Acknowledgement Introduction What Is A Self-driving Car? Reason Behind The Making? Self-driving Car Technology: How Do Driverless Cars Work? How Fast Is 5G? Basic Physical Ecosystem Of An Autonomous Vehicle Key Components Of Self-driving Vehicles Impacts Of Self-driving Vehicles Potential Concerns Major Applications Conclusion References

1. A Project Based Learning – Project Report on
“ANATOMY OF SELF-DRIVING
VEHICLES”
By Under the guidance of
F.E. DIV-D GROUP 10 Prof. Awes Ansari

2. Acknowledgement
We are very grateful to our teacher who gave us a chance to work on this
project. We would like to thank him for giving us valuable suggestions and
ideas.
We also would like to thank everyone involved in this project and helped
us with their suggestions to make the project better.
Finally, we would like to thank our parents and friends for always being
with us and supporting us in every situation.

3. Introduction
Automated vehicles have been generating significant attention and
discussion, recently with almost every automobile company trying to
develop their respective autonomous vehicle concept and are successful in
achieving some levels of autonomy and are planning to start production of
driverless vehicles in few years. Even though people have mixed feelings of
excitement and insecurity regarding the driverless concept but will either
accept or reject it on the basis of the impacts of autonomous vehicles.
Researchers and analysts have already started considering the effects of
autonomous vehicles on carbon emission, number of cars per person, etc.
and are providing their views on vehicle automation. Self-driving cars will
need to outperform human driving capabilities for securing a larger
consumer market. But surely, it will have a huge impact on the timeline of
transportation and a landmark in human inventions.

4. What Is A Self-driving Car ?
Although current Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) provide
important safety functions such as pre-collision warnings, steering
assistance, and automatic braking, self-driving vehicles take these
technologies to the next level by completely removing the need for a
driver.

5. As a matter of fact, there are “levels” to autonomy, which breaks down as follows:
Level 0: The automated system has no control over the vehicle, but may prompt
the driver of hazards
Level 1: The driver and the automated system share control of the vehicle.
Examples of this can be found in most cars equipped with ADAS
Level 2: The automated system is capable of taking full control of the vehicle;
however, the driver must be ready to intervene if the system fails to recognize a
potential hazard
Level 3: The Automated system takes full control of the vehicle and the passenger
can safely take their attention away from driving tasks; however, they must still
be able to intervene
Level 4: Driver can safely divert all attention away from driving tasks and let the
automated system take full control. This functionality is currently limited to
specific “geofenced” areas and other relatively controlled environments
Level 5: No human intervention is required

6. Reason Behind The Making ?
• Driver error is the most common cause of road accident.
• Nearly 1.35 million people die in road accident each year.
• Using cell phone during driving, drink & drive, entertainment system are
the reason for the road accident.
• So, to solve this all problem driverless car is useful for us and this is a
reason behind making it.

7. Self-driving Car Technology: How Do
Driverless Cars Work ?
• Self-driving vehicles employ a wide range of technologies like radar, cameras,
ultrasound, and radio antennas to navigate safely on our roads.
• In modern autonomous vehicles, these technologies are used in conjunction with
one another, as each one provides a layer of autonomy that helps make the entire
system more reliable and robust.

8. • It is controlled by computer.
• It require input or instruction from human.
• After giving input or instruction it will drive automatically.
For example, Tesla’s driverless car technology, known as “Autopilot”, uses
eight cameras to provide 360-degree visibility, while twelve ultrasonic
sensors and a front-facing radar work to analyze the vehicle’s
surroundings for potential hazards.
However, one key component still in
development that will ultimately make
autonomous cars more reliable is the
implementation of 5G cellular networks.
Like the 4G LTE connections we’re accustomed to on our smartphones, 5G
is a type of mobile broadband that allows for the wireless transfer of data
from one device to another, only at a much, much faster rate.

