This Presentation is all about the history of animation. All the references are from reliable sources over internet on animations. The topics described are: Early approaches to motion in art Animation Before Film The magic lantern Thaumatrope Phenakistoscope Zoetrope Flip book Praxinoscope The Silent Era Theater Optique The Kinetoscope The Golden Age of Animation Walt Disney Alice Comedies World War II era Post-war period The Television Era Animation Techniques Go motion and more ...

1. Evidence of artistic interest in depicting figures in motion can be seen as early
as Paleolithic cave paintings. Animals in these paintings were often depicted
with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions. Because these paintings
are prehistoric they could be explained a number of ways, such as the artist
simply changing their mind about the leg’s position with no means of erasing,
but it’s very likely that they are early attempts to convey motion.

2. Another example includes a 5,200-year old earthen bowl found
in Iran in Shahr-e Sukhteh. The bowl has five images painted
along the sides, showing phases of a goat leaping up to nip at a
tree.

3. An Egyptian mural, found in the tomb of Khnumhotep and
Niankhkhnum, at the Beni Hassan cemetery includes a
sequence of images in temporal succession. The paintings are
approximately 4000 years old and show scenes of young
soldiers being trained in wrestling and combat.

4. Seven drawings by Leonardo da Vinci extending over two folios
in the Windsor Collection, Anatomical Studies of the Muscles
of the Neck, Shoulder, Chest, and Arm, show detailed drawings
of the upper body with a less-detailed facial image. The
sequence shows multiple angles of the figure as it rotates and
the arm extends. Because the drawings show only small
changes from one image to the next, the drawings imply
motion in a single figure.

5. Even though some of these early examples may appear similar
to an animated series of drawings, the lack of equipment to
show them in motion causes them to fall short of being true
animation. The process of illustrating the passing of time by
putting images in a chronological series is one of the most
important steps in creating animation so historic instances of
this practice are definitely notable.

6. Numerous devices which successfully displayed animated
images were introduced well before the advent of the motion
picture. These devices were used to entertain, amaze and
sometimes even frighten people. The majority of these devices
didn’t project their images and accordingly could only be
viewed by a single person at any one time. For this reason they
were considered toys rather than being a large scale
entertainment industry like later animation. Many of these
devices are still built by and for film students being taught the
basic principles of animation.

7. The magic lantern is an early
predecessor of the modern day
projector. It consisted of a
translucent oil painting, a simple
lens and a candle or oil lamp. In a
darkened room, the image would
appear projected onto an adjacent
flat surface. It was often used to
project demonic, frightening
images in order to convince people
that they were witnessing the
supernatural. Some slides for the
lanterns contained moving parts
which makes the magic lantern the
earliest known example of
projected animation.

8. The origin of the magic lantern is debated, but in the 15th
century the Venetian inventor Giovanni Fontana
published an illustration of a device which projected the image
of a demon in his Liber Instrumentorum. The earliest known
actual magic lanterns are usually credited to Christiaan
Huygens or Athanasius Kircher

9. The Thaumatrope is based on the Greek word 'wonder turning'.
It is generally believed to have been invented by Peter Mark
Roget, who used one to demonstrate the theory of persistence
of vision to the Royal College of Physicians in London. A
thaumatrope was a simple toy used in the Victorian era.

10. A thaumatrope is a small circular disk
or card with two different pictures on
each side that was attached to a piece
of string or a pair of strings running
through the centre. When the string
is twirled quickly between the fingers,
the two pictures appear to combine
into a single image.

11. The phenakistoscope was an early animation device.
It was invented in 1831 simultaneously by
Belgian Joseph Plateau
And
Austrian Simon von Stampfer.

12. It consists of a disk with a series of
images, drawn on radii evenly spaced
around the center of the disk. Slots are
cut out of the disk on the same radii as
the drawings, but at a different distance
from the center. The device would be
placed in front of a mirror and spun. As
the phenakistoscope is spun, a viewer
would looks through the slots at the
reflection of the drawings which would
only become visible when a slot passes
by the viewer’s eye. This created the
illusion of animation.

13. The Zoetrope was produced in 1834 by William George Horner
and operates on the same principle as the phenakistoscope. It
was a cylindrical spinning device with several frames of
animation printed along the interior circumference. There are
vertical slits around the sides through which an observer can
view the moving images on the opposite side when the cylinder
spins. As it spins the material between the viewing slits moves
in the opposite direction of the images on the other side and in
doing so serves as a rudimentary shutter. The zoetrope had
several advantages over the phenakistoscope. It didn’t require
the use of a mirror to view the illusion, and because of its
cylindrical shape it could be viewed by several people at once.

