1. Presented by
Mrs. Suja Santosh
Professor
RVS College of Nursing, Sulur, Coimbatore

2. Projected Visual
Aids are pictures
shown upon a
screen by the use
of a certain type
of machine

3. • Provides enjoyment in
learning
• Stimulates rapid learning
• Increases retention
• Compels attention
• Enlarges /reduces actual
size of objects
• Bring distant, past &
present into classroom

4. • Small sized transparent pictorial/ diagrammatic
slides arranged in a proper sequence for
presentation on a large screen.

5. • Slide is a still transparency of 70mm, 35mm or
60mm size which is optically enlarged &
projected on a screen as a real image

6. • Ideal Size - 2×2 inches
• Usually used to present
Specific findings of
pathological laboratory
test, photographs/ pictures
of life experiences or
pictures of patients with
rare clinical presentation

7. • Photographic slides
black & white in colour
Colour
Ideal Size - 2×2 inches
to 3×4 inches
• Handmade slides
hand made using an
acetate sheet, cello phane,
etched glass, plain glass or
a lumarith (type of plastic glass)

8. • Marker slides
- clean glass piece
- draw pictures/diagrams
using fine tip marker pen
- Hold glass with
cardboard/wooden frame

9. • Etched Glass Slides
- clean glass piece
- rinse it with kerosene
- draw the diagram with
crayon glass marking pencil

10. • Assist lesson & development
• Facilitate teacher-student
participation
• Easy to make

11. • Time consuming
• Seen only with help of slide projector
• Expensive materials needed for making

12. • Used to project slides on a wall/screen
• Helps to show magnified images
• Coloured slides looks attractive

13. • Source of light (Projection lamp)
• Reflector (Concave mirror)
• Condensing lens
• Slide carrier
• Objective lens

14. • Attract attention
• Arouse interest
• Variety of learning information
• Easy to transport
• Easy to revise & update
• Easily handled, stored &
rearranged
• Can be combined with taped
narration or can be controlled for
time during a discussion
• Used in a group or individual

15. • Not suitable for all educational
material
• Transparent slides cannot be put to
excessive use
• Not to use for longer duration
• Preparation requires a lot of
predevelopmental work like
collecting/taking snapshots of
pictures
• Requires imaginative and creative
skills

17. • Projects transparencies
with brilliant screen
images suitable for use
in a lighted room
• Teacher can write/draw
diagrams on
transparency while he
teaches

19. • To develop concepts & sequences in a subject
matter area
• To make marginal notes on transparencies for the
teachers use that and carry without exposing
• To test student performances while other
classmates observe
• To show relationships by means of transparent
overlays in contrasting colours
• To give the illusion of motion in the transparency

20. • Popular instructional medium.
• Simple & easy to prepare
• easy to operate with the OHP which is
lightweight
• A 10×10 inches sheet with printed, written or
drawn material is placed on the platform of the
projector & large image is projected on the
screen
• Projector is used from rear to the front of the
room with the teacher standing or sitting beside
the projector, facing the student

21. • Writing on cellophane sheets with the help of
OHP pen
• Coloured pens
• Xeroxing from any printed material
• besides single transparency can be used on a
roll

22. • 6 lines per transparency
• 6 words per line
• 6mm smallest letter size
• 6cm margin (3+3 on each side)

23. • One idea on each
transparencies
• Include relative figures &
diagrams
• Simple and easy to read
• Avoid too much information in
a transparency
• Use simple letter style in
writing
• Do not use all capital letters
• Do not overcrowd with written
content

24. • Use diagrams in proportion to
lettering
• Emphasize key message
• Use colour to attract attention
• Put captions on top
• Do not overuse colours in texts
of a transparency
• Be sure illustrations enhances
better understanding

25. • Aluminium coated board
• Glass board
• Flat white screen
• Screen should be mounted
properly & at proper angle

