SlideShare a Scribd company logo

invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf

•
•
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
Dr Souad Alsaqabi

المحاضرة الثانية اللافقاريات

Education
1 of 62
I-Suprclass :Mastigophora • Phylum Protozoa • Subphylum : Sarcomastigophora • Suprclass : Mastigophora • A- Class: Phytomastigorphora • EX:Euglena ALSAQABI2013 2
The Anatomy of Euglena Reservoir Cytoplasm Chloroplast Flagellum Eyespot Contractile Vacuole Nucleolus Pellicle Nucleus Cell Membrane ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Class:Phytomastigophora ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ Order: Euglenida ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ : ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫س‬ Euglena viridis 1 - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ب‬ : ALSAQABI2013 3
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ • ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ • ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ : ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ – ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ : ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ALSAQABI2013 4
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ : § ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ( § ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ( ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ : § ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ط‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ : ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ALSAQABI2013 5
Kingdom Protista • Suprclass : Mastigophora • B-Class :Zoomastigophora ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ • Order :Trypanosomatida • Trypansoma ALSAQABI2013 6
B-Class :Zoomastigophora ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ • Order :Protomonodina • Genus :Trypansoma • Genus : Lishmania ALSAQABI2013 7
KINETOPLAST ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ • ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ • ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ALSAQABI2013 8
undulating membrane flagellum nucleus mitochondrion basal body kinetoplast flagellar pocket subpellicular microtubules ALSAQABI2013 9
Trypanosoma Lieshmani Crithedia Leptomonas ALSAQABI2013 10
‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ALSAQABI2013 11
Species Distribution ALSAQABI2013 12
ALSAQABI2013 13
Trypanosoma lewisi • Domain:Eukaryota • Kingdom: Protista • Phylum: Protozoa • Subphylum Sarcomastigophora • Super Class:Mastigophora • Calss :zoomastigophora • Order:Trypanosomatida • Genus:Trypanosoma • Species:T. lewisi ALSAQABI2013 14
Domain:Eukaryota Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum Sarcomastigophora Super Class:Mastigophora Calss :zoomastigophora Order:Trypanosomatida Genus: Leishmania Leishmania
ALSAQABI2013 16 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ promastigotes ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ Leishmania donovani (complex) (VL) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Leishmania tropica (CL) Promastigote Amasitgote Transformation ALSAQABI2013 17
• parasite detection ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ • direct examination • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ • stained blood smears • inoculation into mice • in vitro culture • xenodiagnosis • PCR ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ل‬ • serological tests ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ • hemagglutination • immunofluorescence • ELISA ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ص‬ DIAGNOSIS ALSAQABI2013 18
• originally called sporozoa • no free-living forms • complex life cycles • spore-like forms • intracellular stages • defined by apical organelles • invasive stages • rhoptries • micronemes Apicomplexa ALSAQABI2013 20
merozoites sporozoites zygote gametocytes á á ß à â MEROGONY GAMETOGONY SPOROGONY • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ل‬ : • ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ schizont • ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ج‬ Gametogony • ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ sporogony ALSAQABI2013 21
• Domain: Eukaryota • Kingdom: Protista • Phylum : Protozoa • Sub Phylum: Apicomplexa • Class: Sporozoasida • Order: Eucoccidiorida • Family: Plasmodiidae • Genus:Plasmodium • falciparum, malariae, ovale, vivax ALSAQABI2013 22 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ( ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫س‬ Anopheles ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ : ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ 1 - ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ) ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ) ‫أ‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ب‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ج‬ - ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ( 2 - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ( ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫س‬ Plasmodium vivax ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ Plasmodium ovale ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Plasmodium malaria ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ Plasmodium falciparum ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ل‬ • ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ • ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ) ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ( • ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ • ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫س‬ ALSAQABI2013 23
Plasmodium l ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ط‬ Trophozoite ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ l ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ 2 - 4 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ . ALSAQABI2013 24
•P. falciparum •P. vivax •P. malariae •P. ovale ALSAQABI2013 25
Erythrocytic Schizogony •nuclear division = begin schizont stage •6-40 nuclei •budding merozoites = segmenter •erythrocyte rupture releases merozoites ALSAQABI2013 26
Gametocytogenesis • alternative to asexual replication • induction factors not known • ring ® gametocyte • others: ~same as schizogony • sexual dimorphism • microgametocytes • macrogametocytes • no pathology • infective stage for mosquito ALSAQABI2013 27
Coccidia • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ Apicomplexan ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ Eimeria . ‫و‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ 1674 . ALSAQABI2013 28 Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Protista Phylum : Protozoa Sub Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Eucoccidiorida: Order:Eimeriidea Family: Eimeriidae Genus:Eimeria
ALSAQABI2013 29
Eimeria • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ • ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ : ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ • ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻸ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ALSAQABI2013 30
Monocystis • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ • ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ : ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ • ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ : ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ : • ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ALSAQABI2013 31 Domain Eukaryota Kingdom: Protisa Phylum: Protozoa Subphylum :Apicomplexa Class : Conoidasida Order : Eugregarinorida Family : Monocystidae Genus : Monocystis
ALSAQABI2013 32
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Kingdom: Protista ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ Phylum: Protozoa ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ Subphylum : Ciliophora ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ Genus: Paramecium ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ Paramecium
PROTISTS • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ : • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ – ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ) ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ( • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ) ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ( ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ALSAQABI2013 35
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ • - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ cilia ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ . • - ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ , ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ Somatic macronucleus ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ Generative Micronucleus ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ . ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ . • - ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ . • - ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ً ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ، ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ً ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ . ALSAQABI2013 36
.1 - ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ myonemes ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ neuro-fibrils ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ trichocysts ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫إ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . .2 - ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ holozoic ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ : .3 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ .(raptorial) .4 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ current producers ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ . ALSAQABI2013 37
• - ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً asexually ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ longitudinal binary fission l ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ , ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ binary fission transverse ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ Encyst ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ . ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً sexually ‫إ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫م‬ ( conjugation ، ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ط‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ( ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ endomixis ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ، ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ , ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ . ALSAQABI2013 38
• ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ Trichocysts : • ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ kintetosome ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ . • ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ( ‫و‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻎ‬ • ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬ . • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ . Paramecium ALSAQABI2013 39
• ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ . • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ . • ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . Paramicium ALSAQABI2013 40
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ Paramecium Movement ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ 2500 ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ , ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ . ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ metachronal rhythm . ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ neuroneme system . ALSAQABI2013 41
‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ح‬ . ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻸ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ب‬ . ALSAQABI2013 42
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ Respiration and Excretion .1 ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ Diffusion . .2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ contractile vacuoles ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ . .3 ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ 6 - 8 ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ . .4 ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺈ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ، ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ urea ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ . .5 ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺈ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ . ‫أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺈ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ . ALSAQABI2013 43
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Feeding : ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ . Paramecium ALSAQABI2013 44
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫م‬ Feeding & Digestion ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ر‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ cytosome ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ undulated membrane ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ cytopharynx ، ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ food vacuole ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ . • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻸ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ cytoproct . ALSAQABI2013 45
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ Reproduction • Asexual • Sexual 1 - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ Transverse longitudinal 2 - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ Endomixis 3 - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ Conjugation ALSAQABI2013 46
1 - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ Transverse binary fission ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ . ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ َ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ َ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ، ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ َ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ . ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ َ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ، ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ 24 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ . ALSAQABI2013 47
2 - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ Endomixis • - ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ 8 ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ، ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ 6 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ 4 ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ، ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ 2 ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ َ ‫ن‬ 4 ‫أ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ . ALSAQABI2013 48
3 - ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ Conjugation • - ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ . ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ . ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ 4 ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ . • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻵ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ك‬ ، ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ . • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ( ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ 8 ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ , ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ 4 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ . • ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً 4 ‫أ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ً . ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ 8 ‫أ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ALSAQABI2013 49
Genus :Vorticella sp. • ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ALSAQABI2013 50
Vorticella sp. • ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ • ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ Collar ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ • ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ص‬ Disc ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫آ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ Oral Groove ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ Vestibule ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫م‬ Cytostome ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ Cytopharynx ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ً ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً Undulating Membrane ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ Cytoproct . ALSAQABI2013 51
Vorticella sp. • ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ Pellicle ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Myonemes ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ق‬ ، • ‫أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Food Vacuoles ‫و‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Contractile Vacuole ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ Reservoir ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ، • ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ Macronucleus ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ Micronucleus ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ALSAQABI2013 52
Vorticella sp. • ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫م‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫م‬ ، • ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ، • ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ) ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ( ALSAQABI2013 53
Vorticella sp. • ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ن‬ : • 1 - ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ) ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ Longitudinal Binary Fission ( • 2 - ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ) ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ Conjugation ( ALSAQABI2013 54
• ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ Balantidium coli ‫و‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ . • ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻺ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Balantidian Dysentery ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ـ‬ Balantidiasis ‫و‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ط‬ Trophozoit Stage ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫س‬ Cyst Stage . ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫م‬ Balantidium sp. ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﮭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ط‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ : ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ : Balantidian Dysentery ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﮫ‬ ALSAQABI2013 55
invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf

