1.
Universalisation of
Elementary Education in India
by:-
Dr. Satish Kumar
Assistant Professor
Lovely school of Education
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab, India
satishnurpur@gmail.com
.

2.
Universalisation of Elementary
Education in India
• Universalisation of Elementary Education (UEE)
has been accepted as a national goal in India.
Central and State governments are making
strenuous efforts to achieve this goal.
• The Article 45 in the Directive Principles of State
Policy in the Constitution mandated the State to
endeavour to provide free and compulsory
education to all children up to age fourteen in a
period of ten years.

3.
Universalisation of Elementary
Education in India
• Universalisation of elementary education
basically evolves three important things: -
• Universalisation of provision,
• Universalisation of enrollment and
• Universalisation of retention.

4.
Universalisation of Elementary
Education in India
• Universalisation of Provision means that school
facilities should be provided to all the children
between the age of 6 to 14.
• Universalisation of Enrollment means that all the
children between the age of 6 to 14 must be
enrolled.
• Universalisation of Retention reveals a child who
joins primary school; he or she should remain
there till he or she completes all their primary
education.

5.
Universalisation of Elementary
Education in India
• Efforts made by center and state governments
• 1. All India Council for Elementary
Education AICE 1957
• 2. Primary Education Acts
• a. MP PEA 1950
• b. HP PEA 1953
• c. Punjab PEA 1960

6.
Universalisation of Elementary
Education in India
• Efforts made by governments
• 3. Kothari Commission 1964
• Lower and upper primary
• 4. National Policy on Education 1986
• Accepted UEE as national goal
• Facilities, quality, trained teachers, text books,
provisions to remove inequalities of caste etc.

7.
Universalisation of Elementary
Education in India
• 5. Lok Jumbish Programme 1992
• Started in Rajsthan
• 6. District Primary Education Programme
{DPEP} 1994
• Started for backward districts
• Opening of new schools
• Operation Black-board
• Mass appointment of teachers

8.
Universalisation of Elementary
Education in India
• 7. National Programme of Nutrition Support to
Primary Education
• Started in 15 August 1995
• Also known as Mid-day Meal scheme
• 8. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan {SSA}
• Approved in November 2000
• Enforcement in January 2001

9.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is the comprehensive and
integrated programme of Government of India, to attain
Universal Elementary Education (UEE) in the country
whichn is implemented in January 2001.
 Launched in partnership with the State governments and
local self-governments, SSA aims to provide useful and
relevant education to all children in the 6-14 age groups by
2010.
 SSA is an initiative to universalise quality elementary
education in a mission mode through district based,
decentralized, context specific planning and implementation
strategies.
 It is a significant attempt to bridge social and gender gaps,
with the active participation of the community in all aspects
of planning and delivery of elementary education
programmes.

10.
Objectives of SSA
• SSA was launched in 2001 with the objectives of-
• (a) all children in school, Education Guarantee
Centre, Alternative School, „Back-to-School‟ camp
by 2003
• (b) all children complete five years of primary
schooling by 2007;
• (c) all children complete eight years of elementary
schooling by 2010
• (d) focus on elementary education of satisfactory
quality with emphasis on education for life
• (e) bridge all gender and social category gaps at
primary stage by 2007
• (f) universal retention by 2010.

11.
Components of SSA
(a) Preparatory activities for micro-planning, household surveys,
studies, community mobilization, school-based activities, office
equipment, training and orientation at all level.
(b) Appointment of teachers,
(c) Opening new primary and alternative schooling facility like
EGS/AIE centers (Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative
and Innovative Education),
(d) Opening of upper primary schools
(e) Constructing additional classrooms, schools and other facilities
(f) Free textbook to all girls/SC/ST children,
(g) Maintenance and repair of school buildings
(h) Teaching Learning Equipment for primary schools on up-
gradation of EGS to regular schools or setting up of a new primary
school

12.
Contribution of SsA to UEE
• Easy Access to Elementary Education
• Improvement in Physical Facilities in the schools
• Rapid increase in enrolment
• Retention of students
• Literacy rate increased up to age of 14 years
• Quality education
• Helpful for the weaker section of society
• Availability of teachers and their professional
growth

13.
.
.
The Right of Children to
Free and Compulsory
Education,
Act, 2009
RTE Act, 2009

14.
Background
• The Constitution‟s 86th Amendment Act, 2002
inserted Article 21-A in the Constitution of India to
provide free and compulsory education of all
children in the age group of six to fourteen years as
a Fundamental Right
• The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents
Article 21-A, means that every child has a right to
full time elementary education of satisfactory and
equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies
certain essential norms and standards.

