The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are know as marine drugs. these marine drugs are used since ancient times. chines and japanes are very famous to use these resources. And interstingly,innumarable products derived from the marine organisms in several 'crude forms' have been widely used across the globe by the traditional practitioners for thousands of years.

1. MARINE DRUGS
K.Sudheer Kumar,
Assistant professor.
Dept.of pharmacognosy
Chilkur Balaji college of Pharmacy
Hyderabad.
E-mail:sudheer.y2k8@gmail.com
1
K.Sudheer Kumar,
Assistant professor.
Dept.of pharmacognosy
Chilkur Balaji college of Pharmacy
Hyderabad.
E-mail:sudheer.y2k8@gmail.com

2. INTRODUCTION
The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are know as marine drugs. these
marine drugs are used since ancient times. chines and japanes are very famous to use these
resources. And interstingly,innumarable products derived from the marine organisms in
several 'crude forms' have been widely used across the globe by the traditional practitioners
for thousands of years.
Many of the species contain toxic compound the marine environment is a rich source of
both biological and chemical diversity.
This diversity has been the source of unique chemical compound the marine with the
potential. Industrial development,has,pharmacetuicals,cosmetics,nutrtitional supplements
molecular properties, fine chemical and chemicals.
Marine toxins were reported to possess an extremely high potency with regard to their
pharmacological actions, and, therefore, sometimes collectively referred to as' toxins‘
The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are know as marine drugs. these
marine drugs are used since ancient times. chines and japanes are very famous to use these
resources. And interstingly,innumarable products derived from the marine organisms in
several 'crude forms' have been widely used across the globe by the traditional practitioners
for thousands of years.
Many of the species contain toxic compound the marine environment is a rich source of
both biological and chemical diversity.
This diversity has been the source of unique chemical compound the marine with the
potential. Industrial development,has,pharmacetuicals,cosmetics,nutrtitional supplements
molecular properties, fine chemical and chemicals.
Marine toxins were reported to possess an extremely high potency with regard to their
pharmacological actions, and, therefore, sometimes collectively referred to as' toxins‘

3. MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS
• Many natural products from these organisms act as chemical weapons and are
highly potent inhibitors of physiological processes.
• Several show pharmacological activities and are effective against cancer, AIDS,
arthritis
• Variety of molecules show unique structural features and exhibit various types of
biological activities
• Marine drugs are highly potent bioactive molecules
 In recent years a significant number of novel metabolites with potent
pharmacological properties have been discovered from the marine organism
although there are only a few marine drive from marine natural products are now
in the clinical pipeline with more clinical development.
MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS
• Many natural products from these organisms act as chemical weapons and are
highly potent inhibitors of physiological processes.
• Several show pharmacological activities and are effective against cancer, AIDS,
arthritis
• Variety of molecules show unique structural features and exhibit various types of
biological activities
• Marine drugs are highly potent bioactive molecules
 In recent years a significant number of novel metabolites with potent
pharmacological properties have been discovered from the marine organism
although there are only a few marine drive from marine natural products are now
in the clinical pipeline with more clinical development.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG MOLECULES OF MARINE ORGANISMS
The enormous quantum of newer and potent drug molecule derived from the wide
spectrum of marine organism across the world may be judiciously and logically classified
based on their specific pharmacologic actions as stated below
(A) Anti-neoplastic Agents
(B) Cardiovascular active drugs
(C) Marine toxins
(D) Anti-biotic substances
(E) Anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic agents
(F) Miscellaneous pharmacologically active substance
The enormous quantum of newer and potent drug molecule derived from the wide
spectrum of marine organism across the world may be judiciously and logically classified
based on their specific pharmacologic actions as stated below
(A) Anti-neoplastic Agents
(B) Cardiovascular active drugs
(C) Marine toxins
(D) Anti-biotic substances
(E) Anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic agents
(F) Miscellaneous pharmacologically active substance

