Here are the answers to the quiz questions: 1. The different feeding habits of fish are: - Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials - Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter - Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals - Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc. - Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter 2. The feeding behaviors of fish are: - Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc. - Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously - Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water

1. Mindanao State University- Marawi City
COLLEGE OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES
FTA116
Fish Nutrition
jabir.sg27@s.msumain.edu.ph
09078746424
Ms. SITTIE NOR ASIAH G. JABIR
Faculty, College of Fisheries
Mindanao State University – Main Campus
Marawi City

2. Mindanao State University- Marawi City
COLLEGE OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES
Module 3 Lesson 1
Feeding habits and
Digestive Physiology of fishes
Ms. SITTIE NOR ASIAH G. JABIR
Faculty, College of Fisheries
Mindanao State University – Main Campus
Marawi City

3. Feeding Habits and behavior of
fishes
The feeding habits and behavior of fishes refer to the process of the process of
the search for and ingestion of food. This also includes the manner and the
stimuli for feeding.
Fishes can be classified according to their food and diet:
Herbivores – those that feed exclusively on plant materials
Carnivores – those that feed exclusively on animal matter
Omnivores – those that derive their nutrients from both plants and animals.
Planktivores – those that feed on plankton, the microscopic plant and animal
life in water including bacteria.
Detritivores – those that feed on decaying matter.

4. Feeding Habits and behavior of
fishes
Classification of feeding behavior of fishes according to the manner
of feeding;
1. Predators are fishes that feed on macroscopic animals. They may
either be constantly on the move, hunting and pursuing their prey,
or lie-on-wait to catch prey that stray into their territory. Some
predators feed upon small fishes or insects found at or near the water
surface. Predators mainly use vision to hunt for prey, although sharks,
eels, and other predatory fishes that feed at night may also rely on
smell, taste, and lateral line sense organs to locate their prey.
- They possess caniniform teeth
- Diurnal feeders have keen vision
- Nocturnal feeders like eels have keen
senses

5. Feeding Habits and behavior of
fishes
Classification of feeding behavior of fishes according to the manner
of feeding are:
2. Grazers feed on bottom organisms or planktons that are selectively
consumed. Some grazers feed on algae or nibble on coral reefs to eat
polyps. The actual taking of food is by bites while browsing
continuously
- Posses incisor form of teeth
- Parrotfishes have teeth fused into a beak.
- In addition, they have pharyngeal teeth to
triturate big morsels of food into tiny bits
for easier digestion.

6. Feeding Habits and behavior of
fishes
Classification of feeding behavior of fishes according to the manner
of feeding are:
3. Strainers are those which filter organisms, mainly diatoms
and crustaceans from water. These fishes swim through rich
plankton beds, filter the water, and swallow the soup-like
concentrate.
- Strainers or filter feeders normally have numerous, fine, and
elongated gill rakers.

7. Feeding Habits and behavior of
fishes
Classification of feeding behavior of fishes according to the manner
of feeding are:
4. Suckers are those which suck in mud or food-containing material to
obtain their food. Sometimes, food items are separated from the
sediments before being swallowed, although in some catfishes, food
is ingested together with flocculent bottom deposits.
- They have plicate and papillose lips to maximize
suction.
- They are equipped with pharyngeal teeth
- They are edentulous or toothless

8. Feeding Habits and behavior of
fishes
Classification of feeding behavior of fishes according to the manner
of feeding are:
5. Parasites such as lampreys and hagfishes, are very different
from other finfishes in their behavior. They obtain nutrients by
sucking body fluids of host fish.
- They have plicate (having folds) and papillose lips
(fleshy) to maximize vacuum for efficient suction.
- Parasitic lampreys possess salivary gland
containing a blood anti-coagulant agent heparin;
the same substance found in the saliva of leeches.

9. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive
System
Herbivorous fish that depend on fibrous foods such as
phytoplankton and macrophytes differ anatomically and behaviorally
from carnivorous fish that consume meat and other more digestible
feeds.
Carnivorous fishes have a relatively simple and short gut, with thick
mucosa for absorption.
Herbivorous fishes have an accessory masticatory apparatus or other
physiological adaptation to help in breaking down plant cell walls
before the digestion process starts, and a long,
thin gut to increase gut retention time and enhance digestion and
absorption.
Gut of fish

10. Digestive System - Fishes
The digestive system of fish includes the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, pylorus, intestine, liver, and pancreas.
The whole digestive tract is often referred
to as the gut and in fish, the gut usually has
four divisions: these are the;
• Headgut
• Foregut
• Midgut
• and hindgut

11. Digestive System - Fishes
HEADGUT
the most anterior part which includes
the mouth (oral or buccal cavity) and
gills (branchial or pharyngeal cavity).
- Fish have teeth that vary in type,
number, and arrangement.
- They serve to catch and hold the prey.
- The arrangement and structure of the
teeth are related to the kind of food that
the fish normally eat.
- There is a strong correlation among kind
of teeth, feeding habits, and food eaten.