26. • Place OHP on a stable table
• Objective lens of OHP face
the screen behind the teacher
• Put the cord plug into power
socket
• Switch on the blower first,
then bulb
• Place transparency on the
glass top

27. • Move the objective lens &
mirror up and down to focus
image on screen
• Explain materials written on
transparency from behind
OHP
• Don’t cover the screen
• Make points short & simple
• Remove what is not needed

28. • Focus & position image before presentation
• Keep screen in full view above participants head
• Stand to the side of screen
• Darken the room appropriately
• Turn off projector when not in use
• Talk to audience, not to screen
• Switch off the bulb of OHP when not in use to save
electricity, but fan must keep running to keep the OHP
cool
• Do not move the OHP while in use, it may increase of
losing the lamp

29. • Teacher can face the class
• Maintain eye contact &
observe reactions of
students
• Gain student’s attention
• Can be used in day light
• Graphics & writings can
shown clearly & colourfully
• Economical method
• Can be used repeatedly
• Easily available
• Easy to operate & handle

30. • Electricity required
• Requires careful handling, as OHP bulb was very
sensitive to power fluctuations & jerking movements
• Transparency preparation is time consuming
and Requires good handwriting abilities

31. Present images/printed matter/ small opaque objects on
screen
eg: Book pages, Coins, Object, Postcards or any other flat material
which is non transparency

32. A device which displays opaque materials by shining a
bright lamp onto the object
A system of mirrors, prisms & imaging lens is used to
focus an image of the material on screen

33. • Works on the principle of horizontal straight line
projection with a lamp; plane mirror placed at 45
degree angle over the projector reflects the light so
that it passes through the projection lens forming a
magnified image on the screen
• Large size projector requires a darkroom with a fixed
place because it is not easy to move due to its heavy
weight & size

34. • Handled carefully
• Protected from breakage
• Kept clean
• Keep away from moisture
• Preferably kept in a cool room
• Switched off when not in use

35. • Stimulates attention
• Arouses interest
• Flat specimens like stamp, coin, leaves, etc can be projected
• Used for enlarging drawings, pictures & maps
• Does not require any written or typed materials,
handwritten materials can be used
• Used for large group
• Better Retention
• Used to review topic
• Used to test knowledge & ability
• Convenient to use

36. • Costly equipment
• Requires careful handling
• Electricity required
• Very large and heavy object
• Cannot be moved easily
• Needs a dark room for projection

39. • Continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames or
pictures arranged in a sequence usually with a specific
title.
• A sequence of transparent still pictures with individual
frames on a 35mm / 8mm film
• Tape recorder narration can be synchronized with a film
strip
• Each strip contain between 12 and 18 or more pictures

40. • present a process in a logical consistency & continuity
with still pictures; whole filmstrip makes a complete
presentation
• Used to stimulate emotions
• Build attitudes & point out problems
• Along with still pictures, verbal/audiotape explanation to
demonstrate common nursing procedures such as bed
bath, back care, crutch walking, intravenous cannulation,
Nasogastric tube insertion

41. • Discussion film strips
continuous strip of film consisting of individual
frames arranged in a sequence usually with
explanatory titles
• Sound slide film
Instead of explanatory titles or spoken
discussion, the recorded explanation is audible
and is synchronized with the pictures

42. • select the filmstrip carefully to meet the needs of
the topic to be taught
• Preview before actual presentation
• a rapport must be established between filmstrip
& discussion topic
• Specific details & important points must be
focused using a pointer
• A part of the film strip may be shown again if the
content needs to be stressed on or needs more
specific study

43. • Compact, convenient to handle &
carry
• Can be easily stored
• Can be supplemented with a recorded
audiotape or verbal explanation
• Provides a logical sequence in
teaching
• Economical visual material
• Useful for group /individual study

44. • Preparing the slides is a difficult job & requires
a lot of effort
• Need a dark room
• Require electricity
• Sequence cannot be changed
• If the filmstrip is not supplemented with an
audiotape, the verbal explanation needed