15.
Details
• Article 21-A and the RTE Act came into effect
on 1 April 2010. The title of the RTE Act
incorporates the words „free and compulsory.
• „Free education‟ means child does not require to
pay any fee for his or her education.
• „Compulsory education‟ casts an obligation on
the appropriate Government and local
authorities to ensure admission, attendance and
completion of elementary education by all
children in the 6-14 age group.

16.
Main Provisions of RTE Act 2009
• Apart from the clause on Free and Compulsory
Education, it specifies the duties and
responsibilities of appropriate Governments,
local authority and parents in providing free and
compulsory education, and sharing of financial
and other responsibilities between the Central
and State Governments.
• It lays down the norms and standards relating to
Pupil Teacher Ratios (PTRs), buildings and
infrastructure, school-working days, teacher-
working hours.

17.
Main Provisions of RTE Act 2009
• It provides for rational deployment of teachers
by ensuring that the specified pupil teacher ratio
is maintained for each school, rather than just as
an average for the State or District or Block,
thus ensuring that there is no urban-rural
imbalance in teacher postings.
• It also provides for prohibition of deployment
of teachers for non-educational work, other than
census, elections to local authority, state
legislatures and parliament, and disaster relief.

18.
Main Provisions of RTE Act 2009
• The Act provides for appointment of
appropriately trained teachers, i.e. teachers with
the requisite entry and academic qualifications.
• It prohibits
(a) Physical punishment and mental harassment;
(b) Screening procedures for admission of
children;
(c) Fee;
(d) Private tuition by teachers and
(e) Running of schools without recognition,

19.
Main Provisions of RTE Act 2009
• The RTE Act provides for development of
curriculum in accordance with the values
enshrined in the Constitution, and which would
ensure the all-round development of the child,
building on the child‟s knowledge, potentiality
and talent and making the child free of fear,
trauma and anxiety through a system of child
friendly and child centred learning.

20.
Main Provisions of RTE Act 2009
• Norms and standards specified for all schools
• Infrastructure and related facilities
• Community participation in schools ensured through
• SMC comprising elected representatives, teachers and
parents.
• Members from among parents of children in the school;
50% women
• Proportionate representation to weaker and deprived
sections
• SMC to plan, manage and monitor – in collaboration
with the local authority

21.
Main Provisions of RTE Act 2009
• All aided schools to provide free education to at
least 25% children.
• Special category schools and unaided schools to
admit in Class I at least 25% children belonging
to weaker section and disadvantaged group,
from the neighbourhood, and provide free and
compulsory elementary education.
• No Board examinations till completion of
elementary education

22.
Universalization
of
secondary
education
• .

23.
Universalization of secondary
education
• Secondary education is the education provided to
the students of age group 14-18 years.
• High power Committee of CABE on
“Universalisation of Secondary Education” (Set-up
by the Ministry of Human Resource Development,
Government of India) in September 06, 2004.
• The Central Advisory Board of Education, the
oldest and the most important advisory body of the
Government of India in education was first
established in 1920 and it was revived in 1935 and
has been in existence ever since.

24.
Universalization of secondary
education
• Shri Ghanshyam Tiwari, Minister of Education,
Government of Rajasthan, was appointed as
Chairman of this committee.
• The aim of the committee was to prepare a
blueprint for the universalisation of secondary
education consequent upon the attainment of
universalisation of elementary education. The
Committee shall be provided secretarial assistance
by NCERT.
• The Committee shall give its recommendations
within six months from the date of its constitution.

25.
Universalization of secondary
education
• The four guiding principles, namely
• Universal access,
• Equality and social justice,
• Relevance and development,
• Structural and curricular aspects
• impact at the level of access, socio-cultural character,
developmental objectives and structural-cum-curricular
provisions of secondary education - all at the same time and
throughout the nation.
• The relevant questions in this context are:
• 1. What kind of future citizens does India want to build up?
• 2. What is the nature of secondary education that can lead to
the development of the defined citizenship attributes?

