General information about Electrical vehicles

1. Final Project Report
2701002 Physics
Electric Cars
Subkhiddin Mukhidinov
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Piraeus University of Applied Sciences
Athens, January 2017

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Table of Contents
 ExecutiveSummary……………………………………………………….. 3
 Abstract………………………………………………………………………… 4
 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 5
 History………………………………………………………………………….. 7
 Need of Electric Cars………………………………………………………. 8
 Partsand working of Electric Cars……………………………………. 10
 Electric Carsin Turkey……………………………………………..…….. 12
 Cost Effectiveness…………………………………………………….…….. 14
 Advantagesand Disadvantages………………………………………… 15
 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….. 19
 References …………………………………………………………………….. 21

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The electric car (EV) is a relatively new concept in the world of the
automotive industry.Although some companies have based their entire
model of cars around being proactive and using electricity, some also
offer hybrid vehicles that workoff both electricityand gas. An electric car
such as NissanLeaf, Ford Focus Electric or Tesla Model S, Chevrolet Volt
is a great way for you to not only save money, but also help contribute
towards a healthy and stable environment.
Cars produce a lot of carbon emissions that are ejected into our natural
atmosphere, leaving usvulnerabletothingslike pollution and greenhouse
gases. In order to help positively the environment we live in, an electric
car is a great step forward. By buying an electric car, you can also receive
government subsidiesfor being environmentallyconscious. Although you
mayend up paying morefor your vehicle, thepositivesgreatlyovershadow
the negatives. However there are still two sides to consider when you’re
thinking about investing in an electric vehicle.
EV’s get their power from rechargeable batteries installed inside the
car. These batteries are not only used to power the car but also used for
thefunctioning oflightsand wipers. Electriccarshavemorebatteriesthan
normal gasoline car. It’s the same kind of batteries that are commonly
used when starting up a gasolineengine. The only differencecomesin the
fact that in electric vehicles, they have more of them which are used to
power the engine.

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ABSTRACT
Regenerative braking is one of the most promising and environmentally
friendly technologies used in electric and hybrid electric vehicles to
improve energy efficiency and vehicle stability. This paper presents a
systematic data-driven process for detecting and diagnosing faults in the
regenerative braking system of hybrid electric vehicles. The diagnostic
process involves signal processing and statistical techniques for feature
extraction, data reduction for implementation in memory-constrained
electronic control units, and variety of fault classification methodologies
to isolate faults in the regenerative braking system. The results
demonstrate that highly accurate fault diagnosis is possible with the
classification methodologies. The process can be employed for fault
analysis in a wide variety of systems, ranging from automobiles to
buildings to aerospace systems.

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INTRODUCTION
On a worldwide scale, 26% of primary energy is consumed for transport
purposes, and 23% of greenhouse gas emissions is energy-related. Street
traffic representsa share of 74% in the transport sector worldwide(IPCC
data from 2007, as summarized in [1]). The transport sector includes
aircraft, ships, trains, and all types of street vehicles (e.g., trucks, buses,
cars and two-wheelers). Automobiles play a particular role for three
reasons: First, cars are dominating the street traffic in most countries.
Second, car sales exhibit the greatest growth rates in the world. Third,
there are alternative technologies for the drivetrain available unlike, e.g.,
for trucks. While small trucks may also be operated electrically within a
limited range, big trucksaredependentondieselfuel, which canbeshifted
toa mixtureof80% methane(either fossilor biogenic) inthefuture. Buses
can also be driven electrically on limited distances; buses driven by
compressed natural gas (methane) are routinely used. While fuel cell-
driven buses are already on the streets, small trucks driven by fuel cells
and H2 are still concepts.
In Germany, for example, carsareresponsiblefor 60%ofalltraffic-related
CO2 emissions(GermanFederalEnvironment ministrynumber for 2010,
summarized in [1]). In the future, traffic is expected to grow enormously
worldwide, particularly in developing Asian countries. The worldwide
vehicle stock of 630 million may grow to one billion in 2030 (data from
Shell 2007, reviewed byAngerer et al. [2]). Vehicleproductionisexpected
to grow from 63 to 100 millioncarsper year until 2030 [2]. In additionto
the CO2 emissions, modern internalcombustionenginevehicles (ICEVs)
still have dangerous toxic emissions. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO) [3], air pollution is a major environmental risk for
health and is estimated to cause approximately two million premature