14. The first flip book was patented in 1868 by John Barnes Linnett
as the kineograph. A flip book is just a book with particularly
springy pages that have an animated series of images printed
near the unbound edge. A viewer bends the pages back and
then rapidly releases them one at a time so that each image
viewed springs out of view to momentarily reveal the next
image just before it does the same.

15. Flip book operates on the same principle as the
phenakistoscope and the zoetrope what with the rapid
replacement of images with others, but they create the illusion
without any thing serving as a flickering shutter as the slits had
in the previous devices.
Flip books were more often cited as inspiration by early
animated filmmakers than the previously discussed devices
which didn’t reach quite as wide of an audience.

16. In previous animation devices the images were drawn in circles
which meant diameter of the circles physically limited just how
many images could reasonably be displayed. While the book
format still brings about something of a physical limit to the
length of the animation, this limit is significantly longer than
the round devices. Even this limit was able to be broken with
the invention of the mutoscope in 1894. It consisted of a long
circularly bound flip book in a box with a crank handle to flip
through the pages.

17. The Praxinoscope, invented by French
scientist Charles-Émile Reynaud,
combined the cylindrical design of the
zoetrope with the viewing mirror of the
phenakistoscope. The mirrors were
mounted still in the center of the
spinning ring of slots and drawings so
that the image can be more clearly seen
no matter what the device’s radius.
Reynaud also developed a larger version
of the Praxinoscope that could be
projected onto a screen, called the
Theater Optique.

18. Charles-Émile Reynaud's Theater Optique is the earliest
known example of projected animation, which is a larger
version of the Praxinoscope that could be projected onto a
screen, called the Theater Optique.
It predates even photographic video devices such as Thomas
Edison's 1883 invention, the Kinetoscope and the Lumière
brothers' 1884 invention, the cinematograph.
Reynaud exhibited three of his animations on October 28, 1892
in Paris, France. The only surviving example of these three is
Pauvre Pierrot which was 500 frames long.

20. It is an early motion picture exhibition
device. The Kinetoscope was designed for
films to be viewed by one individual at a
time through a peephole viewer window
at the top of the device. The Kinetoscope
was not a movie projector but introduced
the basic approach that would become
the standard for all cinematic projection
before the advent of video, by creating the
illusion of movement by conveying a strip
of perforated film bearing sequential
images over a light source with a high-
speed shutter.

21. In 1923 a studio called Laugh-O-Grams went bankrupt and its
owner Walt Disney opened a new studio in Los Angeles.
Disney's first project was the Alice Comedies Series which
featured a live action girl who interacted with numerous
cartoon characters.

22. Laugh-O-Gram Studio was a film studio located on the second floor
of the McConahay Building at 1127 East 31st in Kansas City, Missouri.
The studio played a role in the early years of animation: it was home
to many of the pioneers of animation, brought there by Walt Disney,
and is said to be the place to have provided Disney with the
inspiration to create Mickey Mouse.
In May 1922, Disney founded Laugh-O-Gram Films with $15,000. The
company got an $11,000 contract to produce six fairy tale cartoons for
Pictorial Clubs, Inc., which went bankrupt; a seventh fairy tale was
sold to them separately. Among Disney's employees on the series
were several pioneers of animation:
The company had problems making ends meet: by the end of 1922,
Thomas McCrum, a Kansas City dentist saved him from total failure
when he commissioned Disney for $500 for Tommy Tucker's Tooth, a
short subject showing the merits of brushing your teeth.

23. After creating one last short, the live-action/animation Alice's
Wonderland, the studio filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July
1923. Disney then moved to Hollywood, California. Disney sold
his movie camera, earning enough money for a one-way train
ticket; he brought along an unfinished reel of Alice's
Wonderland
Disney told interviewers later that he was inspired to draw
Mickey by a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio.