26.
Universalization of secondary
education
• Vision
• Provide high quality secondary education to all
Indian adolescent girls and boys up to the age
of 16 by 2015, and up to the age of 18 by 2020.
• In Populated Area: S.E School- 5 K.M And H.S
School 7-10 K.M
• In The End of 12th Planning (2017)- 100%
• Universal Access In 2020: Assured Universal
Retention

27.
• International Commission on Education for the 21st Century
also mentioned human beings live in four planes namely
physical, intellectual, mental and spiritual.
• Accordingly, future citizens of India should be physically strong
and sound, intellectually competent, mentally/emotionally
matured and intelligent, and spiritually intelligent and enriched
to be creative, innovative and exploring.
• Physical qualities will include internally sound and disease free
long life, physical skills at work and play, etc.
• Intellectual skills should display multiple intelligence at the best
of the potentials.
• Emotional qualities are the emotional intelligence that makes
significant contribution to corporate and social life and
„learning to live together‟.
• Spiritual skills would be woven around the, linking oneself to
larger social, national, global and goals.
.

28.
• Problem of Access
• Problems of Equity
• Gender Inequality
• Problem of Quality
• Poverty
• Early Marriage
• Lack of Suitable Laws and Publicity
PROBLEMS

29.
• Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
• National Mission for Secondary Education
• Centrally sponsored scheme of the Ministry of Human
Resource Development, Government of India, for the
development of secondary education in public schools
throughout India. It was launched in March 2009.
• The scheme includes a multidimensional research,
technical consulting, various implementations and
funding support to secondary education.
RMSA

30.
• The principal objectives are to enhance quality of
secondary education and increase the total enrollment
rate from 52% (as of 2005–2006) to 75% in five years,
i.e. from 2009–2014.
• It aims to provide universal education for all children
between 15–16 years of age.
• To improve quality of education imparted at secondary
level
• To remove gender, socio-economic and disability
barriers.
• Universal access to secondary level education by 2017.
• Universal retention of students by 2020.
Objectives of RMSA

31.
• RMSA is planned to promote secondary education by
establishing in every target school the following
infrastructure:
• Additional class rooms
• Laboratories
• Libraries
• Art and crafts room
• Toilet blocks
• Drinking water provisions
• Residential hostels for teachers in remote areas
• SMC in each school
Action Plans of RMSA

32.
• In addition it aims to provide additional teachers to
reduce student teacher to 30:1,
• Focus on science, mathematics and English education,
• In-service training of teachers,
• Science laboratories,
• ICT-enabled education,
• Curriculum reforms, and
• Teaching learning reforms.
Action Plans of RMSA

33.
• Quality Improvement
• In school, there was promotion of the science
laboratories, environmental education, promotion of
yoga, as well as centrally sponsored schemes of
population education project, international mathematics
and science olympiads. The state governments provide
in-service training for the teachers and provide
infrastructure and research inputs.
Four major heads

34.
• Information communication technologies (ICT)
• ICT comprises the centrally sponsored schemes like
computer education and literacy in schools (CLASS)
and educational technology (ET) which familiarizes the
student with Information technology (IT).
• a. funding support towards computer education plan
• b. strengthening and reorientation of the staffs of SIETs
– state institutes of education and training
• c. there should be is digitalization of SIETs audio and
video cassettes with the partnership of NGOs
• d. management of internet-based education by SIETs.
Four major heads

35.
• Access and equity
• RMSA not only emphasizes on providing secondary
education for the special focus groups that include
scheduled tribe and scheduled caste groups, minority
girls, but it also give importance on removing the
existing disparities in socio-economic and gender
background in the secondary level of education.
Four major heads

36.
• Integrated education for disabled children(IEDC)
• Inclusive education have been highlighted to bring
about expansion in terms of meeting to the needs of the
mentally and physically disadvantaged children. This
schemes continues to be a separate centrally sponsored
scheme.
Four major heads

37.
• The Ministry of Human Resource Development
directly provides funds to the state governments. Each
state government then release the funds to the approved
implementing agencies or institutions. During the XI
Five Year Plan the central government provided 75% of
the total fund for each state, while 25% was borne by
the state as matching share.
Funds for RMSA

38.
• Achievements of RMSA listed in its 2015-2016;
• 11,577 new secondary schools approved.
• 52,750 additional classrooms approved.
• 25,948 science laboratories approved.
• 21,864 computer rooms approved.
• 27,428 libraries approved.
• 31,453 art and craft rooms approved.
• 12,327 drinking water facilities approved.
• 5,408 teachers' quarters approved.
• 2,975 major repairs approved.
Achievements of RMSA