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deaths worldwide per year. Since ozone, fine dust, NO2, and SO2 have
been identified by WHO as being the most dangerous kinds which are
mainly, or to a substantial extent, traffic-derived, traffic will be
responsible for approximately half of that quantified costs in lives and
health. Toxic ICEV emissions cause high health costs even in
industrialized countries: Almost 25% of the European Union (EU)-25
population live less than 500 m from a road carrying more than three
million vehicles per year. Consequently, almost four million years of life
are lost each year due to high pollution levels (press release European
Environmental Agency, 26 February 2007).
In order to meet future mobility needs, reduce climate as well as health
relevant emissions, and phase out dependence on oil (‘peak oil’), today's
propulsion technologies have to be replaced by more efficient and
environmentally friendly alternatives. On the transition to a sustainable
society, particularlyefficient mobilitytechnologiesareneeded worldwide.
Electric vehicles have been identified as being such a technology [4]. In
parallel, a coupleof countries(likeGermany, Denmark, and Sweden) have
decided to switch electricity production from fossil fuel to renewable
sources, further improving sustainability of electric cars when compared
with ICEV.

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HISTORY
At the beginning of the automobile's history, two main competing
approaches to engine-driven vehicles existed: one with internal
combustion engine (ICE) and another one with an electric drivetrain.
Already in 1834, the American inventor Thomas Parker built the first
electric car. Thefirst ICEV wasdeveloped in 1886 by Benz and Daimler in
Germany. Around theyear 1900, electric carshad a significant shareofall
engine-drivencars. At thesame time, F. Porschealreadyinvented a hybrid
electric car equipped with an ICE range extender and wheel hub electric
engines. The two different drive trainswere competing untilHenry Ford,
in 1908, chose an ICEV for the first mass production of a car in history
(summarized in [5]). This way, ICEV won the race early in the twentieth
century and displaced the battery electric vehicles (BEV). From an
environmentalperspective, thismayhavebeenoneofthebiggest mistakes
in the history of technology.
Concluding, the BEV does not represent recent ‘high tech’, but a
comparatively simple technical concept, meanwhile available as a series
product for more than 110 years. Accordingly, e-conversion, which is the
conversionofnew or used ICEV toelectric cars, caneasilybeimplemented
by experienced personnel. In contrast, the modern lithium-ion battery
technology, prerequisite for the everyday life practicability of most BEV,
is related to very recent technical improvements.

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NEED OF ELECTRIC CARS
We already have the technology we need to cure our addiction to oil,
stabilize the climate and maintain our standard of living, all at the same
time. By transitioning to sustainabletechnologies, such assolar and wind
power, we canachieveenergyindependenceand stabilizehuman-induced
climate change.
Increasing transportation efficiency is the best place to start efforts to
reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a primary culprit in
global warming.
My electric vs. internalcombustionenginechart showstheoverwhelming
advantages of electric cars — plug-in hybrid vehicles and all-electric
vehicles (EVs) — over gasoline vehicles. With gasoline-electric hybrid
power and all-electric power, we can achieve significant cost and
environmental savings. By adding more batteries and recharging
capabilitytogasoline-electrichybrid vehicles, we canhaveplug-inhybrids
that offer therangeof hybrids(500 miles or more), plus the benefit of all-
electric power for short trips, which dramatically reduces the amount of

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gasoline used. EVs require no gasoline whatsoever and, when recharged
from renewable energy sources, produce zero total emissions.
In fact, even if we switched from gasoline cars to EVs and plug-in
hybrids recharged by our existing utility grids (which mostly use fossil
fuels), we would see a 42 percent national average reduction in
CO2 emissions [6].
As we approach the peak of world oil extraction and witness the
consequences of climate change, it is important to reflect on how the
world’s most technologically advanced nation came to base its economy
on the use of polluting, finite resources. It is also important to recognize
that corporationsexist, for the most part, for one reason: to makemoney.
This gives us, the consumer, the ultimate power to shape corporate
behavior through how we spend our money.

