Some of the basic topics of Highway Engineering

1. TOPICS
-Detailed Classification of Roads
-Cross section of Road and its Elements
-Camber
Prepared by-SHUBHAM P.SADH, Civil Engineering-5thsem, H.J.D. Institute, Kera
Highway engineering (Reference-Principles and Practices of Highway Engineering –Dr.L.R.Kadyali, Dr. N.B.Lal)

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CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
GENERAL
TYPE OF CARRIGE WAY
TYPE OF PAVEMENT SURFACESEASONS
MODIFIED
1)URBAN
2)NON- URBAN/ RURAL
1)ALL WEATHER
2)FAIR WEATHER
1)PAVED
2)UNPAVED
1)SURFACE
2)UNSURFACED
1)PRIMARY
2)SECONDRY
3)TERTIARY

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(1)GENERAL:-Universally/Generally, roads are classified in two main categories:
(i) Urban Roads, (ii) Non-Urban/Rural Roads.
(i)Urban Roads:-Roads which are located within cities, towns and other inhabited areas and come under the jurisdiction of municipalities, cantonment boards and Post trusts.
-These roads are further classified into the following classes:
(a) Expressways:-Superior types of roads facilities designed for high speed, high traffic volumes and safety.
(b) Arterial Roads
(c) Sub-arterial Roads
(d) Collector Roads:-Provide access to arterial streets and they collect and distribute traffic from and to local streets.
(e) Local Roads:-Provide access to abutting property.
Arterial and sub-arterial are roads primarily for through traffic on a continuous route.

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(ii)Non-Urban/Rural Roads:-Roads which are located in the non- urban areas and connect cities and townsacross the country.
-Rural roads are further classified into five categories: (a) National Highways (NH):-Connect capitals of States, ports, foreign highways, large towns and industrial centers. (b) State Highways (SH):-These are arterial roads of a state connecting up with the national highways of adjacent state, district head quarters and important cities within the state. (c) Major District Roads (MDR):-They are the important roads within a district, serving areas of production and markets and connecting those with each other or with the main highways. (d) Other District Roads (ODR):-Serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centers, talukahead quarters, district head quarters or other main roads. (e) Village Roads (VR):-Connecting villages or groups of villages with each other to the nearest road of a higher category.

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(2)Dependingon use during different seasons:-
-All weatherroads
-Fairweather roads
(3) Based on the type of the carriage way:-
-Paved roads
-Unpaved roads
(4) Based on the type of pavement surface:-
-Surface roads
-Unsurfaceroads
(5) Modified classification of road by third 20-year RoadDevelopmentPlan (1981-2001)
-Primary System
-Secondary System
-Tertiary System

8. CROSS-SECTION OF ROAD AND ITS ELEMENTS
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The various components of highway cross-section are as under:
1.Carriage way
2.Formation width
3.Right of way
4.Road shoulders
5.Side slope
6.Berm
7.Boundary stone
8.Side drain
9.Building line
10.Control line
11.Spoil bank
12.Borrow pits
13.Kerbs

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KERBS:-The boundaries between pavement and shoulders or footpaths are known as Kerbs.
OR
A Kerbis a vertical or sloping member along the edge of a pavement or shoulder, forming part of gutter, strengthening or protecting the edge and clearly defining the edge to vehicle operators.
•The Functions of Kerbare:
-To facilitate and control drainage
-To strengthen and protect the pavement edge
-To present a more finished appearance
-To assist in the orderly development of the roadside

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Functionally they could be of three types:
1.Low or mountable kerbs: These kerbsare indicators between the bundaryof a road shoulder.
2.Semi-barrier kerbs: It prevent encroachment of slow speed or parking vehicles to the foot path.
3.Barrier type kerbs:They are mainly provided to cause obstructions to the vehicles leaving the carriage way under emergency.

13. Camber Or Cross slope
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Camber:-Camber or Cross slope is the slope provided to the road surface in the transverse direction to drain off the rain water from the road surface.
Camber is provided for the following purpose
-To Remove the rain water from the pavement surface as quickly as possible.
-To prevent entry of water into the bituminous pavement layers.
-To prevent the entry of surface water into the sub grade soil through pavement.
-To make the pavement surface attractive.
The camber can be provided in three ways as shown in figure.
1.Parabolic camber
2.Straight camber
3.Combination of straight and parabolic camber.

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16. THANK YOU
Prepared by-SHUBHAM P. SADH, Civil Engineering Department-5thsemester, H.J.D. Institute of Technical Education and Research, Kera