45. Video projector for displaying video, images or
computer data on a screen or other flat surfaces.

46. LCD –Liquid Crystal Display,
technology used to project images

48. • Invented by the New York inventor, Gene Dolgoff
in 1984
• Used in meetings, training sessions, classroom
education, visual entertainment etc
• Appeal to all sensory organs & impact is always
greater than simple speech

49. Based on size and portability, LCD Projectors
classified as
• Ultralight portable projector
• Conference room projectors
• Fixed installation projectors

50. 1. Projection surface
Projecting Surface should be neutral colour &
best suited for natural colour tones

51. 2. Setting up the system
• Place Projector 5-15 feet away from the
projection screen
• Place projector permanently on fixed
ceiling/ on stable surface
• Computer/laptop cable should be
connected at the back of the LCD projector
on a video port
• The power cable of projector should be
connected to 3-way electrical port
• Lens cap of projector should be removed

52. 2. Setting up the system
• Projector should be switched on by pressing
the power button on the top of projector
which will lead to a flash of light followed by
the projection of image
• Computer/laptop should be ON
• Click the option of computer to display
content on the projection screen
• Using focus of projector clear the content
projected on the screen

53. Projection must be adjusted by manipulating
the projector by moving front or back

54. 3. Shutting down the projector
• Press the Power button; a
message may appear to check
whether to turn off the
projector. Again press the power
button , projector will turn off
• Before unplug the projector
from electrical port, wait for 2
minutes to off the projector fan
• Also ensure the flashing light is
off before the projector unplug

55. 4. Warning lights
• Addition to power button light, 2 additional
warning light buttons, which are lamp warning
light and temperature warning light
• Blinking of lamp warning light notifies the
need of the lamp to be changed
• Blinking of orange colour temperature status
light notifies the need to change the air filter
and the red colour temperature status light
notifies the increased temperature of the
projector & need to turn off the lamp & allow
the running fan to cool the warm lamp

56. 5. Additional Audio & video devices
• Projector has other additional ports to
connect VCR, DVD and cameras which can
further improve the utility of the LCD
projector in education

57. • Use horizontal/landscape format for slides
• Limit the information of each slide to a single
topic/idea
• Use action words & short phrases than sentences
• Pictures, drawings & illustrations make
presentation interesting
• Keep Slides simple & clear without overburden
• Keep slides with relevant pictures
• Maintain consistency in use of colour
• Avoid use of multiple colours & graphics

58. • Use dark coloured text on light
background or Vice versa
• Use white or yellow text on
black background
• Use bullets instead of numbers
is always good
• Use numbers to show
sequence /rank of content
• Do not overcrowd the slide with
text
• Use 6×6 rule that is 6 lines of
text & 6 words per line

59. • Ensure text on slide is readable
• Minimum 36 points for slide title
& 24 points for body text
• Style of written test – Arial font
• Use Upper & lower case text,
more legible (avoid all Caps)
• Use contrasting colours to
highlight specific points
• Significant points present in bold,
italic & large size font

60. • Do not use multiple
animation & transition
effects on single slide
(minimum 1 0r 2)
• Try developing pleasing &
clear visuals
• Limit the no of slides to the
number of minutes the
presenter has in hand

61. Visually
attractive
Arose
interest
Slide show & video
are clubbed
together &
customized in single
presentation
Easy to carry out back
& front movement of
slides for reviewing &
recapitalizing

62. • Expensive gadget
• Need technical skill of
computer & power point
presentation & using LCD
projector
• Can’t use in power
failure/technological failure at
the time of presentation

63. • Widely used medium for sharing & disseminating
information between large groups
Combination of audio & visual technology

64. • Telecommunication
medium for
transmitting &
receiving moving
images that can be
monochrome (black *
white) or coloured with
accompanying sound