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PARTS AND WORKING OF ELECTRIC CARS
All-electric vehicles (EVs) have an electric motor instead of an internal
combustionengine. The vehicle uses a large tractionbatterytopower the
electric motor and must be plugged in to a charging stationor wall outlet
tocharge. Becauseit runson electricity, thevehicleemitsnoexhaust from
a tailpipeand doesnot containthetypicalliquid fuelcomponents, such as
a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.
Key Components of an All-Electric Car
Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery
provides electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged
and to power vehicle accessories.
Charge port: Thechargeportallowsthevehicletoconnect toanexternal
power supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.

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DC/DC converter: Thisdevice converts higher-voltageDC power from
the tractionbatterypacktothelower-voltagepower needed torun vehicle
accessories and recharge the auxilliary battery.
Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack,
thismotor drivesthevehicle'swheels. Somevehiclesusemotor generators
that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the
chargeport and convertsit to DC power for charging thetractionbattery.
It regulates battery characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature,
and state of charge while charging the pack.
Power electronics controller: Thisunit managestheflow ofelectrical
energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the
electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
Thermal system(cooling): Thissystem maintainsa proper operating
temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, or
other components.
Traction battery pack: Storeselectricityfor use by the electric traction
motor.
Transmission: Transfers mechanical power from the engine and/or
electric traction motor to drive the wheels. {7}

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ELECTRIC CARS IN TURKEY
The automotive industry in Turkey is quite large, with OSD, the
Automotive Manufacturers Association, representing 15 manufacturers,
stating that in 2010 the automotive industry was the largest country
export sector at 15.3%.
Despite the large automotive industry, the Turkish hybrid and electric
vehicle (H&EV) market is in a beginning phase.
In 2009, 19.8% of the total energy consumption of Turkey was
attributable to transportation, and 83.6% of that figure was from road
transportation. Awareness of environmental issues and clean vehicles is
increasing in Turkish industries, research and development (R&D)
organizations, and society as a whole.
Theoutlook is positivefor hybrid and electric vehicles in Turkeyover the
next decadeduetointerest from theautomotivecompaniesinintroducing
these vehicles and thestrategydocumentsand actionplansof thevarious
Turkish ministries.

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The National Automotive Technology Platform that includes a broad
spectrum of stakeholders is determining a vision for the Turkish
automotive industry. Turkey’s current situation and short-term policies
indicate that the number of R&D projects related to electric vehicles,
hybrid vehicles, fuel cells, energy storage, and alternative fuels will
continue to increase.
Turkish policiesand legislationareencouraging reductionsingreenhouse
gas (GHG) emissionsand improved air quality. The nationalgovernment
aims to fully cohere with European Union legislation, including in the
areas of transport and reductions for CO2. On the national level, Turkey
hasnew vehiclelegislationand isalsoconducting manystudiestoprepare
new regulationsand legislationtoreduceGHG emissionsand improveair
quality. More hybrids, electric vehicles and low-CO2-emitting vehicles
will no doubt be seen in the market and on the roadsin the coming years
because of greater awareness about clean vehicles and the environment.
{8}

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COST EFFECTIVENESS
The best solution for emissions remorse is to do away with your car's
tailpipe altogether. With several affordable and practical electric cars
hitting the U.S. market in the next two years, it's going to be easier for
everyday consumers to get charged up and hit the road. But, there are
more benefits to switching to an electric car than just cutting tailpipe
emissions. Best ofall, thosebenefitswilllikelyend up inyour wallet. While
electric cars will cost more up front than their gasoline-powered
compatriots, in the long run, they may be cheaper to operate.
The biggest savings will be in fuel. A gallon of regular gas today costs an
average of $2.70, according to the U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA). Residentialelectricitycostsontheother hand, only
average $.11 per kilowatt hour (again, according to the EIA). Nissan says
a full charge of their Nissan Leaf electric car will cost $2.75.
It seemslike thecost is about thesame, but you'vegot todig intothemath
more: on a full charge, a Nissan Leaf will travel about 100 miles (160.9
kilometers). On one gallon of gas, a Nissan Versa will go about 30 miles
(48.3 kilometers). Covering 100 miles(160.9 kilometers) in theVersa will
cost about $9.00.
Most electric carsalsolet you save by choosing whenthey charge. You can
set the Versa, aswell as plug-inhybridsfrom Ford and other automakers,
tochargeonly during off-peakhours, bringingdownyour electricitycosts.
And, though anin-homecharging stationfor theLeafcosts about $2,000,
the EPA estimatesthat a NissanVersa willcost $1,359 per year in gas. So,
in a little over 18 months, the savings on the Leaf should pay for the
charging system.