Recommended

biologylecture2022-2.pdf
biologylecture2022-2.pdfbiologylecture2022-2.pdf
biologylecture2022-2.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture2022-3.pdf
biologylecture2022-3.pdfbiologylecture2022-3.pdf
biologylecture2022-3.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture 2022-6-.pdf
biologylecture 2022-6-.pdfbiologylecture 2022-6-.pdf
biologylecture 2022-6-.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture2022-5.pdf
biologylecture2022-5.pdfbiologylecture2022-5.pdf
biologylecture2022-5.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture 2022-4.pdf
biologylecture 2022-4.pdfbiologylecture 2022-4.pdf
biologylecture 2022-4.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture 2022-1.pdf
biologylecture 2022-1.pdfbiologylecture 2022-1.pdf
biologylecture 2022-1.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 3 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
invertebrate 3 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdfinvertebrate 3 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
invertebrate 3 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 10 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
invertebrate 10 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdfinvertebrate 10 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
invertebrate 10 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 

Recommended

biologylecture2022-2.pdf
biologylecture2022-2.pdfbiologylecture2022-2.pdf
biologylecture2022-2.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture2022-3.pdf
biologylecture2022-3.pdfbiologylecture2022-3.pdf
biologylecture2022-3.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture 2022-6-.pdf
biologylecture 2022-6-.pdfbiologylecture 2022-6-.pdf
biologylecture 2022-6-.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture2022-5.pdf
biologylecture2022-5.pdfbiologylecture2022-5.pdf
biologylecture2022-5.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture 2022-4.pdf
biologylecture 2022-4.pdfbiologylecture 2022-4.pdf
biologylecture 2022-4.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
biologylecture 2022-1.pdf
biologylecture 2022-1.pdfbiologylecture 2022-1.pdf
biologylecture 2022-1.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 3 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
invertebrate 3 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdfinvertebrate 3 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
invertebrate 3 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 10 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
invertebrate 10 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdfinvertebrate 10 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
invertebrate 10 lecture 2022 ‫‬.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 9 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 9 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 9 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 9 lecture 2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 8 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 8 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 8 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 8 lecture 2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 7 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 7 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 7 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 7 lecture 2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 6 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 6 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 6 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 6 lecture 2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 5 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 5 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 5 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 5 lecture 2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 4 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 4 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 4 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 4 lecture 2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
invertebrate 1last - lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 1last - lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 1last - lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 1last - lecture 2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة السادسة Arthropoda 6-2022.pdf
المحاضرة السادسة Arthropoda 6-2022.pdfالمحاضرة السادسة Arthropoda 6-2022.pdf
المحاضرة السادسة Arthropoda 6-2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الخامسة Arthropoda-5-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الخامسة Arthropoda-5-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الخامسة Arthropoda-5-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الخامسة Arthropoda-5-2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الرابعه Arthropoda-4-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الرابعه Arthropoda-4-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الرابعه Arthropoda-4-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الرابعه Arthropoda-4-2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الثالثة ARthropoda-3-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الثالثة ARthropoda-3-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الثالثة ARthropoda-3-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الثالثة ARthropoda-3-2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الثانيه Arthropoda 2-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الثانيه Arthropoda 2-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الثانيه Arthropoda 2-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الثانيه Arthropoda 2-2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الاولي Arthropoda 1-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الاولي Arthropoda 1-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الاولي Arthropoda 1-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الاولي Arthropoda 1-2022.pdf
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة السادسة طفيليات Parasitology 6 -2022
المحاضرة السادسة طفيليات Parasitology 6 -2022المحاضرة السادسة طفيليات Parasitology 6 -2022
المحاضرة السادسة طفيليات Parasitology 6 -2022
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الخامسة طفيليات Parasitology 5 -2022
المحاضرة الخامسة طفيليات Parasitology 5 -2022المحاضرة الخامسة طفيليات Parasitology 5 -2022
المحاضرة الخامسة طفيليات Parasitology 5 -2022
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الرابعه طفيليات Parasitology 4 2022
المحاضرة الرابعه طفيليات Parasitology 4 2022المحاضرة الرابعه طفيليات Parasitology 4 2022
المحاضرة الرابعه طفيليات Parasitology 4 2022
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الثالثة طفيليات Parasitology 3- 2022
المحاضرة الثالثة طفيليات Parasitology 3- 2022المحاضرة الثالثة طفيليات Parasitology 3- 2022
المحاضرة الثالثة طفيليات Parasitology 3- 2022
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الثانيه طفيليات Parasitology 2- 2022
المحاضرة الثانيه طفيليات Parasitology 2- 2022المحاضرة الثانيه طفيليات Parasitology 2- 2022
المحاضرة الثانيه طفيليات Parasitology 2- 2022
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 
المحاضرة الاولي طفيليات Parasitology 1- 2022
المحاضرة الاولي طفيليات Parasitology 1- 2022المحاضرة الاولي طفيليات Parasitology 1- 2022
المحاضرة الاولي طفيليات Parasitology 1- 2022
Dr Souad Alsaqabi
 

