1.
SUBMITTED
BY:
DR. PA RAJESWARI, Assistant Professor (SG),
Food Science and Nutrition Department
JOLLY T T ,
22PHFSNF001
SUBMITTED
TO:

2.
Why scientific writing?
 Scientists write to communicate their research
results and findings with other scientists or
experts.
 In this way, information is shared in a
systematic manner, so that researchers can
build upon the work of others.
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3.
Although there are different ways to
share information amongst the scientific
community
Oral or poster
presentations on
scientific
conferences
Science blogs
Written reports
especially those
reviewed by peer
scientists and
published in
international journals
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4.
Significance of Report writing
 Research report is considered a major component
of the research study for the research task
remains incomplete till the report has been
presented and/or written.
 As a matter of fact even the most brilliant
hypothesis, highly well designed and conducted
research study, and the most striking
generalizations and findings are of little value
unless they are effectively communicated to
others.
 The purpose of research is not well served unless
the findings are made known to others.
 Research results must invariably enter the general
store of knowledge. 1/31/2023
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5.
Different steps in report writing
Logical analysis of the subject-
matter
Preparation of the final outline;
Preparation of the rough draft
Rewriting and polishing
preparation of the final
bibliography and writing the
final draft.
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6.
Reporting according to the
IMRAD structure
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7.
COMPONENTS/ LAYOUT OF A
RESEARCH REPORT
• Title page, Acknowledgement, Preface, table of contents,
table of figures
Beginning material
• Introduction –statement of the problem, hypotheses, why it
is important, objectives of the work, scope of the work
Chapter 1
• Background and literature review- discuss related works
and indicate how it relates to report
Chapter 2
• Procedure-describe the procedure used in project, data
used, and how it was obtained
Chapter 3
• Results- indicate what happened and interpret what it
means
Chapter 4
• Conclusions and recommendations- summarize conclusions
and what they mean
Chapter 5
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8.
Introduction
 This section contains:
 The background of the study
and problem statement;
 Research question, aim of the
study, or hypothesis;
 An outline of the approach
taken.
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9.
Introduction
 Did you clearly explain the reason why the
work was done – the existing problem?
 Did you clearly and briefly explain what you
did to make progress – what is new?
 Did you cite pertinent work done before? Even
by people, you may not like
 Did you read the introductions of several
related papers to be sure you explained the
ideas properly and cited the important work?
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10.
Introduction
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11.
Methods
 It describes the procedures that you have taken and
which materials you used to find an answer to your
research question
 contains all necessary information to repeat the study.
 In the methods section, you show that the data were
collected in a consistent, accurate, and accountable
manner.
 This provides important information under which
conditions your research outcomes have been
established and, thus, in which context they can be
interpreted.
 Although the methods section is primarily descriptive,
it is also recommend to give reasons why you have
chosen for the methods and materials used
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12.
Methods
 Sub sections
Study area
Field methods
Laboratory methods
Data processing
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13.
Methods
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14.
Result
 Describe the main outcomes of your study
obtained according to the methods section in a
neutral (i.e. without interpretations that may be
subject to discussion) and accessible manner.
 Limit yourself to only those results that are
relevant to answer your research question.
 Present the relevant results in the form figures,
tables, photographs, and maps. In the
accompanying text, you elucidate the general
patterns in the outcomes and give relevant
quantitative information
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15.
Results
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16.
Discussion
 give interpretations of
your results by relating
and comparing them to
each other (e.g. Do they
support or contradict
each other?)
 put them in a broader
context of the literature
(e.g. what did others find
that relate to your
subject?).
 Alternative
interpretations may also
be given (e.g. “The 1/31/2023
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17.
Discussion
 Discuss the consequences of your findings for the
aim/research question/hypothesis (e.g. do the
outcome support or oppose the hypothesis?
should you revise your assumptions? what
information is still missing to definitely answer
your research question?;
 Furthermore, you identify and discuss the
implications for science (e.g. what new questions
arose from your work?) and society (e.g. how can
the new findings be used to solve societal issues
or to develop new technology?).
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18.
Discussion
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19.
Conclusions
 Summarize the main findings
and provide answers to your
research question.
 The conclusions should
logically follow from your
results and discussion.
 Do not present new facts or
results that have not been
discussed in a previous
section.
 Finally, draw wider conclusions
regarding the implications for
new questions that arose from
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20.
Conclusion
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21.
Other necessary content
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22.
Title
 The title of a paper or report reflects the content of the report
and is informative and short (approximately 15 words at
maximum).
 Omit any redundant phrases, such as “a study of..” or “a
report of…”. For reports, a subtitle may be added.
 An example of an appropriate title is “Assessment of soil
erosion in Africa using remote sensing”,
 because it informs the reader about
 1) The subject (assessment of soil erosion),
 2) the location (Africa), and
 3) the research method (remote sensing).
