1. Leture 1
Samalgul Nassanbekova

2.  1. Introduction to Tourism
 2. History of Tourism
 3. Concepts of ‘Travel’ and ‘Tourism’
 4. Tourist’s Codes of Behaviour and Other
Concerned Issues
 5. Travel Motivations and Tourist Flows
 6. Tourism Products - Attractions and
Destination
 7. Different Sectors of the Tourism Industry and
Their Roles
 8. The Local Tourism Industry
 9. The Impacts of Tourism

3.  1. Understand the concept of the
travel and tourism sector
 1.1 Main types of tourism
 1.2 Reasons why people travel
 2. Travel and Tourism as an Integrated
Discipline
 2.1. Integrated Model of Tourism
◦ 2.1.1. Key Elements in the Integrated Model of
Tourism
◦ 2.1.2. Factors that Encourage / Prohibit the
Development of Tourism

4.  Travel and tourism has become an important part
of how we live today and most people travel
regularly for work and leisure. The UK also
attracts many visitors from overseas, who arrive
to visit friends and relatives, for business and
pleasure.
 This unit explores the main types of tourism, the
motivating factors for travel, and the contribution
that travel and tourism has on the UK economy.
You will learn about the wide range of
organisations that operate within the sector, their
roles and inter-relationships.

5.  1.1 Main types of tourism
 What is travel and tourism?
 Travel is about getting from one place to another, often
making a journey using a method of transport such as a
train, plane or car.
 However, not all travel can be classed as tourism.
 Tourism is often understood as the activities of people
travelling to, and staying in, places outside their usual
environment for leisure, business and/or other purposes
and for not more than a year at a time.
 It may involve an overnight stay, but this is not always the
case. Those travelling, but not staying away from home
overnight, are sometimes classed as day visitors or day
tourists.

6.  Domestic tourism – taking holidays and trips
in your own country
 Outbound tourism – travelling to a different
country for a visit or holiday
 Inbound tourism – visitors from overseas
coming into the country

7.  People travel for lots of different reasons but mainly for
leisure, business and to visit friends and relatives (VFR),
either in the country or abroad.
 Leisure travel
 Leisure travellers may be on holiday, or taking a trip of
particular cultural or personal interest. When travelling for
leisure reasons, tourists are taking trips and making
journeys in their own leisure time; that is when they are
not working.
 Travelling for leisure may be within the country (domestic
tourism) or abroad (outbound tourism). Popular
destinations for leisure travellers could include coastal
resorts, rural and countryside areas, or towns and cities.
 Leisure travel may include visits to tourist attractions,
bars, restaurants, events and evening entertainment.

8.  Business travellers will often attend meetings,
conferences, exhibitions and events. When
travelling for business reasons, travellers are
attending locations and venues for work
purposes and it is often the employer who
pays for the travel and accommodation.
Business travel can be within the country or
overseas and often involves visits to large
cities and commercial areas that have the
facilities to hold large conferences and events

9.  Another very common reason for making a
journey is to go and visit your friends and
relatives, known as VFR. People may travel
within the country or abroad to visit their
friends and relatives, particularly if they have
emigrated to another country or have moved
away for work or study.

10. Tourism
type
Reason for travel Example
Agro
tourism
Short for ‘agriculture’
where visitors are
interested in farms and the
countryside.
A family from Astana who
travel out of the
city to visit a farm – domestic
tourism.
Dark
tourism
Visiting sites associates
with war, death and
tragic events.
A group of schoolchildren who
visit
concentration or death camps
in Germany and
eastern Europe – outbound
tourism.
Faith
tourism
Religious travel for
pilgrimage and travel to
sacred sites of religious
importance, such as
Jerusalem and Mecca.
A group from a Roman
Catholic church in
Liverpool going to Lourdes –
outbound tourism.

