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ABSTRACT WRITINGABSTRACT WRITING
PRESENTED BY
G.Sripraharshita ,
Shaik Mahaboob Basha
PharmD (Post Baccalaureate)
Francis Bacon once said, “reading maketh a
full man; conference a ready man; but
writing an exact man”
REASONS FOR NOT WRITING
 Difficulty knowing where to start
 Not knowing how to start
 Anxiety about writing skills
 Lack of confidence
WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT ???
 An abstract is a very concise statement of the
major elements of your research project. It
states the purpose, methods, and findings of
your research project.
 An abstract is a condensed version of a full
scientific paper.
Contd…
 Length: between 150 and 250 words.
 Layout: usually one single paragraph; font
size is different from the main text.
 Position: usually at the beginning of the
paper (but it can appear elsewhere, e.g. in
book of abstracts or on-line).
ABSTRACTS ARE NOT…
 Not substitutes for the article and should not
be cited as references
 Not a summary of the entire article; should
present main finding
 Do not contain enough information for a
critical evaluation of the research
 Not fully peer-reviewed; up to 60% are never
followed by a complete scientific article
CHARACTERISTCS OF AN ABSTRACT
 Accurate, coherent, and readable
 Concise, specific, and selective
 Self-contained, i.e, stand alone
 Complete and internally consistent
 No references
 No tables or figures
 No or few abbreviations (must be defined)
 Conclusions should be based on data/info
presented within the abstract
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ABSTRACT ?
 Introduce journal articles
 Inform readers about the article content
 Help readers to decide whether or not to read
the article
 Overview conference programs, abstract
collections and book chapters
WHY SHOULD I KNOW HOW TO WRITE
ABSTRACT ???
 Helps you present complex information in a
clear, concise manner
 Helps you read abstracts more effectively
 Helps you conduct research
 Helps you write abstracts for future
publications
 Helps you condense report information into a
short format for database searches
FOUR C’s OF ABSTRACT WRITING
 Complete — it covers the major parts of the
project/case
 Concise — it contains no excess wordiness or
unnecessary information.
 Clear — it is readable, well organized, and not
too jargon-laden.
 Cohesive — it flows smoothly between the
parts.
QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE ABSTRACT
CONTENTS OF AN ABSTRACT
 Define purpose and scope of study, ie, the
question
Introduction
 Describe materials and methods used
Materials and Methods
 Summarize the results
Results
 State the conclusions and their implications
Discussion
HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT ???
Contd…
WRITING THE PARTS OF AN ABSTRACT
STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS:
1. Write 1-2 introduction sentences that explain topic,
purpose, and research question(s).
2. Write 1-2 sentences describing your research
methods (this may also include the type of data
analysis you used).
3. Write 1-2 sentences describing the results /
findings.
4. Write 1-2 sentences containing your conclusions
and recommendations.
WHAT TO INCLUDE ???
To put it simple:
 What the author did?
 How the author did it?
 What the author found?
 What the author concluded?
WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE ???
 Information not contained in the original
work
 References to other work
 Quotations from the original work or from
other works
 Lengthy explanations of words and concepts
 Unexplained acronyms or abbreviations
 Tables and maps
REVISING THE ABSTRACT
• Read your abstract all the way through:
 add transition words to tie ideas together,
 eliminate unnecessary content and add in
things that are missing,
 correct errors in mechanics, and proofread.
PRIOR TO SUBMISSION
CHECK YOURSELF DID YOU:
 Follow the instructions!!!!
 Include headings exactly as stated in the
instructions/template?
 Use short, clear sentences; one idea per
sentence?
 Limit your abstract to the word
count/character count requirement?
 Edit, edit, edit
 Check grammar, syntax and punctuation
WHY ABSTRACTS ARE NOT ACCEPTED?
Most common deficiencies encountered (in
order of frequency):
 Poor presentation
 Weak discussion
 Lack of originality
 Poor methods
 Inappropriate statistical analysis
 Inadequate results
HOW TO IMPROVE ???
 Writing is an art, you can learn
 Read published manuscript and abstract
carefully in major journals and focus on
detail
 Practice; practice; practice
 Get help from your mentors and colleagues
 Attend classes in writing skills/read books
 Make the abstract the best part of the article
 Make sure it stands alone

SOME WRITING TIPS
 Active voice is preferable to passive voice
 “We studied 15 patients with ARDS.” is
much better than “Fifteen patients with
ARDS were studied.”
 Always use the full term before you refer to it
by acronym [for example, Orthotopic Liver
Transplantation (OLT)]
 Write only one thought per sentence.
 Eliminate unnecessary words
 Ensure that verb tenses are consistent and
correct
MAKE THE ABSTRACT EASY TO READ
 Do not use abbreviations without first
defining them.
 Don't omit articles or other little words in an
effort to save space.
 Avoid jargon.
 Write in the third person singular.
 Use active verbs rather than passive verbs.
 Use short sentences, but vary sentence
structure so that the abstract doesn't sound
choppy.
 Use complete sentences.
CLOSING THOUGHTS
Faraday once said, “Work; finish; publish”
Abstract writing
Abstract writing

