SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  8
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Borrowing in theBorrowing in the
english languageenglish language
Words might be taken over from one languageWords might be taken over from one language
and are adopted to the other. This process isand are adopted to the other. This process is
calledcalled borrowingborrowing..
The reason for borrowingThe reason for borrowing
a suitable word froma suitable word from
another language is theanother language is the
need to find a term forneed to find a term for
an unfamiliar thing,an unfamiliar thing,
animal, or culturalanimal, or cultural
device.device.
Moreover, a further, oftenMoreover, a further, often
underestimated reason forunderestimated reason for
borrowing is prestige.borrowing is prestige.
On the one hand they serve toOn the one hand they serve to
enrich the language, but on theenrich the language, but on the
other hand the words makeother hand the words make
certain stylistic registers morecertain stylistic registers more
inaccessible to the masses.inaccessible to the masses.
““Hard words” (Gramley).Hard words” (Gramley).
Amongst the above mentionedAmongst the above mentioned
reasons for borrowing from foreignreasons for borrowing from foreign
languages, the most obvious andlanguages, the most obvious and
maybe also the most profound one ismaybe also the most profound one is
the introduction of new concepts forthe introduction of new concepts for
which there are no suitable words inwhich there are no suitable words in
the task language.the task language.
In the Middle Ages the Arabic worldIn the Middle Ages the Arabic world
was advanced in many sciences and thus,was advanced in many sciences and thus,
a lot of words have been passed on duringa lot of words have been passed on during
this time to other languages and also tothis time to other languages and also to
English.English.
Some of the best known examples areSome of the best known examples are
alchemy, alcohol, and algebra.alchemy, alcohol, and algebra.
Direct borrowing is when a language takesDirect borrowing is when a language takes
over a term directly from another language.over a term directly from another language.
The English word omelette is an example forThe English word omelette is an example for
direct borrowing because it has been takendirect borrowing because it has been taken
over from French (French: omelette) directly,over from French (French: omelette) directly,
without any major phonological orwithout any major phonological or
orthographical changes.orthographical changes.
In contrast to that, indirect borrowing takesIn contrast to that, indirect borrowing takes
place when a certain word is passed on fromplace when a certain word is passed on from
the source language to another (as a directthe source language to another (as a direct
borrowing), and then from that language isborrowing), and then from that language is
handed over to another and from this onehanded over to another and from this one
maybe even to another. This process may gomaybe even to another. This process may go
hand in hand with the development that thehand in hand with the development that the
word, each time it is passed on from oneword, each time it is passed on from one
language to another, is adjustedlanguage to another, is adjusted
phonologically/orthographically to make it fitphonologically/orthographically to make it fit
to the phonological/orthographical system ofto the phonological/orthographical system of
the recipient language.the recipient language.
Loanwords: they have beenLoanwords: they have been
imported/adopted from anotherimported/adopted from another
language, either directly orlanguage, either directly or
indirectly, and might haveindirectly, and might have
undergoneundergone
phonological/orthographicalphonological/orthographical
changes.changes.
Loanshifts (= loanLoanshifts (= loan
translations/calques): thetranslations/calques): the
borrowing is done by translatingborrowing is done by translating
the vocabulary item or rather itsthe vocabulary item or rather its
• the borrowing of a word into
another language is always a
gradual process which takes
quite some time.
This gradual might even lead
to the result that foreign
words which are borrowed
become ‘nativised’, in the case
of English then ‘anglicised’.

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Language, dialect, and varieties
Language, dialect, and varietiesLanguage, dialect, and varieties
Language, dialect, and varietiesSari Kusumaningrum
 
Language Shift and Language Maintenance
Language Shift and Language MaintenanceLanguage Shift and Language Maintenance
Language Shift and Language Maintenancemahmud maha
 
Language variation assgnmnt
Language variation assgnmntLanguage variation assgnmnt
Language variation assgnmntAyesha Mir
 
Bilingualism, code switching, and code mixing
Bilingualism, code switching, and code mixingBilingualism, code switching, and code mixing
Bilingualism, code switching, and code mixingMuslimah Alg
 
language and social variation
language and social variationlanguage and social variation
language and social variationhojjat namdaran
 
Sociolinguistics language variations
Sociolinguistics language variationsSociolinguistics language variations
Sociolinguistics language variationsUTPL UTPL
 
Paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations 2
Paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations 2Paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations 2
Paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations 2Hoshang Farooq
 
Language standardization: How and why
Language standardization: How and whyLanguage standardization: How and why
Language standardization: How and whyadm-2012
 
