Thesis- SIGNIFICANCE OF VERTICAL FARMING IN HYBRID ARCHITECTURE

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Significance Of Vertical Farming In Hybrid Architecture
DEAKIN UNIVERSITY
School of Architecture and Built Environment
Trimester 2 – 2017
SRR 711 – Master of Architecture Thesis
Unit Chair: Dr.Astrid Roetzel
Supervisor: Susan Ang
Field of study:
SIGNIFICANCE OF VERTICAL FARMING IN HYBRID
ARCHITECTURE
Submitted by
Swapnil Dattatray Wagh
Student ID - 215466522
Word Count: 8431

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Research Question:-
How vertical farming with hybrid architecture is significant
for Singapore?

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Abstract
Vertical Farming has been an essential theme of open deliberation
in the field of design, building, and agribusiness. There has been a
considerable measure of incredulity and doubt in the viability and
productivity of vertical farm in urban areas. With the globalisation,
world’s human population is increasing rapidly which might be reaching
10.6 billion in upcoming few decades. Moreover, 80% of the land
accessible for agribusiness on the planet as of now is already cultivated.
More emphasis should be given on Vertical farming so that, it will be
benefical for upcoming generations. Therefore, adopting sustainability is
something that is compulsory for consequent decades. Numerous
faultfinders trust that it is not reasonable or feasible to accomplish this
idea and the objective of this paper is to invalidate these misconceptions
by ampliyfing vertical farming in the future and to make it reliable for
billions of individuals; as incredible relocation is happening everywhere
throughout the world. This paper suggests significance of vertical farming
for developing generation of hybrid architecture. Sustainability is
absolutely necessary in design and thus it is considered by various
companies and governments. Vertical farming is the innovative way that
can be considered today empowering the capacity to shield rapidly
growing urban areas from transportation problems thus enhancing
standard of living, reducing desertification and enhancing urban spaces
by applying it to hybrid architecture.By analysing the importance of
Vertical farming through literature study, the result potrays that there are
many advantages to achieve goals of making urban cities surpass and
improving quality life of humans. To tap the monetary, natural and social
advantages of this innovation, broad research is required to advance the
creation procedure.
Keywords: Vertical farms (VF), Architecture, Urban Agriculture, hybrid
Architecture (HA)

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Declaration
I Swapnil Dattatray Wagh proclaim that this Thesis “ Significance of
Vertical Farming in Hybrid Architecture” is a unique report of my
examination, has been composed by me and has not been submitted for any past
degree. The exploratory work is completely my own work; the community
oriented commitments have been shown unmistakably and recognized. Due
references have been given on every single supporting writing and resources.I
announce that this Research was created without anyone’s help; only under
guidance of my supervisor , that the work contained in this is my own particular
aside from where unequivocally expressed generally in the content, and that this
work has not been submitted for some other degree or professional qualification
only submitted to deakin to fulfilling all requirements for 2016-2017 Academic
year in Master of Architecture course .
Date 26th
May 2017

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Acknowledgment
I want to express my earnest and most extreme appreciation towards
Susan Ang you have been a tremendous mentor for me, inspirations, help and
guidance that helped me throughout my thesis work. I will always be Indebted to
her for all she has done and it’s a pleasure to acknowledge her guidance and
support.
I would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Dr Astrid Roetzel for her
encouragement in my thesis work.
Finally, I would love to thank my parents, Dattatray Wagh and Asha Wagh with
my younger brother Harshwardhan Wagh for their support and encouragement
in my work. I thank my God, my great Father, for letting me through every one
of the challenges. I have encountered Your direction step by step. You are the
person who let me complete my degree.I will continue putting trust in You for
my future. Much obliged to you, Lord.

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Motivation to do this research
There are many reasons this new procedure of farming is picking up
introduction in the domain of sustainability. Its biggest claim to being "green" is
its capacity to be found and developed in thickly populated areas, a long way
from customary open air spaces, where the cost and ecological harm of
transporting produce is altogether diminished. In this way, as we investigated the
favourable circumstances and hindrances of vertical cultivating, beginning with
authentic points of reference that prompt today's hypotheses and rehearses and
when we have built up, at different scales, that urban hybrid architecture and
vertical farming are an answer, to lets comprehend what it really is , this research
ambition inspired me to put forward all important aspects for global city
Singapore.

