2. Organisms (i.e. plants, animals or micro
organisms) in which its genetic material
(mainly DNA) has been changed or altered.
Not naturally by mating and/or
recombination
Selected genes transferred also between non
related species
also called as “modern biotechnology” or
“gene technology” or “recombinant DNA
technology” or “genetic engineering”
The first GMOs were bacteria in 1973
2
3. 840 m people: surviving on
fewer than 8000 kJ/ Da
1.3 b people earn:
<US$1/day
3
9. Bacteria and Fungi
Various vitamins(Vitamin B2 , vitamin C)and
amino acids (glutamate, aspartame ,
cysteine ,etc)
Numerous enzymes used in foods and
medicinal purposes
Bioremediation(by Suicidal GEMs )-Exxon Oil
Company to patent an oil-eating
microorganism in 1980.
Biofuels
GE drugs(Genentech's Humulin in 1982)
9
bacteria
yeast
Biofuel
11. • Consists vitamin A
• Golden rice2 ( In 2003)-23 times
more
carotenoides
• Yellow color is due to plant
enzyme converts
Lycopene to B- carotenoides
• Began in 2008 in U.S
• Glycophosphate herbicide tolerant
• Restricted for cultivation
11
12. • Improved rapeseed free of
eonucic acid and glucosinolates
• Raw material for biodiesel,
industrial oils and lubricants
• Grown in Canada and Europe
• New variety contains vitamin A
• GM called as “ Canadian oil”
which is edible
12
13. • Genes incorporated coding for
Bt toxin(produced by Bacillus
thuringiensis)
• Natural insecticide
• Bt cotton first produced by
China
• India second largest producer of
cotton
13
15. • First commercially granted license
by FDA for human
consumption(1987)
• In 1994, California based company
by adding antisense gene.
• Sort of market in 1997 due to its
delicacy, shipping problem and off
taste
15
•Scorpion poison
•Kills caterpillars
•Toxic modified ,not
harmful for humans
16. • Mice generated in 1974
• Cats -In 2007 by South
Korean scientists
• Viruses for inserting red
fluorescent protein
• To make animals with
human genetic diseases
• In 1999 by Dr. Zhiyuan and
his colleagues at National
university of Singapore
• Green fluorescent protein
of jelly fish into Zebra fish
• Bioluminescence
• Detect pollution in
presence of toxins
• First GMO animal as pet
publically
16
17. University of Alberta
Bacterium that reduces 25%
methane (methane being 2nd major
contributor of green house effect
after co2)
Also called Franken swine
E. coli bacteria and mouse DNA to
pigs embryo
Decrease output of phosphorous by
70%
17
18. 18
GE Atlantic salmon
Gene from ‘ocean pout’
On switch for the
hormones
Nexia biotechnologies in 2000
Spider’s dragline silk gene
“Biosteel”-7 to 10 times
strong as steel
Artificial ligaments, tendons,
jaw repair, bullet proof vests,
car air bags
30 spider goats present
19. Australian pines-freezing
temperature
Loblolly pines-less lignin
Colorado pines-change color
to biological/chemical attack
Poplar trees-Pollution
fighting
(91% of tricycloethane)
Paper tree
Land mines detecting plants
(detect nitrogen dioxide)
> Consists of miR24 and human
interferon b-1a
> Malignant melanoma,
arthritis and multiple sclerosis
19
Poplar plant
Paper tree
ArborGen farm
20. Altered form of virus
Cells produce virus
proteins
Hepatitis B and Cholera
Seeding cow cartilage
cells into biodegradable
ear-shaped mould
Dr. Charles Vacanti,
University of
Massachusetts in 1995
Transplantation into
humans
20
21. Controversies of dissecting animals(April 2000, Germany)
Bared-skinned Chicken as a part of research project
Hebrew University by Israeli scientist(May22,2002)
21
22. Lemurat-cross between Lemur and
Cat
Dolion- Dog and Lion( Panthera leo)
Tiglon- Tiger(male) and Lioness
Liger-Lion and Tigress (P. tigris)
22
TiglonDolion
Liger
23. Ponga fern (Cyathea dealbata)
and Italian wolf spider( Lycosa
tarantula)
Massey University, New Zealand
Study survival rates(camouflage
v/s natural selection)
Designed for Practical reason
in Zimbabwe
Unlock dormant “flying”
strand in DNA
Believed to lost flying ability
millions years ago
Till now 6 are produced and
kept separate
23
24. 24
In 2002 Monsanto company
(US and Canada)-approval
for herbicide resistant GM wheat.
2 yrs later withdrew application
so now abandoned
Can cause allergy(400%)
Can affect food chain
Emergence of new diseases
Risk of cross breading(loss of wild species)