9. How Fast Is 5G ?
At peak throughput, 5G promises to be close to
1,000% faster than 4G LTE, which will make
connection woes such as high latency and long
response times a thing of the past.
Equipped on autonomous cars, 5G networks will
allow for seamless communication from one
car to another, but it doesn’t stop there.
We are fast approaching a world dominated
by IoT devices, where everything, be it a
motorized vehicle or a traffic light, will be
connected to a high-speed network of some
sort, enabling all sorts of new and exciting
functionality.

10. Basic Physical Ecosystem Of An
Autonomous Vehicle
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Light Detection and Ranging
(LIDAR)
• Cameras (Video)
• Ultrasonic Sensors
• Central Computer
• Radar Sensors

11. Key Components Of Self-driving
Vehicles
GPS -
• Triangulates position of car using
satellites. Current GPS technology
is limited to a certain distance.
Advanced GPS is in development.
• Speed limits
• Upcoming obstacles
• Traffic report
• Directions
• Nearby collisions

12. Central Computer -
“Brain” of the vehicle. Receives information from various components and
helps direct vehicle overall.
• Determines -
i. How to accelerate
ii. When to slow down /stop
iii. When to steer the wheel
• Goal - Take the passenger to the destination safely.

13. Sensor Technologies -
LIDAR - Measures distance by
illuminating target with pulsed laser
light and measuring reflected pulses
with sensors to create 3-D map of
area.
Cameras - Provide real-time
obstacle detection to facilitate lane
departure and track roadway
information (like road signs).
Radar - Radio waves detect short &
long-range depth.
Ultrasonic Sensors - Uses high-
frequency sound waves and bounce-
back to calculate distance. Best in
close range.

14. Impacts Of Self-driving Vehicles
• Would cause a decrease in number of
accidents as it does not get distracted nor
gets tired and also is packed with safety
features like ABS and airbags. The driving
will be free from human errors and will safe
huge losses of life and money.
• Drivers will have time for anything else other
than driving which could be used for
relaxing, working or for entertainment, thus
adding up to the revenue of telecom industry
for example, if internet is used while
travelling therefore improving economy.
• Parking space will be reduced as the cars can
be parked very close together and the freed
spaces can be used for public parks and
community centres.

15. Potential Concerns
• The cost of maintenance and repair of the car will be very high.
• The car would have to be tested and the internal systems including the
software would have to be checked from time to time to avoid any
failure on the road.
• The law and the traffic rules will have to be updated regarding the
ownership and use of autonomous vehicles.
• The effect on economy due to loss of driving related jobs is also a
concern.

16. Major Applications
• Driverless cars can be used as regular cars for
driving from home to work.
• Autonomous vehicles can be used as self-
driving taxis, where the passengers just have
to input the destination. Uber has already
started trials for driverless vehicles offering
lifts to customers.
• The delivery trucks deliver goods across
countries travelling via long and dangerous
routes, in harsh road and weather conditions.
Self-driving trucks would be very essential for
delivering through such conditions.
• It can be used by older people, people with
disabilities and people who do not know how
to drive.

17. Conclusion
The automobile industry is ever-evolving with new technologies to
increase the handling and efficiency of the car being invented and
employed every year. The most anticipated and talked about topic –
‘autonomous vehicles’ will revolutionize the way people travel. With the
advent of autonomous vehicles just around the corner, experts are
evaluating the advantages/disadvantages and the impacts have been
discussed thoroughly but surely the positive impacts of driverless concept
are significant and cannot be disregarded. Also, the impacts turning
positive or negative hugely depends upon the mindset of humans using it,
thus regulations and rules are to be set for better results. The obstacles
are a cause of concern but can be improved with time and experience.
Therefore, due to some challenges it would not be wise to discard the
whole concept. The applications of autonomous vehicles are numerous
which would certainly be very helpful for transportation industry as self-
driving taxis and delivery trucks would reduce the manual labor a lot.

18. References
• International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562
Volume 13, Number 16 (2018) pp. 12710-12714
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
• www.sciencedirect.com
• https://youtu.be/xMH8dk9b3yA
• www.landmarkdividend.com/self-driving-car/
• www.mcca.com
• www.avamerica.org

19. Thank You !