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These numbersdon't takeintoaccount insuranceand maintenancecosts,
but thecostsofrunning anelectriccar electric car -- justgettingtheenergy
required tomove it down theroad -- looks a lot lower thanthe cost to run
a conventional car. {9}
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTEAGES
Advantages of an Electric Car
An electric car isa great wayfor you, as a consumer, tosave a lot of money
on gas.However, there are so many different reasons why you should
invest in an electric car in the modern day of technology.
1. No Gas Required: Electriccarsare entirelycharged bytheelectricity
you provide, meaning you don’t need to buy any gas ever again. Driving
fuel based carscan burn a hole in your pocket as prices of fuel have gone
all time high. With electric cars, this cost can be avoided as an average
American spends $2000 – $4000 on gas each year.
Though electricity isn’t free, an electric car is far cheaper to run.
2. Savings: These cars can be fuelled for very cheap prices, and many
new cars will offer great incentives for you to get money back from the
government for going green. Electric cars can also be a great way to save
money in your own life.
3. No Emissions: Electric carsare100 percent eco-friendly as they run
on electrically powered engines. It does not emit toxic gases or smoke in
the environment as it runs on clean energy source. They are even better
than hybrid cars as hybrids running on gas produce emissions. You’ll be
contributing to a healthy and green climate.

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4. Popularity: EV’saregrowing inpopularity. Withpopularitycomesall
new types of carsbeing put on themarket that areeach unique, providing
you with a wealth of choices moving forward.
5. Safe to Drive: Electric cars undergo same fitness and testing
procedurestest asother fuelpowered cars. Incasean accident occurs, one
can expect airbags to open up and electricity supply to cut from
battery. Thiscanprevent you and other passengersinthecar from serious
injuries.
6. Cost Effective: Earlier, owing an electric car would cost a bomb. But
with more technological advancements, both cost and maintenance have
gone down. The mass production of batteries and available tax
incentives havefurther broughtdownthecost, thus, makingit much more
cost effective.
7.Low Maintenance: Electric carsruns onelectricallypowered engines
and hence there is no need to lubricate the engines. Other expensive
engine work is a thing of past. Therefore, the maintenance cost of these
cars has come down. You don’t need to send it to service station often as
you do a normal gasoline powered car.
8. Reduced Noise Pollution: Electric cars put curb on noise
pollution as they are much quieter. Electric motors are capable of
providing smooth drive with higher acceleration over longer distances.
Many owners of electric cars have reported positive savings of up to tens
of thousandsof dollars a year. Considering thedemand for oil will only be
going up as the supplies run out, an electric car will most likely be the
normal mode of transportation in the coming future. Companies like
Nissan and Tesla offer great electric models with an outstanding amount
of benefits for people who decide to invest. You’ll be saving not only
yourself, but alsoyour familya hugeamount ofmoney. The environmental

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impactof an electric car is zero, as well – meaning you’re reducing
your carbon footprint and positively affecting the economy.
Disadvantages of an Electric Car
Although the evidence of the positives has become very clear, there are
also some downsides that each individual needs to consider before they
decide to make an electric car their next big investment. These reasons
are:
1. Recharge Points: Electric fuelling stations are still in the
development stages. Not a lot of placesyou go toon a daily basiswillhave
electric fuelling stationsfor your vehicle, meaning that if you’re on a long
trip and run out of a charge, you may be stuck where you are.
2. Electricity isn’t Free: Electric cars can also be a hassle on your
energy bill if you’re not considering the options carefully. If you haven’t
done your research into the electric car you want to purchase, then you
may be making an unwise investment. Sometimes electric cars require a
huge charge in order to function properly – which may reflect poorly on
your electricity bill each month.