Language death completed presentation
Language death completed presentationLanguage death completed presentation
Language death completed presentationzeetariq
 
General linguistics
General linguisticsGeneral linguistics
General linguisticszhian asaad
 

Tendances (20)

Language, dialect, and varieties
Language, dialect, and varietiesLanguage, dialect, and varieties
Language, dialect, and varieties
 
Language Shift and Language Maintenance
Language Shift and Language MaintenanceLanguage Shift and Language Maintenance
Language Shift and Language Maintenance
 
Language variation assgnmnt
Language variation assgnmntLanguage variation assgnmnt
Language variation assgnmnt
 
Sociolinguistics
SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics
 
Bilingualism, code switching, and code mixing
Bilingualism, code switching, and code mixingBilingualism, code switching, and code mixing
Bilingualism, code switching, and code mixing
 
Syntax
SyntaxSyntax
Syntax
 
Language Variation
Language VariationLanguage Variation
Language Variation
 
Pidgin & creoles
Pidgin & creolesPidgin & creoles
Pidgin & creoles
 
Translation studies
Translation studiesTranslation studies
Translation studies
 
language and social variation
language and social variationlanguage and social variation
language and social variation
 
literary Translation
literary Translationliterary Translation
literary Translation
 
Sociolinguistics language variations
Sociolinguistics language variationsSociolinguistics language variations
Sociolinguistics language variations
 
Paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations 2
Paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations 2Paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations 2
Paradigmatic vs syntagmatic relations 2
 
Language standardization: How and why
Language standardization: How and whyLanguage standardization: How and why
Language standardization: How and why
 
Language death completed presentation
Language death completed presentationLanguage death completed presentation
Language death completed presentation
 
Hstorical Linguistics
Hstorical LinguisticsHstorical Linguistics
Hstorical Linguistics
 
General linguistics
General linguisticsGeneral linguistics
General linguistics
 
Lexicology
LexicologyLexicology
Lexicology
 
Standard english (slide)
Standard english (slide)Standard english (slide)
Standard english (slide)
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmatics
 

En vedette

Filipino psychology concepts and methods
Filipino psychology   concepts and methodsFilipino psychology   concepts and methods
Filipino psychology concepts and methodsyanloveaprilbordador
 
K 12 english 5 week 3 day 1
K 12 english 5 week 3 day 1K 12 english 5 week 3 day 1
K 12 english 5 week 3 day 1Arnel Bautista
 
K 12 english 5 week 1 day 3
K 12 english 5 week 1 day 3K 12 english 5 week 1 day 3
K 12 english 5 week 1 day 3Arnel Bautista
 
English 6-dlp-4-decoding-meaning-of-unfamiliar-words-using-structur
English 6-dlp-4-decoding-meaning-of-unfamiliar-words-using-structurEnglish 6-dlp-4-decoding-meaning-of-unfamiliar-words-using-structur
English 6-dlp-4-decoding-meaning-of-unfamiliar-words-using-structurAlice Failano
 
K-12 English 5 3rd Quarter Week 2
K-12 English 5 3rd Quarter Week 2K-12 English 5 3rd Quarter Week 2
K-12 English 5 3rd Quarter Week 2Arnel Bautista
 
Multiple meaning words
Multiple meaning wordsMultiple meaning words
Multiple meaning wordsEmily Kissner
 
Theory Of Demand 1
Theory Of Demand  1Theory Of Demand  1
Theory Of Demand 1Deep Janak
 
Supply and Demand
Supply and DemandSupply and Demand
Supply and DemandLina Nandy
 

En vedette (18)

Borrowing
BorrowingBorrowing
Borrowing
 
Filipino psychology concepts and methods
Filipino psychology   concepts and methodsFilipino psychology   concepts and methods
Filipino psychology concepts and methods
 
Words borrowed
Words borrowedWords borrowed
Words borrowed
 
K 12 english 5 week 3 day 1
K 12 english 5 week 3 day 1K 12 english 5 week 3 day 1
K 12 english 5 week 3 day 1
 
K 12 english 5 week 1 day 3
K 12 english 5 week 1 day 3K 12 english 5 week 1 day 3
K 12 english 5 week 1 day 3
 
Word borrowings in english
Word borrowings in englishWord borrowings in english
Word borrowings in english
 
Household Purchases
Household PurchasesHousehold Purchases
Household Purchases
 
English 6-dlp-4-decoding-meaning-of-unfamiliar-words-using-structur
English 6-dlp-4-decoding-meaning-of-unfamiliar-words-using-structurEnglish 6-dlp-4-decoding-meaning-of-unfamiliar-words-using-structur
English 6-dlp-4-decoding-meaning-of-unfamiliar-words-using-structur
 