5. (A) ANTI-NEOPLASTIC AGENTS
The two prominent US-based research institute , namely :US NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE(NCI)
and US NATIONAL SEA GRANT OFFICE (NSGO) have discovered thousands of pure and semi-
pure compounds derived from the marine origin that distinctly exhibited anti-neoplastic activity in a
good number of cell line ; beside, in vivo actions against both malignant tumors and leukemia's in
various animal models. in the present context certain duly characterized drug molecules displaying
know and potent activities.
Crassin acetate: It is the member of cembronoids which are cyclic diterpenes.
Biological source : It is obtained from the CARIBBEAN GORGONIAN pseudoplexaura porosa.
(A) ANTI-NEOPLASTIC AGENTS
The two prominent US-based research institute , namely :US NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE(NCI)
and US NATIONAL SEA GRANT OFFICE (NSGO) have discovered thousands of pure and semi-
pure compounds derived from the marine origin that distinctly exhibited anti-neoplastic activity in a
good number of cell line ; beside, in vivo actions against both malignant tumors and leukemia's in
various animal models. in the present context certain duly characterized drug molecules displaying
know and potent activities.
Crassin acetate: It is the member of cembronoids which are cyclic diterpenes.
Biological source : It is obtained from the CARIBBEAN GORGONIAN pseudoplexaura porosa.
USES : crassin acetate was observed to be comparatively inert to the mammalian system but on the
contrary found to be extremely cytotoxic to human leukemic cells in vitro and also to the mouse
fibroblasts.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

6. SINULARIN
Biological source: sinularin and its dihydro congener are obtained from sinularia flexibilis.
Uses: It posses anticancer activities
SINULARIN
FLUDARABINE
SYNONYM: 2-fluorovidarabine ,2F-AraA.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES:
1. It is obtained as crystals from ethanol and
water having mp 260 c
2. It shows specific optical rotation
3.It is sparingly soluble in water and organic
solvents
uses: it is used as a antineoplastic agent.

7. (B) CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVE AGENTS
During the past three decades a huge number of extracts, fraction and pure isolates from thousands of marine organism
were subjected to thorough cardiovascular screening in various research laboratories around the world.
Interestingly, most of these compounds did exhibit cardiovascular activities perhaps as frequently as observed antibiotic
and antineoplastic activities.
Unfortunately, as on date hardly any compound could surface out and obtain the FDA approval as a potential drugs.
The cardiovascular active drugs may be broadly classified under the following two categories, namely:
(a) cardiotonics
(b) hypotensive compounds
LAMININ :LAMININ :
Biological source : Laminin is obtained from a marine algae laminaria angustata
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES :
•It is the abundant structural component of the basal
lamina
•It is critical to the stability of the extracellular matrix
and to the adhesion of cells to the basement membrane
•It belongs to the family of HETEROTRIMERIC
GLYCOPROTEINS composed of a heavy chain, which
are linked by disulphide bonds to form an asymetrical
cross- shaped structure.
USES:
•It shows hypotensive effect.
•It also exhibits diverse biological
activities.

8. ELDOISIN : It is a powerful hypotensive compound. it also shows strong vasodilator effects
Biological source: Eldoisin is obtained from the posterior salivary glands of eledone spp.[small octopus ]
eledone moschata
chemical structure of eldoisinchemical structure of eldoisin
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES :
•Eldoisin is obtained as a sesquihydrate powder that gets decomposed at 230 c
•It has specific optical rotation
•It is found to lose its activity gradually when incubated in blood.
USES :
1. It is found to stimulate extra vascular smooth muscle.
2. Eldoisin acts as a potent vasodilator and hypotensive agent.
3. It also stimulate lacrimal secretion.
5. It causes salivation, and enhances capillary permeability in certain specific species.

9. SEPONGOSIN: It is chemically nucleoside (methoxy derivative of adenosine)derivative it reduces both the
rate and the force of concentration of heart.
Biological source: It is obtained from the caribbean sponge cryptotethia crypta and with a minor structural
modification of the parent isolated nucleoside known as
arabinosylnucleoside.
USES:
1.It exhibited various coronary effects resembling to those of adenosine, for instance coronary
vasodilation and negative inotropy.
2. It is found to exert more marked and pronounced long- acting effects.
3. It acts as a hypotensive at such as dose level at which adenosine is observed to be absolutely
in active.
4. It reduces the rate as well as the force of concentration of heart.