 In a paper, the title is placed on top of the first page, followed
by a list of authors.
 In reports, the title is on the cover page. The cover page also
includes the names of the authors (and student number, if
applicable), date and location of publication, name and code
of the course and supervisor (if applicable).
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23.
Preface
 In a longer research report, you may include a
preface in which you the framework in which you
carried out the study (e.g. part of your study
programme or larger research project),
 acknowledgements to persons and institutes who
have contributed to your research (e.g. for
assistance during fieldwork or laboratory
analyses, for providing data, for providing of
funding, or for feedback on an earlier draft of your
report or paper).
 The preface is not a chapter, so it is not
numbered.
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24.
Table of contents
 a table of contents comes at the beginning of your report.
 It contains a list of all chapters and sections, and if applicable
subsections.
 The table of contents reflects the logical order of the chapters
and section and for each item, the table of contents refers to the
respective page in the report where this item starts.
 Furthermore, a complete list of figures and tables and a list of
appendices is included with reference to the pages they appear.
 Both tables and figures are numbered consecutively (do not use
Roman numerals), but in research reports or bachelor theses it is
also allowed to number the tables and figures consecutively per
chapter (e.g. Figure 1.1, 1.2 or Table 3.1, 3.2, .3.3, 3.4). 1/31/2023
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25.
References
 At the end of the report or
paper (after the conclusions
section or chapter), you
include a reference list, in
which you list all literature,
to which you have referred
to in your main text.
 Conversely, all references
in the reference list should
appear in the main text.
 The reference list is not a
chapter, so it is not
numbered. Just as the
summary, the reference list
is ordered in alphabetical
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26.
Appendices
 An appendix contains materials that would
obscure the structure and message of the text
if it is included in the main text.
 Examples include tables of all quantitative
research results, examples of field observation
forms, or computer code.
 All appendices should be given an appropriate
title and numbered consecutively
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27.
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28.
I. Technical
report
II. Popular report
TYPES OF REPORTS
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29.
Technical report
 In the technical report the main emphasis is on
 the methods employed,
 assumptions made in the course of the study,
 the detailed presentation of the findings including
their limitations and supporting data.
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30.
Popular Report
 The popular report is one which gives emphasis on
simplicity and attractiveness.
 The simplification should be sought through clear
writing, minimization of technical, particularly
mathematical, details and liberal use of charts and
diagrams.
 Attractive layout along with large print, many
subheadings, even an occasional cartoon now and
then is another characteristic feature of the popular
report.
 Besides, in such a report emphasis is given on
practical aspects and policy implications
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31.
PRECAUTIONS FOR WRITING
RESEARCH REPORTS
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32.
 While determining the length of the report
(since research reports vary greatly in length),
one should keep in view the fact that it should
be long enough to cover the subject but short
enough to maintain interest. In fact, report-
writing should not be a means to learning
more and more about less and less.
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33.
 A research report should not, if this can be
avoided, be dull; it should be such as to
sustain reader’s interest.
 Abstract terminology and technical jargon
should be avoided in a research report. The
report should be able to convey the matter as
simply as possible. This, in other words,
means that report should be written in an
objective style in simple language, avoiding
expressions such as “it seems,” “there may be”
and the like.
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34.
 Readers are often interested in acquiring a
quick knowledge of the main findings and as
such the report must provide a ready
availability of the findings. For this purpose,
charts, graphs and the statistical tables may
be used for the various results in the main
report in addition to the summary of important
findings.
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35.
 The layout of the report should be
well thought out and must be
appropriate and in accordance
with the objective of the research
problem.
 The reports should be free from
grammatical mistakes and must
be prepared strictly in accordance
with the techniques of composition
of report-writing such as the use of
quotations, footnotes,
documentation, proper
punctuation and use of
abbreviations in footnotes and the
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36.
 The report must present the logical analysis of
the subject matter. It must reflect a structure
wherein the different pieces of analysis relating
to the research problem fit well
 A research report should show originality and
should necessarily be an attempt to solve
some intellectual problem. It must contribute to
the solution of a problem and must add to the
store of knowledge
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37.
 Towards the end, the report must
also state the policy implications
relating to the problem under
consideration. It is usually
considered desirable if the report
makes a forecast of the probable
future of the subject concerned
and indicates the kinds of
research still needs to be done in
that particular field.
 Appendices should be enlisted in
respect of all the technical data in
the report.
 Bibliography of sources
consulted is a must for a good
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38.
 Index is also considered an essential part of a
good report and as such must be prepared and
appended at the end.
 Report must be attractive in appearance, neat
and clean, whether typed or printed.
 Calculated confidence limits must be mentioned
and the various constraints experienced in
conducting the research study may also be stated
in the report.
 Objective of the study, the nature of the problem,
the methods employed and the analysis
techniques adopted must all be clearly stated in
the beginning of the report in the form of
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39.
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