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3. Short Driving Range and Speed: Electric carsarelimited byrange
and speed. Most of these carshave rangeabout 50-100 milesand need to
be recharged again. You just can’t use them for long journeys as of now,
although it is expected to improve in future.
4. Longer Recharge Time: Whileit takescoupleofminutestofuelyour
gasoline powered car, an electric car take about 4-6 hours to get fully
charged. Therefore, you need dedicated power stations as the time taken
to recharge them is quite long.
5. Silence as Disadvantage: Silencecanbea bitdisadvantageaspeople
like to hear noise if they are coming from behind them. An electric car is
however silent and can lead to accidents in some cases.
6. Normally 2 Seaters: Most of the electric cars available today are
small and 2 seated only. They are not meant for entirefamily and a third
person can make journey for other two passengers bit uncomfortable.
7. Battery Replacement: Depending on the type and usage of battery,
batteries of almost all electric cars are required to be changed every 3-10
years.
8. Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power: As electric
cars need power to charge up, cities already facing acute power shortage
are not suitable for electric cars.The consumption of more power would
hamper their daily power needs.
9. Some governments do not provide money saving initiativesin order to
encourage you to buy an electric car.
10. Some base models of electric cars are still very expensive because of
how new they are and the technology it took to develop them.
Just because there is a variety of factors doesn’t mean they have to be
overwhelming.Doing a fair bit of research into different models, and
maybe even hybrids, will help you make an accurate decision moving

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forward. However, no matter how you look at it, an electric car can save
our precious environment.
CONCLUSION
The electric car seems to be a suitable instrument and a sustaining
measuretowardsa more sustainablemobilityfuturesinceit is four times
more energy efficient compared to ICEV. Therefore, it is seen as a
milestone towards a ‘Great Transformation’ [4]. The TTW efficiency
advantage of BEV over ICEV, together with the efficiency jump by Li-ion
batteries, enabletheelectrificationoftheautomobileaslong asit ismoved
in regional ranges of up to 100 km per day. However, WTW efficiency of
electric carscanreach exemplaryfiguresonlywhen electricityisprovided
by very efficient power plants and infrastructure, best with renewable
energyproduction. Also, electriccarsshould beincorporated intoa variety
of modern mobility concepts (e.g., [10]).
Energy efficiencyofan FCV propelled with hydrogenisonly slightlylower
compared to BEV; however, a lot of energy is lost during production and
provisionof compressed H2 evenin thecaseof water electrolysispowered
with renewable electricity. Also, hydrogen filling station infrastructure is
missing and would be very expensivetobuild up, different tothecharging
infrastructure needed for electric cars.
Life cycle assessment of electric car mobility according to the literature
alreadyavailableiscomplex. Most LCA data dealwith theglobal warming
potential. Since CO2-equivalents emission during the operation is
dominating theLCA intotal, anelectric car canalready haveecoefficiency
advantages when charged with grid electricity (500 to 600 g CO2/kWh
presumed). However, charging the electric car with renewable electricity

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(30 g CO2/kWh) improves its LCA performance significantly. Ecoimpact
of smaller BEV is also much better according tothehigh ecoimpact ofthe
battery, which must increase parallel to the size of the car. Some LCA
studiespublished so far modeled quiteheavy BEV, which areadditionally
assumed to driveperiodicallyat higher speeds, both inefficient for a BEV.
In contrast, a small BEV like the electrified Smart presented here and
moved locally aswell as regionallyonly canhavethe most beneficialCO2-
impact. During an e-conversion of a used car, as shown with the Smart,
life cycle CO2 emissions can be reduced by more than 80% compared to
that known from ICEV. However, this is a first estimation under
optimistic assumptions (e.g., battery lifetime), which is planned to be
critically reviewed in a more detailed model later.
Life cycle impact of BEV in categories other than the global warming
potential reveals a complex picture, although BEV demonstrates
advantagesover ICEV inmost categories. Althaus[11] evenconcludesthat
‘carbon footprint is not sufficient as environmental performance
indicator’ here. One disadvantage of BEV is the acidification potential
associated with the smelting processes of Cu, Ni, and Co since a lot of Cu
and, in some battery types, Ni and Co also are essential elements of
electrical components. Additionally, there are acidifying emissions of
coal-fired power plants depending on the local value of thistype of power
production. However, to what extent the local nearly zero-emission
advantage of electric cars is incorporated into LCA models is still a
question. Toxic emissions like NOx and fine dust are today shifted to
power plantsthrough the use of BEV (quantifiedin[1]), where it is easier
to limit and control them. The BEV advantage of a much lower noise
emission, for example, is not appreciated so far (a guideline is in
preparation).

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http://www.ieahev.org/by-country/turkey/
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