Money & banking
Money & bankingMoney & banking
Money & banking
 
Money and Banking
Money and BankingMoney and Banking
Money and Banking
 
K-12 English 5 3rd Quarter Week 2
K-12 English 5 3rd Quarter Week 2K-12 English 5 3rd Quarter Week 2
K-12 English 5 3rd Quarter Week 2
 
Context Clues
Context CluesContext Clues
Context Clues
 
Money and credit
Money and creditMoney and credit
Money and credit
 
Multiple meaning words
Multiple meaning wordsMultiple meaning words
Multiple meaning words
 
Theory Of Demand 1
Theory Of Demand  1Theory Of Demand  1
Theory Of Demand 1
 
THEORY OF DEMAND
THEORY OF DEMANDTHEORY OF DEMAND
THEORY OF DEMAND
 
Supply and Demand
Supply and DemandSupply and Demand
Supply and Demand
 
Demand and supply
Demand and supplyDemand and supply
Demand and supply
 

Similaire à Borrowing in the english language

Language History
Language HistoryLanguage History
Language HistoryHector Vega
 
Languages in Contact.ilkhani.pptx
Languages in Contact.ilkhani.pptxLanguages in Contact.ilkhani.pptx
Languages in Contact.ilkhani.pptxssuser1ac0fa
 
Kurdish And English Borrowing
Kurdish And English BorrowingKurdish And English Borrowing
Kurdish And English BorrowingHalwest Xayat
 
How Language Changes Start And Spread Essay
How Language Changes Start And Spread EssayHow Language Changes Start And Spread Essay
How Language Changes Start And Spread EssayCynthia Smith
 
Chapter i, ii, iii
Chapter i, ii, iiiChapter i, ii, iii
Chapter i, ii, iiidianalesmana
 
Factors Of Language Change 1
Factors Of Language Change 1Factors Of Language Change 1
Factors Of Language Change 1Dr. Cupid Lucid
 
The Importance Of Language And Literacy
The Importance Of Language And LiteracyThe Importance Of Language And Literacy
The Importance Of Language And LiteracyTiffany Rose
 
ANTH1007 F2017 Language Acquisition
ANTH1007 F2017 Language AcquisitionANTH1007 F2017 Language Acquisition
ANTH1007 F2017 Language AcquisitionJeffMillar6
 
Linguistic Universal
Linguistic UniversalLinguistic Universal
Linguistic UniversalRuby Angela
 
Sounds1.pptx
Sounds1.pptxSounds1.pptx
Sounds1.pptxbrianjars
 
Spelling and pronunciation by Alkhima Macarompis
Spelling and pronunciation by Alkhima MacarompisSpelling and pronunciation by Alkhima Macarompis
Spelling and pronunciation by Alkhima MacarompisUntroshlich
 
Chapter 12.1.pptx
Chapter 12.1.pptxChapter 12.1.pptx
Chapter 12.1.pptxbrianjars
 
BIL3323 Linguistics Universal.pptx
BIL3323 Linguistics Universal.pptxBIL3323 Linguistics Universal.pptx
BIL3323 Linguistics Universal.pptxHema Kesevan
 

Similaire à Borrowing in the english language (20)

Language History
Language HistoryLanguage History
Language History
 
Languages in Contact.ilkhani.pptx
Languages in Contact.ilkhani.pptxLanguages in Contact.ilkhani.pptx
Languages in Contact.ilkhani.pptx
 
Kurdish And English Borrowing
Kurdish And English BorrowingKurdish And English Borrowing
Kurdish And English Borrowing
 
How Language Changes Start And Spread Essay
How Language Changes Start And Spread EssayHow Language Changes Start And Spread Essay
How Language Changes Start And Spread Essay
 
Language change
Language changeLanguage change
Language change
 
Chapter i, ii, iii
Chapter i, ii, iiiChapter i, ii, iii
Chapter i, ii, iii
 
Factors Of Language Change 1
Factors Of Language Change 1Factors Of Language Change 1
Factors Of Language Change 1
 
Hstorical Linguistics
Hstorical LinguisticsHstorical Linguistics
Hstorical Linguistics
 
Hstorical Linguistics
Hstorical LinguisticsHstorical Linguistics
Hstorical Linguistics
 
The Importance Of Language And Literacy
The Importance Of Language And LiteracyThe Importance Of Language And Literacy
The Importance Of Language And Literacy
 
