What are the advantages and disadvantages of membrane structures.pptx
Computing for Engineering - Lecture 01
1. Computing for Engineering
Prepared by: Eng. Shireen Mansour
Petroleum Department
Chemical Department
Civil Department
Faculty of Engineering
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3. What is a Computer?
Electronic device that processes the input data to give
desired results as output.
Input Process Output
Introduction
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4. Speed: Instructions per second measured by : ms, µs, ns, and ps.
Accuracy: 100%
Huge Storage Capability: measured by KB, MB, GB, TB
Versatility: ability to process any kind of data to perform different tasks:
play, music, letter, …etc.
Reliability: 100% accurate.
Diligence: ability to perform repeated operation efficiently without get tired.
Networking: interconnected in to a network.
Characteristics of Computer
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6. History of Computer
ABACUS (Calculating board) by Chinese (+, -, x, and /): 3000 B.C.
Napier’s Bones: (Multiplication by the addition of logarithms): 1617 AD
Slide Rule by William Oughred (Logarithms ): 1620
Pascal’s Adding and Subtractions Machine: 1642
Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine: 1671
Punch Cards System by Jacquard: 1804
Babbage's Analytical Engine 1822-1833
Hollerith Punched Card Tabulating Machine (TMC then IBM): 1880
George Stibitz (Relay) 1939
MARK I (Electro-Magnetic Relays) by
Howard H.Aiken: 1944
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Mechanical Era:
7. History of Computer(Cont.)
ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Calculator) by John W.
Mauchly and J.P. Eckert: 1947
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator) by M. Wilkes:
1949
EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Calculator) by Von Neuman
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic
Computer) by Mauchly and J.P. Eckert
:1951
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Electronic Era:
ENIAC EDSAC
EDVACUNIVAC I
8. Generation of Computer
First Generation ( 1946-1954 ):
Using Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation (1955-1964):
Using Transistors
Third Generation (1965-1974):
Using Integrated Circuits
Forth Generation (1975- 1989):
Using Microprocessors
Fifth Generation (1990-Present-
Next): Using Artificial Intelligence
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Integrated Circuits
Microprocessors
Vacuum Tubes
Artificial Intelligence
9. Digital Computer
Classification of Computer
According to the computer Working Principle:
1. Analog Computer: measuring continuous type
of input data. like; current, voltage etc.
2. Digital Computer: counting discrete type of
input data (digits). Like; number, letter etc.
3. Hybrid Computer: combines the features of
Analog and Digital computers. Like; Hospital,
scientific research etc.
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Analog Computer
Hybrid Computer
10. Classification of Computer(Cont.)
According to the purpose of use:
1. Special Purpose Computer: doing particular task or application.
(Hybrid computer).
2. General Purpose Computer: doing different tasks or different
applications. (Digital computer).
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11. According to the computer Size:
1. Micro Computer: desktop, laptop,
notebook (education, graphical design, etc.).
2. Mini Computer (data processing
programing, business, etc.).
3. Mainframe Computer (telecom companies,
large-scale data processing, etc.).
4. Super Computer (weather forecasting,
space research).
Fast, Large, Complex, Expensive
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Classification of Computer(Cont.)
Minicomp
uter
Microcomputer
Mainframe
computer
Supercomp
uter
12. Classification of Computer(Cont.)
Microcomputers:
Desktop and Portable
Desktop (PC)
Laptop (Notebook)
Netbook
Tablet
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) or Handheld
Smart Phone
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DesktopLaptop
NetbookTablet
PDA
Smart Phone
13. Computer Components
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Computer System consists of three Components :
Computer System
Hardware Software Human ware
All physical
parts of the
computer.
Programs User
14. Computer Components (Cont.)
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First: Hardware components consist of:
Input Devices
Output Devices
Central Processing Unite
Internal Devices Peripherals Devices
Hardware
Secondary
Storage Devices
ALU CU
Main Store Unite
15. Hardware Components
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Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the main unit inside the
computer that executes instructions to do arithmetic and logical
operations to process the input data and control all events inside the
computer.
Input Unite Output Unite
Central Processing
Unite (CPU)
Arithmetic
Logic Unite
(ALU)
Control
Unite
(CU)
Main Memory
Secondary Memory
Storage
Devises
Storage
Devises
• CPU: measured in
Megahertz (MHz )
and Gigahertz (GHz).
• Most popular CPU are:
Intel and AMD.
16. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Input Unit: It is the unit that entered
the data in to a computer from the
Input Devices:
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Light Pen
4. Trackball
5. Joystick
6. Tag Reader
7. Digital Cameras
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Keyboard
Trackball Light Pen
Tag ReaderJoystickDigital Cameras
Mouse
17. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Input Devices:
8. Point Of Sale Terminal (POS Terminal)
9. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition(MICR)
10. Voice Recognition Systems
11. Graphic Tablet
12. Vision Systems
13. Scanners
Barcode Reader
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
Optical Characters Reader (OCR)
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VRS
MICR POS Terminal
Graphic Tablet
Barcode Reader
OMR
OCR
18. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Output Unit: It is the unit that gives the results of
processed data as an output from a computer by using the
Output Devices :
1. Monitors:
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
2. Speakers
3. Printers
4. Plotters
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Monitors
Speakers
Plotters
Printer
19. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Storage Devices: and
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RAM
Random Access Memory
Volatile, Read/Write
ROM
Read Only Memory
Non-Volatile, Read Only
Main MemoryMain Memory
ROMRAM
20. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Secondary MemorySecondary Memory
Magnetic Disks:
# Hard disks ( 500 GB, 1TB)
# Floppy disks (MB1.44 MB and 2.88)
Magnetic Tape (185 GB)
Optical Storage:
# CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW (700 MB)
# DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, and
DVD-RAM (4.7 GB)
Pen Drive
Memory Cards
External Hard Disk
Computer Output Microfilm and
Computer Output Microfiche
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Floppy Disks Hard and Sold Drives
Pen Drive DVDCOM
External Hard Disk Memory CardsMagnetic Tape
23. Software Components
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1. System Software:
- Operating System Software: DOS, Windows
XP, Unix etc.
- Utility Software: Anti Virus Utility, WinRAR,
Disk Clean, Back Up etc.
2. Application Software:
- Package Software: Ms. Office 2013, Photoshop
etc.
- Custom Software: Bespoke Software that
especially developed for specific organization like;
SAGE(Accounting).
3. Programming Language & Scripting: Assembly,
FORTRAN etc.
Software: set of instruction in the form of programs that used to
operate the computer and related devices.
Types of Software:
Applications and Utility Software
Operating Systems
24. Booting
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Loading the system files of the operation system from the disk
into the computer memory.
Types of Booting:
1. Cold Booting: turn ‘’ ON’’ the computer by pressing on
the power switch ’ ’ON’’ in front of the Case.
2. Warm Booting: if the computer is already ‘ON’ and we
restart it.