11. Health
tourism
Travelling to have
operations, or receive
dental
treatment, which may be
cheaper and faster
than in the country.
An individual who travels to
Poland to have a
knee operation more quickly
than waiting in the
UK – outbound tourism.
Pink
tourism
Attractions and events
aimed at the Lesbian
Gay Bisexual Transsexual
(LGBT) community, for
example Pride and Mardi
Gras festivals.
A group of friends who travel
from Berlin
to Manchester for the Pride
Festival –
inbound tourism
Sports
tourism
Travelling to play in, or
watch, sporting events
and competitions such as
the Olympics and the
Football World Cup.
A group of football supporters
from Barcelona
travelling to Manchester for a
Champions
League match – inbound
tourism.
Education
tourism
Visiting a place of
educational interest or
studying a particular
educational subject.
A group of college students
who travel by train
to London to visit the National
Science Museum

14.  1) Travellers
 Travellers are at the centre of the model where all tourism activities are focused. Radiating
from the centre are three large bands containing several interdependent groups of tourism
participants and organizations.
 2) Tourism Promoters
 Tourism promoters are in the first layer, in close contact with the travellers. Organizations in
this layer include tourism boards, direct marketing companies, meeting planners, travel agents
and tour operators. The tourism boards and direct marketing companies provide information
and marketing services to travelers whereas travel agencies, tour operators and meeting
planners provide services such as making travel arrangements and giving professional advice
on tourism related matters. All these organizations usually deal directly with individual
travellers.
 3) Tourism Service Suppliers
 Tourism service suppliers, such as airline companies, bus operators, railway corporations,
cruise ship operators, hotels and car rental companies, etc. usually provide services to
travellers independently. The service suppliers may also collaborate to provide tour packages
for travellers by combining the various services such as accommodation, air transportation,
theme park entrance ticket, etc.
 4) External Environment
 All of the participants, either individually or as a group, are constantly responding to a variety
of societal/cultural, political, environmental, economic and technological forces. It is the
interaction of these forces that determine how closely the individuals and organizations work
together.

15.  (i) Societal/Cultural forces
 Such as the local skill and know how, the indigenous cultures of
the destination and the attitude of local people towards the
tourists would have a significant impact on the tourist
experience in a destination.
 (ii) Political forces
 Such as government support on infrastructure, its policy on
tourism planning, the diplomatic relations between tourist
generating countries and tourist destination countries, etc.
determines the environment of tourism development. For
example, because of political instability in the Middle East,
tourism development in the region and the attractiveness of
these countries to tourists has been adversely affected.
 (iii) Environmental forces
 Such as the problems of congestion, pollution, hygienic
conditions, loss of green belts caused by excessive urbanization
and development of tourism may destroy the pleasant ambiance
of the destination which visitors look for.

16.  (iv) Economic forces
 Such as the disposable income of tourist and the
affordability of a destination affect the desire to
travel.
 (v) Technological forces
 Such as the popularity of using the Internet for
searching information, reservation or purchasing
of tourism products affect the tourists’ buying
behaviour. The traditional way of distributing
tourism products through intermediaries, such as
travel agents, tour wholesalers is facing a great
challenge. Now that travellers can deal directly
with the suppliers, such as airlines, hotels,
operators of attractions to purchase tourism
products, they can almost by-pass travel agents.

17.  Social Factors
 Demographic trends and social changes will have important
impacts on the future development of the industry. The fact
that people are living longer, the fall in the number of young
people, the increase in one parent households, more couples
choosing not to have children or delay having children. They
all point to the fact that the type of travel and tourism
products and services will change radically. Example: the
aging population will be an opportunity for the cruise travel
market where seniors are their key target groups.
 Political Factors
 Political factors can lead to huge impacts on tourism
development. The factors are the policies in encouraging
tourism activities such as investment in tourism related
infrastructures, openness in travel visa applications and
favourable foreign tourism investments. Finally, the political
stability of the country in particular is the major factor.

18.  Economic Factors
 Whether the global economic environment is healthy or not would affect
people’s intentions of travelling to other countries. People tend to spend
more on travelling if they are under a favourable economic environment.
 Cultural and Environmental Factors
 A greater environmental awareness and a society that takes its health and
fitness more seriously than it was in the past. This awareness has affected
travel and tourism developments in the recent years. 'Green issues' such as
the development of eco-tourism, green hotels and conservation of heritage
sites are becoming more and more important which provide a basis for
sustainable tourism development of a tourist destination.
 Technological Factors
 Travel and tourism has always been an industry that has made extensive use
of new technological equipment. Computerized reservation system (CRS), the
use of computers and sophisticated databases for marketing purposes are
very common among travel agencies. Increasing competition within the
industry force agencies to use new technology to its fullness. Latest
developments in transportation make extensive use of new technology