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THE STUDY
OF
ETHICS
&
LOGIC
“THE THINKER”
The famous work of the French artist, Auguste Rodin
This sculpture depicts the intense political and social crises in Paris
and reflects a deeply pessimistic view of human life and happiness
This artwork is used to inspire every learner to pursue always correct
thinking in whatever way of life
OBJECTIVES
1. Define Philosophy and name its
branches
2. Illustrate the relationship between Logic
and Ethics
3. Discuss clearly the definition of Logic
4. Differentiate natural from scientific logic
5. List the formal and material objects of
logic
6. State the importance of logic
PHILOSOPHY
The love
of
wisdom
A discipline not
to be defined but
to be inquired
into
It knows no limits
just as the
human mind
knows no
boundaries
A desire or
interest for an
intellectual
inquiry
It search for the
rational
explanations of
reality and of
man himself
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
PHILOSOPHY
PHILOS
(LOVE)
SOPHIA
(WISDOM)
DERIVED FROM THE TWO GREEK WORDS
THE MAJOR DIVISION OF PHILOSPHY
•The study of reality or
what is real
METAPHYSICS
•The study of knowledge
and what we can know
EPISTEMOLOGY
•The study of the goodETHICS
THE PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD
LOGIC
The art of correct thinking and reasoning
which is considered as a tool in facilitating
questions and answers
Serve to support in arriving at clear, correct,
valid, and consistent answers to questions
which is the primary consideration in the
other branches of philosophy
LOGIC COMES IN TWO FORMS
NATURAL
LOGIC
The inherent ability of
man to reason out
SCIENTIFIC
LOGIC
The acquired skill of
man through constant
study, training, and
practice
LOGIC IS TREATED IN TWO WAYS
IT IS A
SCIENCE
Because it involves
data, procedure, and
validity
IT IS AN
ART
Because it involves
the learned skills
directing the mind in
distinguishing correct
from erroneous
arguments
TWO MAJOR APPROCHES IN THE STUDIES OF LOGIC
INFORMAL
LOGIC
An attempt to develop logical
tools that can analyze and assess
the informal reasoning that
occurs in natural language
contexts
Characterized as both Rhetorical
and Dialectical
Rhetorical
Appears to be more sympathetic where the
charisma of the speaker plays a crucial role in
determining whether or not an argument is
persuasive
Dialectical
Consider argumentation as a form of
dialogical exchange and resolution of disputes
FORMAL
LOGIC
It is divided into Traditional
Aristotelian Logic and Modern
Symbolic Logic
TRADITIONAL
ARISTOTELIAN
• It deals with the study of
deductive argument
through classical
syllogism which
emphasizes the
relationship of words
• It has both:
• Formal Branch
• the structure of the
argument
• Material Branch
• content of the
argument
MODERN
SYMBOLIC
• It deals with the study of
deductive argument with
emphasis on the
relationship between
statements not words or
• Propositional Logic
• In philosophy, an
attitude taken by
somebody toward a
proposition, e.g. in
believing it, knowing it,
or desiring
SYLLOGISM
A logical or a formal
deductive argument
involving Three
Propositions
A Major Premise
A Minor Premise
A conclusion
Example
All birds have feathers,
penguins are birds,
therefore penguins have
feathers
Deductive reasoning or a
reasoning from the
general to the specific
Specious argument or a
subtle piece of reasoning,
or one that seems true
but is actually false or
deceptive
a proposition that
forms the basis of an
argument or from
which a conclusion is
drawn
THE MATERIAL AND FORMAL OBJECTS OF LOGIC
MATERIAL
OBJECT
Refers to the subject
matter of a particular
science
THREE MENTAL
OPERATIONS
Simple
Apprehension
(TERMS)
Judgment
(PROPOSITION)
Reasoning
(ARGUMENTS)FORMAL
OBJECT
Refers to the special
viewpoint from which the
material object is studied by
a particular science, and
distinguishes one branch of
science from another when
both of them are dealing
with the same material
object
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING LOGIC
SIGNIFICANCE TO
STUDENTS
Discussing essays in
examinations
Analyze historical and
social data
Interpretation of
literary works and
researches
In engaging in some
debates on current
issues
SIGNIFICANCE TO
PROFESSIONALS
Use in decision making
in all aspects of life
Analyzing health status
of patients or
administering
medicines
Defending clients
before any court-of-
law
Makes works faster
and make lives more
convenient
SIGNIFICANCE TO
ALL PERSONS
Improves our
reasoning potentials
Promote
understanding to
attain peaceful co-
existence
Foster better
relationships among
others in the society
Issue: Death Penalty
Material Object: Life
3 Mental Operations:
1. Terms: Life is Precious
2. Preposition : Death Penalty Defies The Sanctity Of
Life As A Precious Gift From God
3. Arguments:
Syllogism
Major Premise: All human beings have the right to
enjoy the gift of life from God
regardless of their social status
Minor Premise: Criminals are human beings
Conclusion: Therefore, criminals have the right to
enjoy the gift of life from God
SEAT WORK
Construct your own argument applying the following concepts (25 Points)