24. “They used to fight for crumbs in my waste-basket when I
worked alone late at night. I lifted them out and kept them in
wire cages on my desk. I grew particularly fond of one brown
house mouse. He was a timid little guy. By tapping him on the
nose with my pencil, I trained him to run inside a black circle
I drew on my drawing board. When I left Kansas to try my luck
at Hollywood, I hated to leave him behind. So I carefully
carried him to a backyard, making sure it was a nice
neighborhood, and the tame little fellow scampered to
freedom.”
–Walt Disney

25. Walt Disney was an American film
producer, director, screenwriter, voice
actor, animator, entrepreneur,
entertainer, international icon and well
known for his influence in the field of
entertainment during the 20th century.
Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he
was co-founder of Walt Disney
Productions, which later became one of
the best-known motion picture
producers in the world.

26. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known
fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney
himself provided the original voice.
During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards
and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations,
including a record four in one year, giving him more awards and
nominations than any other individual in history.
Disney also won seven Emmy Awards. Disney took night courses
at the Chicago Art Institute and became the cartoonist for the
school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World
War I.
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company
called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following
a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas
City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was
not able to run their business alone.

27. While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he
made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became
interested in animation, and decided to become an animator.
The owner of the Ad Company allowed him to borrow a camera
from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G.
Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and
Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more
promising than the cutout animation.
Eventually he decided to open his own animation business and
recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company.

28. Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a
cartoon studio in Hollywood where they needed to find a
distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had
started making while in Kansas City but never got to distribute.
Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor, who
promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution
deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's
Wonderland.

29. The new series, Alice Comedies, proved
reasonably successful,
By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus
was more on the animated characters and in
particular a cat named Julius who resembled
Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Felix the Cat is a cartoon character created in
the silent film era. His black body, white eyes,
and giant grin, coupled with the surrealism of
the situations in which his cartoons place him,
combine to make Felix one of the most
recognized cartoon characters in film history.
Felix was the first character from animation to
attain a level of popularity sufficient to draw
movie audiences.

30. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost
instant success, and the character, Oswald – drawn and created
by Iwerks – became a popular figure.
losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a
new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he
had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram
studio
It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the
rights to the Oswald character
Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself
until 1947.

31. Mickey Mouse is a funny animal
cartoon character created in 1928 by
Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the
Walt Disney Studios.
Mickey is an anthropomorphic
mouse who typically wears red
shorts, large yellow shoes, and white
gloves. As the official mascot of The
Walt Disney Company, Mickey is one
of the most recognizable cartoon
characters in the world.

32. Mickey first was seen in a single test screening Plane Crazy .
Mickey officially debuted in November 1928 in Steamboat Willie,
one of the first sound cartoons.
Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in
feature-length films. Nine of Mickey's cartoons were nominated for
the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which,
Lend a Paw, won the award in 1942. In 1978, Mickey became the
first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of
Fame.
Beginning 1930, Mickey has also been featured extensively as a
comic strip character. His self-titled newspaper strip, drawn
primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45 years. Mickey has also
appeared in comic books and in television series such as The
Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1996) and others. He also appears in
other media such as video games as well as merchandising, and is a
meetable character at the Disney parks.

33. The Silly Symphonies were a series of animated short subjects
produced by Walt Disney Productions.
A total of 75 shorts were made between 1929 and 1939.
The first, The Skeleton Dance was entirely drawn and animated by
Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of
cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929.
Unlike the Mickey Mouse series Silly Symphonies did not usually
feature continuing characters other than Three Little Pigs which had
three sequels to their first cartoon
Donald Duck got his start in a Silly Symphonies cartoon and Pluto's
first appearance without Mickey Mouse was also in a Silly
Symphonies cartoon

34. By 1932, although Mickey Mouse
had become a relatively popular
cinema character, Silly
Symphonies was not as
successful.
The same year also saw
competition increase as Max
Fleischer's flapper cartoon
character, Betty Boop, gained
popularity among theater
audiences.

35. In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the
first three-strip Technicolor camera, approached Walt and convinced
him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip
Technicolor.
Flowers and Trees was already in production as a black and white
cartoon before Walt Disney saw three-strip Technicolor tests.
Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would
also win the first Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons in
1932.
Disney's exclusive contract with Technicolor, in effect until the end of
1935, forced other animators such as Ub Iwerks and Max Fleischer to
use Technicolor's inferior two-color process or a competing two-color
system such as Cinecolor.

