Aerobic composting process, methods and technology and brief description on the conversion stages from mature compost into granule organic fertilizers. This article was presented before a steering committee in Jakarta in August 2012 on a MSW project.

2. COMPOSTING BASICS
DECOMPOSITION OF = STABILIZATION OF
ORGANIC MATTER ORGANIC MATTER
NATURAL PROCESS HUMAN INTERVENTION
SLOWLY, UNCONTROLLED QUALITY; ACCELLERATION,HIGHER QUALITY
MAY CAUSE POLLUTION AND BETTER SANITATION
COMPOST (HUMUS, CRUMBLY TEXTURE)
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3. COMPOSTING PROCESS
ORGANIC MATTER COMPOST
MICROBIAL WATER
WATER
PROCESS HEAT
OXYGEN CO2
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4. DECOMPOSERS
• BACTERIA
• FUNGI
• ACTINOMYCETES
MICROORGANISM • PROTOZOA
• MITES
• MILLIPEDES
• INSECTS
• SOWBUGS
• EARTHWORMS
INVERTEBRATES • SNAILS
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5. ORGANISM IN THE FOOD WEB
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6. TEMPERATURE
Thermophilic
>50° C (>120°F)
Mesophilic
10-45C (50° - 110° F)
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7. TYPES OF MICRO-ORGANISM
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
• Require a minimum 5% • Thrive on oxygen
oxygen deficient environment
• Most rapid and effective • Refer to as Fermentation
• Generate heat and CO2 • Generate offensive odor
• Psychrophilic: 5° C (40°F) (H2S, cadaverine and
• Mesophilic: 10° - 45° C (50° putrescine )
- 110° F) • Produce toxins to plants
• Termophilic: >50° C (120°) (acids and alcohols)
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8. KEY FACTORS TO COMPOSTING
C:N Ratio • The range between 25:1 to 40:1 → efficient process
Surface Area & Particle Size • The smaller the size the faster the process
Aeration • Air circulation enhances aerobic decomposition
Porosity • Spaces between particle enable supply of oxygen
Moisture Content • Optimum moisture content is 50% to 60%
Temperature • Optimum temperature range is between 32°to 60° C
pH of Material • Optimum pH ranges between 6.5 to 7.5
Nutrients • Adequate levels of P and K are important
Toxic Substance • Heavy metals are toxic to thermophilic bacteria
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9. CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO
Materials with high Nitrogen values C:N
Poultry manure with litter 13-18:1
Vegetable waste 12-20:1
Pig manure solids 15-25:1
Dairy manure 20:1
Material with High Carbon Values C:N
Wood chips and sawdust 100-500:1
Paper 150-200:1
Straw 40-100:1
Foliage (green) 30-80:1
Material with Neutral C:N Ratios C:N
Peat moss 18-36:1
Horse manure with litter 30-60:1
Source: British Columbia Department of Agriculture and Food, 1995
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10. PRE-PROCESSING
SORTING
Accept Biodegradables Reject Contaminants
SHREDDING
Increase Surface Area Increase Porosity
MIXING
Optimize C : N Ratio Increase Homogeneity
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11. COMPOSTING METHODS
Passive Windrow and Bin Composting
• Low Technology and Medium Labor cost
• Medium quality product
Turned Windrow
• Medium technology and Medium labor cost
• Uniform product
Aerated Static Pile
• Medium technology and Low labor cost
• Non uniform product
In-Vessel and Agitated Bed
• High technology and Low labor cost
• Uniform product
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12. PASSIVE WINDROW
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13. TURNED WINDROW
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14. AERATED STATIC PILE
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15. IN-VESSEL COMPOSTING
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16. AGITATED BED/CHANNEL
Mature Compost
Rail Mature Compost
750 mm
Aeration Piping
Raw Compost
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17. AGITATED BED/CHANNEL
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18. COMPOST TURNER
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19. TOP AND SIDE VIEW
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20. AERATION PIPING IN FLOOR
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21. COMPOSTING PLANT LAYOUT
145m 36 m
Decomposition Bed/Channel
Fertilizer
28 m
Production Area
Shredder
Conveyor
Compost Turner
Width 56 m
Material Flow
Loader
Decomposition Bed/Channel
Monitoring Laboratory Compost Turner Product Storage
Room
Length 190 m
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22. FERTILIZER PRODUCTION
MATURE COMPOST 3. GRANULATING 6. PACKING
1.CRUSHING 4. DRYING
5. SCREENING/
2. FILTERING Note: For more
COOLING information on the
production process see
separate presentation.
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23. MARKETING STATEGY
Diversified Recorded
Networking
Products Field Test
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24. THANK YOU
谢谢
For more information please contact Suhardiyoto Haryadi,
email address: suhardiyoto@hotmail.com or suhardiyoto@gmail.com
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