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Abstract writing

  • 1. LOGO ABSTRACT WRITINGABSTRACT WRITING PRESENTED BY G.Sripraharshita , Shaik Mahaboob Basha PharmD (Post Baccalaureate)
  • 2. Francis Bacon once said, “reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; but writing an exact man”
  • 3. REASONS FOR NOT WRITING  Difficulty knowing where to start  Not knowing how to start  Anxiety about writing skills  Lack of confidence
  • 4. WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT ???  An abstract is a very concise statement of the major elements of your research project. It states the purpose, methods, and findings of your research project.  An abstract is a condensed version of a full scientific paper.
  • 5. Contd…  Length: between 150 and 250 words.  Layout: usually one single paragraph; font size is different from the main text.  Position: usually at the beginning of the paper (but it can appear elsewhere, e.g. in book of abstracts or on-line).
  • 6. ABSTRACTS ARE NOT…  Not substitutes for the article and should not be cited as references  Not a summary of the entire article; should present main finding  Do not contain enough information for a critical evaluation of the research  Not fully peer-reviewed; up to 60% are never followed by a complete scientific article
  • 7. CHARACTERISTCS OF AN ABSTRACT  Accurate, coherent, and readable  Concise, specific, and selective  Self-contained, i.e, stand alone  Complete and internally consistent  No references  No tables or figures  No or few abbreviations (must be defined)  Conclusions should be based on data/info presented within the abstract
  • 8. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ABSTRACT ?  Introduce journal articles  Inform readers about the article content  Help readers to decide whether or not to read the article  Overview conference programs, abstract collections and book chapters
  • 9. WHY SHOULD I KNOW HOW TO WRITE ABSTRACT ???  Helps you present complex information in a clear, concise manner  Helps you read abstracts more effectively  Helps you conduct research  Helps you write abstracts for future publications  Helps you condense report information into a short format for database searches
  • 10. FOUR C’s OF ABSTRACT WRITING  Complete — it covers the major parts of the project/case  Concise — it contains no excess wordiness or unnecessary information.  Clear — it is readable, well organized, and not too jargon-laden.  Cohesive — it flows smoothly between the parts.
  • 11. QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE ABSTRACT
  • 12. CONTENTS OF AN ABSTRACT  Define purpose and scope of study, ie, the question Introduction  Describe materials and methods used Materials and Methods  Summarize the results Results  State the conclusions and their implications Discussion
  • 13. HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT ???
  • 15. WRITING THE PARTS OF AN ABSTRACT STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS: 1. Write 1-2 introduction sentences that explain topic, purpose, and research question(s). 2. Write 1-2 sentences describing your research methods (this may also include the type of data analysis you used). 3. Write 1-2 sentences describing the results / findings. 4. Write 1-2 sentences containing your conclusions and recommendations.
  • 16. WHAT TO INCLUDE ??? To put it simple:  What the author did?  How the author did it?  What the author found?  What the author concluded?
  • 17. WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE ???  Information not contained in the original work  References to other work  Quotations from the original work or from other works  Lengthy explanations of words and concepts  Unexplained acronyms or abbreviations  Tables and maps
  • 18. REVISING THE ABSTRACT • Read your abstract all the way through:  add transition words to tie ideas together,  eliminate unnecessary content and add in things that are missing,  correct errors in mechanics, and proofread.
  • 19. PRIOR TO SUBMISSION CHECK YOURSELF DID YOU:  Follow the instructions!!!!  Include headings exactly as stated in the instructions/template?  Use short, clear sentences; one idea per sentence?  Limit your abstract to the word count/character count requirement?  Edit, edit, edit  Check grammar, syntax and punctuation
  • 20. WHY ABSTRACTS ARE NOT ACCEPTED? Most common deficiencies encountered (in order of frequency):  Poor presentation  Weak discussion  Lack of originality  Poor methods  Inappropriate statistical analysis  Inadequate results
  • 21. HOW TO IMPROVE ???  Writing is an art, you can learn  Read published manuscript and abstract carefully in major journals and focus on detail  Practice; practice; practice  Get help from your mentors and colleagues  Attend classes in writing skills/read books  Make the abstract the best part of the article  Make sure it stands alone 
  • 22. SOME WRITING TIPS  Active voice is preferable to passive voice  “We studied 15 patients with ARDS.” is much better than “Fifteen patients with ARDS were studied.”  Always use the full term before you refer to it by acronym [for example, Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLT)]  Write only one thought per sentence.  Eliminate unnecessary words  Ensure that verb tenses are consistent and correct
  • 23. MAKE THE ABSTRACT EASY TO READ  Do not use abbreviations without first defining them.  Don't omit articles or other little words in an effort to save space.  Avoid jargon.  Write in the third person singular.  Use active verbs rather than passive verbs.  Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure so that the abstract doesn't sound choppy.  Use complete sentences.
  • 24. CLOSING THOUGHTS Faraday once said, “Work; finish; publish”