10. C . MARINE TOXINS
A host of marine toxins have been obtained from a wide variety of marine organisms in their
crude, semi-pure and other forms between 1960-1970. However, during the eighties a good number of
them possessing venomous and toxic properties and having most complex chemical structure have been
isolated, characterized with the advent of rather exceedingly sophisticated analytical instruments and a
concerted effort of dedicated marine chemists and pharmacologists across the globe.
TETRODOTOXIN: It is frequently abbreviated as TTX, it is a potent neurotoxin
Biological source: Tetrodotoxin is obtained from the ovaries and liver of a large number of
tetraodontidae ; especially the spheroids rubripes (globe fish) it is also obtained from the puffer
fish (tetradou species) which begin a top most delicacy in japanese cuisine.
Biological source: Tetrodotoxin is obtained from the ovaries and liver of a large number of
tetraodontidae ; especially the spheroids rubripes (globe fish) it is also obtained from the puffer
fish (tetradou species) which begin a top most delicacy in japanese cuisine.
SPHEROIDES RUBRIPES(GLOBE FISH)
USES: Tetrodotoxin gets bound particularly to the Na+ channels on the outside of excitable membrane, thereby
inducing Na+ influx in K+ influx within a few milliseconds of the accompanying membrane depolarization.

11. BREVETOXIN :
Biological source : a plethora of polycyclic polyether metabolites have been obtained from the
Dinoflagellate ptychodiscus brevis; and now the Brevetoxins are commonly known as from the generic
nomenclature that is p.brevis toxins.
chemical structure
USES :
•It exerts an excitatory effect on the isolated neuromuscular and other cells .
•It cause both neurological and gastrointestinal disorder .

12. CIGUATERA TOXINS :The terminology “ciguatoxin” was first and fore most employed to enumerate a
disease primarily caused due to the ingestion of marine snails . ciguatera poisoning was thought to be the
ingestion of blue green algae.
Biological source: Ciguatoxin (CTX) is found in Gymnothorax javanicus (Moray Eel) , besides in a
variety of coral reef fish, for instances : Lutjanus bohar (Red snapper).
USES:
•It cause neurological problems
•It cause cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems.
•CTX- is found to exert its actions at the ends specifically .
•interestingly CTX acts as a cardiotonic at the nerve ends specifically.
•where as at higher dose levels there is an apparent depression in both heart rate and in
respiration.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

13. ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Antimicrobial drugs substances have been isolated, characterized and studied extensively over the past
three decades particularly from the vast domain of marine organism .A few examples are, brown and red
algae.
Antimicrobial drugs substances have been isolated, characterized and studied extensively over the past
three decades particularly from the vast domain of marine organism .A few examples are, brown and red
algae.
ZONAROL
Biological source : zonarol and iso- zonarol are both obtained from dictyopteris zonaroides (brown algae) .
USES: Zonarol is used as anti inflammatory.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

14. PREPACIFENOL
Biological source: it is obtained from laurenica filformis, the two different species of algae.
EUNICIN
Biological source: Eunicin is obtained from Eunicia mammosa the Gorgonian corals.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
USES
Anti microbial
agent
Biological source: Eunicin is obtained from Eunicia mammosa the Gorgonian corals.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
USES
Anti microbial agent
Anti biotic

15. D . ANTIBIOTICS
Interestingly, between a span of almost twenty years (1969-1988) thousands of marine based
extracts, fractions and pure isolates were evaluated for their antibiotic activity.
However ,the success rate was not only miserable but absolutely no significant as on date not
even a single marine derived antibiotic substance has able to either super ceded or gained enormous
recognition with regard to their broad spectrum of activity and superb quality of the known and available
antibiotics obtained from the innumerable terrestrial organisms, semi synthetic products, and purely
synthetic ones .
Nevertheless, the earnest efforts contributed by the marine- chemists across the globe have
been able to evolve a few antibiotics from the various marine organisms, namely : okadaic acid ,
acanthifolicin and norhalichondrin A. these naturally occurring marine antibiotics shall now be
disscused.
Interestingly, between a span of almost twenty years (1969-1988) thousands of marine based
extracts, fractions and pure isolates were evaluated for their antibiotic activity.
However ,the success rate was not only miserable but absolutely no significant as on date not
even a single marine derived antibiotic substance has able to either super ceded or gained enormous
recognition with regard to their broad spectrum of activity and superb quality of the known and available
antibiotics obtained from the innumerable terrestrial organisms, semi synthetic products, and purely
synthetic ones .
Nevertheless, the earnest efforts contributed by the marine- chemists across the globe have
been able to evolve a few antibiotics from the various marine organisms, namely : okadaic acid ,
acanthifolicin and norhalichondrin A. these naturally occurring marine antibiotics shall now be
disscused.