More Related Content

More from Dr Souad Alsaqabi

More from Dr Souad Alsaqabi (19)

invertebrate 9 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 9 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 9 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 9 lecture 2022.pdf
 
invertebrate 8 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 8 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 8 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 8 lecture 2022.pdf
 
invertebrate 7 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 7 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 7 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 7 lecture 2022.pdf
 
invertebrate 6 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 6 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 6 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 6 lecture 2022.pdf
 
invertebrate 5 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 5 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 5 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 5 lecture 2022.pdf
 
invertebrate 4 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 4 lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 4 lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 4 lecture 2022.pdf
 
invertebrate 1last - lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 1last - lecture 2022.pdfinvertebrate 1last - lecture 2022.pdf
invertebrate 1last - lecture 2022.pdf
 
المحاضرة السادسة Arthropoda 6-2022.pdf
المحاضرة السادسة Arthropoda 6-2022.pdfالمحاضرة السادسة Arthropoda 6-2022.pdf
المحاضرة السادسة Arthropoda 6-2022.pdf
 
المحاضرة الخامسة Arthropoda-5-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الخامسة Arthropoda-5-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الخامسة Arthropoda-5-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الخامسة Arthropoda-5-2022.pdf
 
المحاضرة الرابعه Arthropoda-4-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الرابعه Arthropoda-4-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الرابعه Arthropoda-4-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الرابعه Arthropoda-4-2022.pdf
 
المحاضرة الثالثة ARthropoda-3-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الثالثة ARthropoda-3-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الثالثة ARthropoda-3-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الثالثة ARthropoda-3-2022.pdf
 
المحاضرة الثانيه Arthropoda 2-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الثانيه Arthropoda 2-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الثانيه Arthropoda 2-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الثانيه Arthropoda 2-2022.pdf
 
المحاضرة الاولي Arthropoda 1-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الاولي Arthropoda 1-2022.pdfالمحاضرة الاولي Arthropoda 1-2022.pdf
المحاضرة الاولي Arthropoda 1-2022.pdf
 
المحاضرة السادسة طفيليات Parasitology 6 -2022
المحاضرة السادسة طفيليات Parasitology 6 -2022المحاضرة السادسة طفيليات Parasitology 6 -2022
المحاضرة السادسة طفيليات Parasitology 6 -2022
 
المحاضرة الخامسة طفيليات Parasitology 5 -2022
المحاضرة الخامسة طفيليات Parasitology 5 -2022المحاضرة الخامسة طفيليات Parasitology 5 -2022
المحاضرة الخامسة طفيليات Parasitology 5 -2022
 
المحاضرة الرابعه طفيليات Parasitology 4 2022
المحاضرة الرابعه طفيليات Parasitology 4 2022المحاضرة الرابعه طفيليات Parasitology 4 2022
المحاضرة الرابعه طفيليات Parasitology 4 2022
 
المحاضرة الثالثة طفيليات Parasitology 3- 2022
المحاضرة الثالثة طفيليات Parasitology 3- 2022المحاضرة الثالثة طفيليات Parasitology 3- 2022
المحاضرة الثالثة طفيليات Parasitology 3- 2022
 
المحاضرة الثانيه طفيليات Parasitology 2- 2022
المحاضرة الثانيه طفيليات Parasitology 2- 2022المحاضرة الثانيه طفيليات Parasitology 2- 2022
المحاضرة الثانيه طفيليات Parasitology 2- 2022
 
المحاضرة الاولي طفيليات Parasitology 1- 2022
المحاضرة الاولي طفيليات Parasitology 1- 2022المحاضرة الاولي طفيليات Parasitology 1- 2022
المحاضرة الاولي طفيليات Parasitology 1- 2022
 

invertebrate 2 lecture 2022.pdf