12. Digestive System - Fishes
HEADGUT

13. Digestive System - Fishes
FOREGUT
The foregut begins at the posterior edge of the
gills and includes the esophagus and stomach.
ESOPHAGUS
• Most fish have short, wide esophagus that serves as a transitional area between
the striated muscles of the mouth and the smooth muscles of the gut.
• Mucus producing cells are present in the esophagus.
• In general, the esophagus serves only as a passage way, however, enzyme
activity has been detected in the esophagus of some fishes indicating a more
active role of the esophagus in the digestion process in these species.

14. Digestive System - Fishes
FOREGUT
STOMACH
• The stomachs of fishes vary greatly in their anatomical structure due to
adaptations to specific foods.
• There are four general configurations or shapes of fish stomachs.
These include:
a. a straight stomach with an enlarged portion
b. a U- or J-shaped stomach
c. a stomach shaped like a Y on its side where the stem faces the caudal
portion
d. stomachless fish, such as in carps and other cyprinids

15. Digestive System - Fishes
FOREGUT
STOMACH
• In milkfish, the stomach
can be divided into cardiac
and pyloric portion.

16. Digestive System - Fishes
FOREGUT
STOMACH
• In milkfish, the stomach can be divided into cardiac and pyloric portion.
The cardiac portion is often more enlarged while the pyloric stomach is highly
muscular.
The pyloric stomach intensely grind the food particles resulting in chyme (a paste
like mass).

17. Digestive System - Fishes
MIDGUT
• Consists of the intestines and pyloric caeca, if present.
• The midgut is the longest portion of the gut and may be coiled into complicated
loops.
All fishes have intestines. The length of the intestines
varies from as low as 1/5 to as high as 20 times the body
length. In some fish, the intestines may be short and
straight while it can be long, folded, and looped in others.
In general, herbivores have longer intestines than
carnivores.

18. Digestive System - Fishes
MIDGUT
• Gut length is directly more related to the amount of indigestible material in the food
rather than whether the food source is of plant or animal origin. Fish that ingest
large amounts of detritus have gut lengths similar to those of herbivores
PYLORIC CAECA
• Histologically, the pyloric caeca resembles the intestines.
• Most studies indicate that it serves as an extension of the
intestines thus increasing the effective surface area for digestion
and absorption.
• Other studies show that it acts as an accessory food reservoir,
for temporary storage, possibly a devise for saving space.

19. Digestive System - Fishes
MIDGUT
INTESTINES
• The structure of the absorptive cell of the intestines
reflects its specialized function in digestion.
• The cell contains;
• Mitochondria, which provide energy for
metabolic processes;
• Endoplasmic reticulum, where proteins
(including digestive enzymes) are assembled,
and
• Golgi bodies where carbohydrate side chains are
attached to proteins. Tight junctions and
desmosomes bind the absorptive cells into a
single sheet on the surface of the mucosa.

20. Digestive System - Fishes
MIDGUT
INTESTINES
• The nucleus lies deep in the cell. The most
striking feature of the cell is the presence of
a brush border, a prominent structure on the
surface facing the lumen of the intestine.
• The brush border is composed of minute
projections called microvilli. On the
membrane of the microvillus are found
several kinds of digestive enzymes and
transport proteins.

21. Digestive System - Fishes
HINDGUT
Includes the enlarged portion of the intestines
and the rectum or anus.
It is an extension of the midgut. Digestion has been
shown to continue in the hindgut although with a
gradually diminishing digestive or absorptive
function, an increased secretion of mucus and a pH
near neutral.

22. Digestive System - Fishes
LIVER
• The liver is an important metabolic organ.
• It aids in digestion by secreting bile, a greenish
fluid with strong emulsifying properties.
• The bile is stored in the gall bladder and is
composed of a mixture of bile salts, taurocholate,
glycocholate.
• Bile acids are derived from metabolism of
cholesterol, and degradation products of
hemoglobin, bilirubin and biliverdin.
• Bile serves to emulsify lipids in the gut and may
contain other waste products.

23. Digestive System - Fishes
LIVER
• The liver is also a storage organ for lipids
and glycogen or stored starch.
• In some fishes, large amounts of lipid is
stored in the liver to help maintain
buoyancy.
• In other fishes, glycogen is the major stored
nutrient.

24. Quiz
1.What are the different feeding habits of
fish? Explain each.
2.What are the feeding behaviours of
fish? Explain each.
3.Gut of fish is divided into four; what
are those? Explain.