2. Table of contents 1. Deadlocks and recursion in printk()
2. Async printk()
3. pr_cont() *
4. Console semaphore *
* bonus topics
3. 1. Deadlocks in printk()
● There are several scenarios that can cause deadlocks in printk()
● For instance:
○ Re-entrant printk() [resolved]
■ Per-cpu buffers for safe printk() from NMI context
○ Recursions in printk() [unresolved]
■ A proposal [RFC]
4. 1. Deadlocks in printk()
● An extension of NMI-printk() idea [1]
○ Use additional per-cpu buffers to handle printk() recursion
○ Mark unsafe regions with printk_safe_enter()/exit() calls, that
set special per-cpu flags
○ printk()->vprintk_funct() then checks those per-cpu flags
○ And “redirects” unsafe printk() call to one of the safe
callbacks:
■ vprintk_safe_nmi()
■ vprintk_safe()
5. 1. Deadlocks in printk()
● This handles printk() recursion only:
○ printk() -> /* anything that calls printk() again */ -> printk()
● But what about printk() deadlocks...
7. 1. Deadlocks in printk()
● The fundamental issue is that printk() depends
on two different lock groups - internal and external locks
● We can handle internal locks with printk_safe
● External locks are out of control: scheduler locks, clock locks, etc.
● printk_deferred(), basically, tells printk() to acquire ONLY
internal locks (logbuf spin lock), avoiding any external locks
8. 1. Deadlocks in printk()
● A proposal:
○ Make printk() behave like printk_deferred()
○ IOW, avoid any external locks in printk() if we are in atomic,
queueing irq_work for printing
○ So we can eventually remove printk_deferred(), which is
always soooo hard
10. 2. Async printk()
● Printing CPU does an “endless” loop in console_unlock()
● console_unlock() is not always preemptible
● Things get worse once you have a slow serial console
attached
11. 2. Async printk()
● You never know how long will it take to printk() a message
● printk() can spin lockup, soft/hard lockup the system, etc.
● It’s not always safe to call printk() under spin_lock, RCU lock, etc.
○ It, thus, can provoke memory pressure, etc.
● It’s not always safe to call printk() from IRQ
● It’s not always safe to call printk_deferred()
12. 2. Async printk()
● A proposal (started by Jan Kara) [2]:
○ Offload printing to a special printk kthread
○ printk() stores the message and queue irq_work
/* or wake_up() the printk kthread if the proposal from #1 won’t fly */
○ wake_up_klogd_work_func() wakes up the printk
kthread instead of doing console_unlock() from IRQ
13. 2. Async printk()
● A proposal (continue):
○ So there is no time-unbound console_unlock() possibly
standing behind printk() and deferred_printk()
○ The printk kthread is always preemptible
○ We switch back to sync printk mode when in panic.
● printk() already depends on scheduler (wake_up() in semaphore)
● With printk_safe we also minimize the impact of wake_up()
○ Recursive printk() from wake_up()
15. 3. pr_cont()
● pr_cont() is NOT SMP safe
● “That said, we should strive to avoid the need for KERN_CONT. It does result in
real problems for logging, and should generally not be seen as a good feature.
If we someday can get rid of the feature entirely, because nobody does any
fragmented printk calls, that would be lovely.”
Linus Torvalds
16. 3. pr_cont()
● pr_cont() is not going to die
version git grep “pr_cont(“ git grep “KERN_CONT”
tags/v3.8 761 547
tags/v4.5 1123 515
tags/v4.9-rc2 1194 501
17. 3. pr_cont()
● Proposals:
○ Make pr_cont buffer per-thread [hardly possible]
○ Use fake pr_cont buffers [Petr Mladek posted a PoC patch set [3]]
○ Add a new cont API that will use a temp kmalloc()-d or per-CPU
LOG_LINE_MAX buffer [an extended version of [4]]
■ kmalloc() might not always work. OOM pr_cont(), so
per-CPU buffers look a bit better
■ Stop caring about pr_cont() in the meantime
■ Probably add pr_cont() usage WARN to checkpatch.pl
19. 4. Console semaphore
● Console driver list is protected by a single console_sem semaphore
● Not every console_lock() caller:
○ Modifies the consoles list (read-only access)
○ Is a kernel thread (user-space can access that list in syscalls)
○ Want to print the messages from console_unlock()
○ Want to wait in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE for current console_sem owner
■ Which possibly can be in console_unlock() printing loop
● Example:
○ cat /proc/consoles does console_lock()/console_unlock()
20. 4. Console semaphore
● Do we want to replace console sem with a READ/WRITE lock?
○ So processes that don’t modify the list can acquire console_sem
in read mode
● Direct console_unlock() callers will still do that “endless”
printing loop
● [flashback]
○ In async printk() we wake_up() printk kthread from wake_up_klogd_work_func()
21. 4. Console semaphore
● Do we want to split console_unlock() function into
○ async_flush_console_unlock() function
■ Basically, just unlock console_sem and wake_up()
printk kthread
○ sync_flush_console_unlock() function
■ Flush the logbuf and then unlock console_sem
■ There are paths that probably want to flush logbuf
from console_unlock()