65. • Interactive /passive
• Use to display prerecorded
program to supplement
additional learning
• Used for teaching social, cultural,
political, religious affairs
• Used for behavioural
modification through showing
specific therapeutic programmes
• Educational entertainment

66. • Arouse interest
• Cost effective
• Easily available
• Uniformity in learning
• Provide real experience
• large proportion of population may cover
• Multiple sensory stimulating media
• quicker & long lasting impression
• brings permanent change in behaviour
• Reinforce knowledge by repeated watching
• Mass educational media

67. • One way process (doubts cannot be clarified)
• Not student centric approach
• Customized school schedule according to telecast
schedule
• Students who have no access of TV in home, remain
deprived of the educational programmes

68. • Electromechanical educational medium which
constitute an electronic machine, prerecorded
video cassettes & TV screen for display

69. • Develop motor, intellectual,
cognitive & interpersonal &
affective skills
• Brings visual & auditory
stimulus
• Leads to permanent memory
impact & learning
• Simple classroom content
delivery to Facilitate distance
education

70. • Easy to access & use
for educational purpose
• multiple use &
repetition of same
content several times
• Used in day light
• Recording & playing
needs no skill&
technique
• Combine motion
pictures & tape recorder

71. • Older playback equipment
• Power supply is mandatory
• Recorded content cannot be
edited in basic equipments
• Good quality video recording
is a time-consuming &
difficult task

72. • Electromechanical device capable of recording
and storing still or movable images

73. • Making presentations more
illustrative by adding images
• Real clinical practice images
where obtained and
projected with the help of
LCD/ film projectors/slide
projectors
• Rarer clinical issues of
patient images can be
obtained, used to educate
others

74. • Assist students in special education
& autistic application
• Help to obtain micro and macro
view of objects
• Recording student progress
• Analyse physical education
activities through photography
• Record sequence of events
• Encourage effort through
immediate recognition of
achievement

75. • Capture advanced nursing
procedures
• Capture images at various
time periods to study about
the process (eg: bedsore
wound healing)
• Used to capture rare surgical
procedure for
presentation/publication

76. • Electronic amplification system made up of
tape recorder, amplifier and loud speaker to
distribute the sound to a large group
eg: loud speaker

77. • Used in auditoriums/ examination halls

78. • Small public address system
50-200 watts of power
used in small venue
• Large public address system
Used in large venue
used for making announcements
during emergencies to evacuate
occupants from buildings

79. • Instrument used to see objects that are too
small for the naked eyes

80. • Used for teaching anatomy,
physiology, microbiology,
pathology etc
• Used in diagnostic labs to carry
tests ranging from the simple
blood test to complex histo-
pathological or genetic test

81. • Used to show live slides of
disease diagnostic tests
• Used to collaborate theory
& practical
• Produce & develop findings
• Used for visualization of
objects or living things such
as tissue samples, micro
objects, which cannot be
seen by naked eyes

82. • Transmission Electron microscope

83. • Scanning electron microscope

84. • Scanning Probe microscope

85. • A computer is a
programmable
machine
designed to
sequentially and
automatically
carry out a
sequence of
arithmetical or
logical operations

86. • More effective learning aid
• Facilitate Active learning
• Improving the recall ability
• Innovative instructional stimuli
• Enhance interactive learning
• Used in distance education
• Helps in computer assisted learning
• Helps to update knowledge through online
resources

87. • Help to work fast & accurate
• Reliable
• Save time
• Help in doing repetitive work
• Ideas can understand quickly & easy in presentation
• Using scanner / camera images or photographs can
transfer to computer
• Used for voice recognition
• Store huge amount of information (include text,
sound, videos, pictures, films etc)
• Takes very little space
• Portable (lap top, notebook)
• Highly interactive & enable communication from one
place to another
• User friendly & easy to operate

88. • Expensive tool in educational
setting
• Health & safety is crucial to the
effective operation of computer
• Associated with physical
problems such as
musculoskeletal problems, eye
strain , electromagnetic radiation
risk etc