36. Donald Duck is a funny animal cartoon character created in 1934 at
Walt Disney Productions.
Donald is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill,
legs, and feet. He typically wears a sailor suit with a cap and a black
or red bow tie.
Donald is most famous for his semi-intelligible speech and his
mischievous and irritable personality. Along with his friend Mickey
Mouse, Donald is one of the most popular Disney characters and was
included in TV Guide's list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all
time in 2002.
He has appeared in more films than any other Disney character and
is the fifth most published comic book character in the world after
Batman, Superman, Spider-Man, and Wolverine.

37. Goofy is a funny animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt
Disney Productions.
Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog, and typically wears a turtle
neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat
originally designed as a rumpled fedora.
Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one
of Disney's most popular characters.
He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and having little
intelligence, yet this interpretation isn't always definitive;
occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive and clever, albeit in his own
unique, eccentric way.

38. Goofy debuted in animated cartoons, starting in 1932 with
Mickey's Revue. During the 1930s he was used extensively as
part of a comedy trio with Mickey and Donald. Starting in 1939,
Goofy was given his own series of shorts which were popular in
the 1940s and early '50s. He also co-starred in a short series
with Donald.
Four more Goofy shorts were produced in the 1960s after which
Goofy was only seen in television and comics. He returned to
theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey's Christmas Carol. His
last theatrical appearance was How to Hook Up Your Home
Theater in 2007.
Goofy has also been featured in television, most extensively in
Goof Troop (1992–1993), as well as House of Mouse (2001–2003)
and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–present).

39. Pluto, also called Pluto the Pup, is a cartoon character created
in 1930 by Walt Disney Productions. He is golden, medium-
sized, short-haired dog with black ears. Pluto is not
anthropomorphic beyond some characteristics such as facial
expression, though he did speak for a short portion of his
history. He is Mickey Mouse's pet. Officially a mixed-breed
dog, Pluto is clearly modeled on the English Pointer breed,
most evident in the film "The Pointer". The prominent Disney
artist Norm Ferguson owned an English Pointer. Together with
Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck and Goofy, Pluto
is one of the "Big Five"—the biggest stars in the Disney
universe. Though all five are non-human animals, Pluto alone
is not dressed as a human.

40. Pluto debuted in animated cartoons and appeared in 24 Mickey
Mouse films before receiving his own series in 1937. All together
Pluto appeared in 89 short films between 1930 and 1953. Several
of these were nominated for an Academy Award, including The
Pointer (1939).
Because Pluto does not speak, his films generally rely on
physical humor. This made Pluto a pioneering figure in
character animation, which is expressing personality through
animation rather than dialogue.

41. Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began
planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls
showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by
Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.
Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his
popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to
become what was considered his most appealing design to date.
When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an
animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain
that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the
project "Disney's Folly".
Disney used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in
realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special
effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the
multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937

42. The multiplane camera is a special motion picture camera
used in the traditional animation process that moves a number
of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at
various distances from one another. This creates a three-
dimensional effect, although not actually stereoscopic. Various
parts of the artwork layers are left transparent, to allow other
layers to be seen behind them. The movements are calculated
and photographed frame-by-frame, with the result being an
illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork moving at
different speeds - the further away from the camera, the slower
the speed.

43. It went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-
1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding
to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of
the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the
Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its
conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven
Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated
feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in
February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio
Pictures. The film became the most successful motion picture
of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release, the
equivalent of $132,085,110 today.

44. Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney
received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he
was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios.
Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also
ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden
Age of Animation for the studio.
Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio,
continued work on Fantasia and Bambi as well as the early
production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Wind
in the Willows while the shorts staff carried on working on the
Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series

45. In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of
animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US
entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of
Aeronautics contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities
where the staff created training and instruction films for the
military, home-front morale-boosting shorts

46. Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of
cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period.
During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed
live action and animated scenes.
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the
full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved
during the war years.
Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life
Adventures.
 Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were
no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner
Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny.

47. Color television was introduced to the US Market in 1951. In
1958 Hanna-Barbera released Huckleberry Hound, the first half-
hour television program to feature only animation. In 1960
Hanna - Barbera released another monumental animated
television show, The Flintstones, which was the first animated
series on prime time television. Television significantly
decreased public attention to the animated shorts being shown
theatres.

