2. Definition
Nephrotic syndrome is a renal disorder
due to damage to the renal glomeruli
resulting in heavy protein urea, low
plasma protein, hyper lipidemia and
generalized oedema(Anasarca).
It is a renal disease characterized by
increased permeability of the glomeruli to
protein (Protein urea), low plasma
protein, hyperlipidemia and generalized
oedema
3. Causes
Nephrotic syndrome has been associated
with allergic reactions such as;
Insect bites
Pollen
Acute glomerulonephritis especially the minimal
change type
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Infections
Herpes zoster, HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C,
syphilis, malaria, tuberculosis.
4. Causes cont
Systemic diseases
Diabetes mellitus
Systemic Lupus erythematosus (a
chronic inflammatory disease)
Amyloidosis (A disease in which a wax,
starch like , glycoprotein (or amyloid)
accumulates in the tissue and organs)
Sickle cell disease
4. Circulatory problems
Severe congestive heart failure
Constrictive pericarditis
5. Causes cont
Cancers
Hodgkin’s
Lung
Colon
Breast
Renal transplantation
Chronic kidney failure
Pregnancy (Pre eclampsia)
Chronic kidney failure
The cause of nephrotic syndrome in children is
usually idiopathic
6. Causes cont
Medicines, such as nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs,
penicillamine, gold therapy, or
captopril.
8. Pathophysiology
The initial physiologic change is damage
to the cells in the glomerular basement
membrane from immune complex
deposition, nephrotoxic antibodies or any
other cause already mentioned.
The damage results in increased
glomerular basement membrane porosity
and permeability to protein resulting in
proteinuria
9. Pathophysiology cont
This results in reduced plasma protein
such as albumin.
The reduced plasma protein leads to
reduced oncotic or osmotic pressure.
This will lead to increase movement of
fluids from the intra vascular spaces into
the extra vascular as well as reduced
ability to pull back fluids into the
capillaries
10. Pathophysiology cont
This will lead to edema
Fluid loss from the vascular system to the
extra vascular will lead to reduced
circulatory volume (Hypovolaemia)
This will lead to reduced cardiac out put
which will culminate in reduced renal
blood flow
This will cause Reduced glomerular
filtration rate (GFR), causing renal
ischaemia.
11. Pathophysiology cont
This will lead to the release of rennin
Rennin will cause the activation of
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Angiotensin I will later be converted to
angiotensin II with the help of angiotensin
converting enzyme.
Angiotensin will cause vasoconstriction in
order to increase renal blood flow.
12. Pathophysiology cont
It will also lead to increased secretion of
aldosterone to retain more sodium and
water
This will worsen the oedema causing it to
be generalized (Anasarca)
Proteinuria: Occurs due to the structural
damage to the glomerular basement
membrane
An increase in size and number of pores
allows passage of more and large protein
molecules
13. Pathophysiology cont
Negatively charged fixed
components in the capillary walls of
the glomerular repel negatively
charged protein molecules
Reduction of these fixed charged
components results in the genesis
of heavy proteinuria
14. Pathophysiology cont
Hyperlipidaemia: Diminished
plasma oncotic pressure stimulate
hepatic lipoprotein synthesis
Low-density lipoproteins and
cholesterol are elevated most
frequently causing the
Hyperlipidaemia.
15. Signs and symptoms
Severe generalized oedema due to low
albumin level and retention of water and
sodium
Pronounced proteinuria due to damage to
the glomerular basement membrane
Hypoalbuminemia due to albiminuria
Hyperlipidemia due to increased hepatic
synthesis of lipids
Urine volume and renal function may be
either normal or greatly reduced to
damage to the kidney.
16. Signs and symptoms cont
Dyspnea due to pulmonary oedema
or congestion.
Peri orbital edema due to low
plasma protein
Fatigue is common as renal function
reduces dramatically.
Anorexia is common due to GIT
involvement, ascitis with impaired
absorption.
17. Diagnosis
Blood for serum albumin will be low
Blood for serum cholesterol will be
increased
Blood for Urea and electrolytes will show
electrolyte imbalance such as low
potassium levels.
Renal biopsy will help to confirm the
diagnosis or reveal the extent of renal
damage
Urinalysis will show proteinuria
18. Diagnosis cont
Creatinine and creatinine clearance. Results of
these tests give information on how well your
kidneys are working.
History may reveal predisposing factors like gold
poisoning, diabetes, etc
Clinical feature will show generalized oedema
Kidney ultrasound to look at the kidneys. This
exam can rule out other cause.
A 24-hour urine collection, which measures the
total amount of protein in the urine collected over
24 hours> it will show that protein loss is high.
19. Treatment
Treatment of nephrotic syndrome depends on the
cause of the disease and may include:
Diuretics, such as or furosemide (Lasix), to
reduce oedema dose 0.5-1.5mg/kg body weight.
Medications, such as angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II
receptor blockers (ARBs), to reduce the amount
of protein lost in the urine, lower blood pressure,
and slow the progress of the disease.
In rare cases, salt-free albumin given through a
vein (IV). Albumin helps remove extra fluid from
the tissues.
20. Treatment cont
Corticosteroids may be useful in
controlling the illness,e.g. hydrocortisone
25-100mg. Or predinisolone5-25mg daily.
Bed rest in patients with severe oedema
or those with infections
Antibiotics if infection suspected or for
prophylaxis e.g. Amoxyl 62.5-250mg tds
for 5/7
Dietary protein is prescribed at 1g/kg
body weight.
22. Nursing management
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Monitor patient’s intake and output
Weigh patient daily to monitor
oedema
Assess skin condition for any skin
breakdown
Observe for signs and symptoms of
infection and pulmonary oedema
23. Nursing management cont
Promote adequate nutrition
Offer oral hygiene regulary to help
reduce metallic taste
Prevent infection because urinary
protein losses impair body defences
When infection is suspected address
the problem immidiately
24. Nursing management cont
Protect patient against sources of
infection
Invasive procedures must be
avoided or performed under strict
aseptic technique
Edematous tissue is susceptible to
skin breakdown and infection
25. Nursing management cont...
Careful positioning and frequent
change of position increase comfort
and prevent infection
Air or water matresses may
increase comfort and relieve skin
pressure
26. Nursing management cont
Educate patient on medication
regimen
Educate patient on dietary
adjustments and methods to meet
nutritional needs
Educate patient to assess self for
fluid status
27. Nursing management cont
Promote good habits to prevent
infection
Emphasize need for follow- up care
to monitor renal function
