACIES  Don’t eat twin banana.  Don’t take a photo.  Use kids tooth brush.  Follow your cravings else you’ll get miscarriage.  If you are blooming during pregnancy expect a baby girl.
  • 33. THANK YOU PRATIBHA L-2014-HSC—BND RICHIKAGARG L-2014-HSC-39-BND RUCHIWADHWA L-2014-HSC-41-BND SAKSHI SINGLA L-2014-HSC-42-BND SANGAM BUTTAR L-2014-HSC-43-BND