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Logic&ethics1

  • 1. THE STUDY OF ETHICS & LOGIC “THE THINKER” The famous work of the French artist, Auguste Rodin This sculpture depicts the intense political and social crises in Paris and reflects a deeply pessimistic view of human life and happiness This artwork is used to inspire every learner to pursue always correct thinking in whatever way of life
  • 2. OBJECTIVES 1. Define Philosophy and name its branches 2. Illustrate the relationship between Logic and Ethics 3. Discuss clearly the definition of Logic 4. Differentiate natural from scientific logic 5. List the formal and material objects of logic 6. State the importance of logic
  • 3. PHILOSOPHY The love of wisdom A discipline not to be defined but to be inquired into It knows no limits just as the human mind knows no boundaries A desire or interest for an intellectual inquiry It search for the rational explanations of reality and of man himself WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
  • 5. THE MAJOR DIVISION OF PHILOSPHY •The study of reality or what is real METAPHYSICS •The study of knowledge and what we can know EPISTEMOLOGY •The study of the goodETHICS
  • 6. THE PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD LOGIC The art of correct thinking and reasoning which is considered as a tool in facilitating questions and answers Serve to support in arriving at clear, correct, valid, and consistent answers to questions which is the primary consideration in the other branches of philosophy
  • 7. LOGIC COMES IN TWO FORMS NATURAL LOGIC The inherent ability of man to reason out SCIENTIFIC LOGIC The acquired skill of man through constant study, training, and practice
  • 8. LOGIC IS TREATED IN TWO WAYS IT IS A SCIENCE Because it involves data, procedure, and validity IT IS AN ART Because it involves the learned skills directing the mind in distinguishing correct from erroneous arguments
  • 9. TWO MAJOR APPROCHES IN THE STUDIES OF LOGIC INFORMAL LOGIC An attempt to develop logical tools that can analyze and assess the informal reasoning that occurs in natural language contexts Characterized as both Rhetorical and Dialectical Rhetorical Appears to be more sympathetic where the charisma of the speaker plays a crucial role in determining whether or not an argument is persuasive Dialectical Consider argumentation as a form of dialogical exchange and resolution of disputes FORMAL LOGIC It is divided into Traditional Aristotelian Logic and Modern Symbolic Logic
  • 10. TRADITIONAL ARISTOTELIAN • It deals with the study of deductive argument through classical syllogism which emphasizes the relationship of words • It has both: • Formal Branch • the structure of the argument • Material Branch • content of the argument MODERN SYMBOLIC • It deals with the study of deductive argument with emphasis on the relationship between statements not words or • Propositional Logic • In philosophy, an attitude taken by somebody toward a proposition, e.g. in believing it, knowing it, or desiring
  • 11. SYLLOGISM A logical or a formal deductive argument involving Three Propositions A Major Premise A Minor Premise A conclusion Example All birds have feathers, penguins are birds, therefore penguins have feathers Deductive reasoning or a reasoning from the general to the specific Specious argument or a subtle piece of reasoning, or one that seems true but is actually false or deceptive a proposition that forms the basis of an argument or from which a conclusion is drawn
  • 12. THE MATERIAL AND FORMAL OBJECTS OF LOGIC MATERIAL OBJECT Refers to the subject matter of a particular science THREE MENTAL OPERATIONS Simple Apprehension (TERMS) Judgment (PROPOSITION) Reasoning (ARGUMENTS)FORMAL OBJECT Refers to the special viewpoint from which the material object is studied by a particular science, and distinguishes one branch of science from another when both of them are dealing with the same material object
  • 13. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING LOGIC SIGNIFICANCE TO STUDENTS Discussing essays in examinations Analyze historical and social data Interpretation of literary works and researches In engaging in some debates on current issues SIGNIFICANCE TO PROFESSIONALS Use in decision making in all aspects of life Analyzing health status of patients or administering medicines Defending clients before any court-of- law Makes works faster and make lives more convenient SIGNIFICANCE TO ALL PERSONS Improves our reasoning potentials Promote understanding to attain peaceful co- existence Foster better relationships among others in the society
  • 14. Issue: Death Penalty Material Object: Life 3 Mental Operations: 1. Terms: Life is Precious 2. Preposition : Death Penalty Defies The Sanctity Of Life As A Precious Gift From God 3. Arguments: Syllogism Major Premise: All human beings have the right to enjoy the gift of life from God regardless of their social status Minor Premise: Criminals are human beings Conclusion: Therefore, criminals have the right to enjoy the gift of life from God SEAT WORK Construct your own argument applying the following concepts (25 Points)