ANTH1007 F2017 Language Acquisition
ANTH1007 F2017 Language AcquisitionANTH1007 F2017 Language Acquisition
ANTH1007 F2017 Language Acquisition
 
Linguistic Universal
Linguistic UniversalLinguistic Universal
Linguistic Universal
 
Sounds1.pptx
Sounds1.pptxSounds1.pptx
Sounds1.pptx
 
Language registers
Language registersLanguage registers
Language registers
 
Spelling and pronunciation by Alkhima Macarompis
Spelling and pronunciation by Alkhima MacarompisSpelling and pronunciation by Alkhima Macarompis
Spelling and pronunciation by Alkhima Macarompis
 
Linguistics.pptx
Linguistics.pptxLinguistics.pptx
Linguistics.pptx
 
Presentation.
Presentation.Presentation.
Presentation.
 
Chapter 12.1.pptx
Chapter 12.1.pptxChapter 12.1.pptx
Chapter 12.1.pptx
 
Week 9 language change
Week 9 language changeWeek 9 language change
Week 9 language change
 
BIL3323 Linguistics Universal.pptx
BIL3323 Linguistics Universal.pptxBIL3323 Linguistics Universal.pptx
BIL3323 Linguistics Universal.pptx
 

Dernier

Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Dernier (20)

Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 

Borrowing in the english language

  • 1. Borrowing in theBorrowing in the english languageenglish language Words might be taken over from one languageWords might be taken over from one language and are adopted to the other. This process isand are adopted to the other. This process is calledcalled borrowingborrowing..
  • 2. The reason for borrowingThe reason for borrowing a suitable word froma suitable word from another language is theanother language is the need to find a term forneed to find a term for an unfamiliar thing,an unfamiliar thing, animal, or culturalanimal, or cultural device.device.
  • 3. Moreover, a further, oftenMoreover, a further, often underestimated reason forunderestimated reason for borrowing is prestige.borrowing is prestige. On the one hand they serve toOn the one hand they serve to enrich the language, but on theenrich the language, but on the other hand the words makeother hand the words make certain stylistic registers morecertain stylistic registers more inaccessible to the masses.inaccessible to the masses. ““Hard words” (Gramley).Hard words” (Gramley).
  • 4. Amongst the above mentionedAmongst the above mentioned reasons for borrowing from foreignreasons for borrowing from foreign languages, the most obvious andlanguages, the most obvious and maybe also the most profound one ismaybe also the most profound one is the introduction of new concepts forthe introduction of new concepts for which there are no suitable words inwhich there are no suitable words in the task language.the task language.
  • 5. In the Middle Ages the Arabic worldIn the Middle Ages the Arabic world was advanced in many sciences and thus,was advanced in many sciences and thus, a lot of words have been passed on duringa lot of words have been passed on during this time to other languages and also tothis time to other languages and also to English.English. Some of the best known examples areSome of the best known examples are alchemy, alcohol, and algebra.alchemy, alcohol, and algebra.
  • 6. Direct borrowing is when a language takesDirect borrowing is when a language takes over a term directly from another language.over a term directly from another language. The English word omelette is an example forThe English word omelette is an example for direct borrowing because it has been takendirect borrowing because it has been taken over from French (French: omelette) directly,over from French (French: omelette) directly, without any major phonological orwithout any major phonological or orthographical changes.orthographical changes. In contrast to that, indirect borrowing takesIn contrast to that, indirect borrowing takes place when a certain word is passed on fromplace when a certain word is passed on from the source language to another (as a directthe source language to another (as a direct borrowing), and then from that language isborrowing), and then from that language is handed over to another and from this onehanded over to another and from this one maybe even to another. This process may gomaybe even to another. This process may go hand in hand with the development that thehand in hand with the development that the word, each time it is passed on from oneword, each time it is passed on from one language to another, is adjustedlanguage to another, is adjusted phonologically/orthographically to make it fitphonologically/orthographically to make it fit to the phonological/orthographical system ofto the phonological/orthographical system of the recipient language.the recipient language.
  • 7. Loanwords: they have beenLoanwords: they have been imported/adopted from anotherimported/adopted from another language, either directly orlanguage, either directly or indirectly, and might haveindirectly, and might have undergoneundergone phonological/orthographicalphonological/orthographical changes.changes. Loanshifts (= loanLoanshifts (= loan translations/calques): thetranslations/calques): the borrowing is done by translatingborrowing is done by translating the vocabulary item or rather itsthe vocabulary item or rather its
  • 8. • the borrowing of a word into another language is always a gradual process which takes quite some time. This gradual might even lead to the result that foreign words which are borrowed become ‘nativised’, in the case of English then ‘anglicised’.