48. Hanna was an American animator, director, producer, voice
actor, and cartoon artist, whose film and television cartoon
characters entertained millions of people for much of the 20th
century.
When he was a young child, Hanna's family moved frequently,
but they settled in Compton, California, by 1919.
After working odd jobs in the first months of the Depression,
Hanna joined the Harman and Ising animation studio in 1930.
During the 1930s, Hanna steadily gained skill and prominence
while working on cartoons.
In 1937, while working at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM),
Hanna met Joseph Barbera. The two men began a collaboration
that was at first best known for producing Tom and Jerry and
live action films

49. In 1957, they co-founded Hanna-Barbera, which became
the most successful television animation studio in the
business, producing programs such as The Flintstones,
The Huckleberry Hound Show, The Jetsons, Scooby-Doo,
The Smurfs, and Yogi Bear.
Hanna and Barbera won seven Academy Awards and eight
Emmy Awards. Their cartoons have become cultural
icons, and their cartoon characters have appeared in other
media such as films, books, and toys.
Hanna–Barbera's shows had a worldwide audience of over
300 million people in their 1960s heyday, and have been
translated into more than 28 languages

50. Stop Motion:- Stop motion (also known as stop frame) is an
animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear
to move on its own.
The object is moved in small increments between individually
photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the
series of frames is played as a continuous sequence.
Dolls with movable joints or clay figures are often used in stop
motion for their ease of re-positioning. Stop motion animation using
plasticine is called clay animation or "clay-mation".
Not all stop motion requires figures or models; many stop motion
films can involve using humans, household appliances and other
things for comedic effect. Stop motion using objects is sometimes
referred to as Object animation

51. This process is used for many productions, for example, the
most common types of puppets are clay puppets, as used in The
California Raisins and Wallace and Gromit, and figures made of
various rubbers, cloths and plastic resins, such as The
Nightmare Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach.
Stop motion animation was also commonly used for SPECIAL
EFFECTS work in many live-action films, such as the 1933
version of King Kong and The 7th Voyage of Sinbad.
The first instance of the stop motion technique can be credited
to Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton for Vitagraph's The
Humpty Dumpty Circus (1897), in which a toy circus of acrobats
and animals comes to life.

52. In the turn of the century, there was another well known
animator known as Willis O' Brien. His work on The Lost
World (1925) is well known, but he is most admired for his
work on King Kong (1933), a milestone of his films made
possible by stop motion animation.
In the 1960s and 1970s, independent clay animator Eliot Noyes
Jr. refined the technique of "free-form" clay animation with his
Oscar-nominated 1965 film Clay (or the Origin of Species).
Noyes also used stop motion to animate sand lying on glass for
his musical animated film Sandman (1975)
In 1975, filmmaker and clay animation experimenter Will
Vinton joined with sculptor Bob Gardiner to create an
experimental film called Closed Mondays which became the
world's first stop motion film to win an Oscar.

53. Vinton made a documentary about this process and his style of
animation which he titled the documentary Claymation. Soon
after this documentary, the term was trademarked by Vinton to
differentiate his team's work from others who had been, or
were beginning to do, "clay animation". While the word has
stuck and is often used to describe clay animation and stop
motion.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Industrial Light & Magic often used stop
motion model animation for films such as the original Star
Wars trilogy: the chess sequence in Star Wars, the Tauntauns
and AT-AT walkers in The Empire Strikes Back, and the AT-ST
walkers in Return of the Jedi were all stop motion animation,
some of it using the Go films. The many shots including the
ghosts in Raiders of the Lost Ark and the first two feature films
in the Robocop series use Phil Tippett's go motion version of
stop motion.

54. Another more-complicated variation on stop motion is go
motion, co-developed by Phil Tippett and first used on the
films The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Dragonslayer (1981), and
the RoboCop films.
Go Motion involved programming a computer to move parts of
a model slightly during each exposure of each frame of film,
combined with traditional hand manipulation of the model in
between frames, to produce a more realistic motion blurring
effect.
Tippett also used the process extensively in his 1984 short film
Prehistoric Beast, a 10 minutes long sequence depicting a
herbivorous dinosaur being chased by a carnivorous.
It acted as motion models for his first photo-realistic use of
computers to depict dinosaurs in Jurassic Park in 1993.

55. Traditional animation, (or classical animation, cel animation, or
hand-drawn animation) is an animation technique where each frame
is drawn by hand. The technique was the dominant form of
animation in cinema until the advent of computer animation. The
individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of
drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of
movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The
animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent
acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned
colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed
character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film
against a painted background by a rostrum camera.
The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the
beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the
backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a
computer system. Various software programs are used to color the
drawings and simulate camera movement and effects.