16. OKADAIC ACID
Synonym : Halochondrine A (marine black sponge)
Biological source: it is obtained from Halichondria (Okadai)
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES :
1. It is obtained from dichloromethane
2. It has specific optical rotation
3. It also reported as in crystal from
USES :
1. It is important biochemical tool as tumour promoter and probe of cellular regulation
2.It is found to be far more cytotoxic to KB- cells
3. It is able to transport divalent cat ions eg: ca+
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

17. ACANTHIFOLICIN
Biological source : Acanthifolicin is obtained from pandaros acanthifolium (sponge)
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES :
1.It possesses an antibacterial activity
2. It also exerts cytotoxic actions
3. It is found to be lethal to mice at low dose level
USES :1. It is probe of cellular regulation
2. It is more cytotoxic

18. NOR HALICHONDRIN-A
Biological source : norhalichondrin A and several other halichondrin structural analogues have been
obtained from halichondria okadai (sponge).
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES :
•It is a polyether macrolide .
•The structure activity correlation studies with regard to their derivative; and also their structural fragments are
of significant biological interest
USES: It is found to exert antitumor activity
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

19. E . ANTI-INFLAMMATORY and ANTI-SPASMODIC AGENT
A plethora of chemical substance have been isolated from the broad spectrum of marine organisms
which attribute either anti-inflammatory or antispasmodic activities .
TETRADO TOXIN
Biological source :Tetradotoxin is obtained from liver and ovaries of puffer fish
USES:
1.It is used as anti- inflammatory
2. It has analgesic effect
3. it acts as muscle relaxant

20. F . MISCELLANEOUS PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCE
A good number of pharmacologically active substance have been isolated and characterized from marine
organisms that invariably exhibit a variety of interesting actions . A few imported and typical example
have been grouped together under this section latrunculins, kainic acid , domoic acid
LATRUNCULINS
Biological source: latruncullins are obtained from latrunculia magnifica keller (red sea sponge)
they are also found in chromodoris elisabethina (pacific nudibraanch) and the spongia
mycofijiensis (fijian)
These are the first and foremost family of natural marine based products essentially having the
2- thiazolidinone moiety .it is classified into four toxics latrunculins A-D but c and d not well used
Biological source: latruncullins are obtained from latrunculia magnifica keller (red sea sponge)
they are also found in chromodoris elisabethina (pacific nudibraanch) and the spongia
mycofijiensis (fijian)
USES:
1. They are exclusively in establishing of molecular
mechanism of motile processes
2. unlike cytochalasins the LAT-A and LAT- B do
not afford any change in the polymerization rate of
active filaments.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

21. DOMOIC ACID
Biological source: It is obtained from chondria armata okamura (rhodomelaceace)(red
algae) also known as japanese as DOMOI and hence the name domoic acid.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURECHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Domoic acid is a neurotoxin that inhibits neurochemical processes,
causing short-term memory loss, brain damage, and, in severe cases,
death in humans. In marine mammals, domoic acid typically causes
seizures and tremors.

22. CONCLUSION
In short, the marine-world evidently & explicitly enjoys status of holding an enormous &
tremendous potent towards epoch making discovery of a plethora of al to gather newer Lead
Molecules in the development of medicinally potent therapeutic agents that are active against a
variety of parasites & infectious ailments.
With the advent of recent development & use of technologically advanced computer
aided sophisticated analytical instruments have turned this novel dream like fiction into reality.
CONCLUSION
In short, the marine-world evidently & explicitly enjoys status of holding an enormous &
tremendous potent towards epoch making discovery of a plethora of al to gather newer Lead
Molecules in the development of medicinally potent therapeutic agents that are active against a
variety of parasites & infectious ailments.
With the advent of recent development & use of technologically advanced computer
aided sophisticated analytical instruments have turned this novel dream like fiction into reality.

23. 23
Thank You!