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Table of Contents
Abstract................................................................................................................................. 3
Declaration............................................................................................................................ 4
Acknowledgment................................................................................................................... 5
Motivation to do this research ............................................................................................... 6
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................. 7
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................... 9
1.1) Research aim:- ..................................................................................................... 10
1.2) Primary objectives:- .............................................................................................. 10
1.3) Research objectives:- ........................................................................................... 11
2. Research method......................................................................................................... 11
2.1) Methodology:-....................................................................................................... 11
2.2) Research diagram:- .............................................................................................. 13
3. Defining vertical farming............................................................................................... 15
4. Is a novel approach to crop production needed............................................................ 15
4.1) The introduction of vertical farming concept:-........................................................ 16
4.2) The importance of Green areas in Urban design:-................................................. 18
4.3) Farm Walls to enhance the Aesthetical importance of Urban Living:-.................... 18
4.4) Vertical farming to Improve Urban Climate:-.......................................................... 18
4.5) Vertical farming - Cost Effectiveness:- .................................................................. 19
4.6) Vertical farming- Social Perspective:-.................................................................... 19
4.7) Examples: Understanding of designs present in a current time of vertical farming:-
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 Sky urban solutions: vertical farming – an urban agriculture solution:- .................. 20
 Mixed-Use Skyscrapers:-...................................................................................... 22
 Despommier's skyscrapers:-................................................................................. 22
 New Vertical Farm by Vincent Callebaut Architects:- ............................................ 23
 Existing vertical farms:-......................................................................................... 25
4.8) Advantages of concept:- ....................................................................................... 25
4.9) Disadvantage of concept:- .................................................................................... 27
4.10) Singapore’s Smart Governance of Food:-.......................................................... 28
5. The need for new stories hybrid architecture................................................................ 29
5.1) Hybrid architecture and infrastructure:- ................................................................. 30
5.2) Cultural adaptation and appropriation:- ................................................................. 31
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:- ........................................................................... 32
Recommendation:-.............................................................................................................. 34
References:- ....................................................................................................................... 35

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Figure 1The vertical farm model from above seen in the museum of science and industry,
Chicago. Figure 2 vertical farm in Dubai. Designed by Eric Ellingsen and Dickson
Despommier. ...................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3 Visualisation for thesis.......................................................................................... 13
Figure 4 Research process stages..................................................................................... 14
Figure 5 Structure of 11 weeks thesis ................................................................................ 14
Figure 6 Population of the world, 2000–2050, by UN projection variants............................ 16
Figure 7 World human population estimation. .................................................................... 17
Figure 8 Identified Cost Scenarios..................................................................................... 19
Figure 9 How buildings should look by Ken Yeang............................................................ 22
Figure 10 The Vertical Farm by Dick Despommier. ............................................................ 23
Figure 11 New Vertical Farm by Vincent Callebaut Architects............................................ 24
Figure 12 NGO, non-governmental organization. ............................................................... 25
Figure 13 The Centre for Liveable Cities' Liveability Framework ........................................ 28
Figure 14 Major food supply sources to Singapore............................................................. 29
Figure 15 Simplistic conceptual map.................................................................................. 31
Figure 16 Stakeholders ...................................................................................................... 32
Figure 17 The Vertical Farm model .................................................................................... 33

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1. Introduction
The higher rate of population growth causes shrinking resources, pollution and global
warming, which implies that we have to confront a lot of issues in future. We are altogether
gone up against with the effect of population growth on our condition. An Earth-wide
temperature boost is a major problem that is well-known worldwide, and lawmakers are in a
process to examine a considerable measure about reducing contamination and stop an Earth-
wide temperature increase. Still, there is a reality that we as a whole appear to overlook or
even kerb. Shouldn't something be said about the nourishment supply? As on the one side,
the total population builds, at the same time troublesome issue postures. In urban centres, the
predicted world population will reach 9 billion by 2050, of which 70% will live (United Nations,
2007)
Will there be sufficient space for all individuals on earth? Besides, will there be enough
nourishment for every one of us?
While contemplating this question, we also need to think about conceivable strategy for
determination of this issue like Vertical Farming.
The aim is to bring up vertical farming with the combination of future development in
architecture, which will help to enrich human life in a sustainable way.
The first step is to know more about Vertical Farming, the manner by which it works and to
understand about an establishment of the main thoughts for this idea of farming. Secondly, to
put accentuation on the focal points and drawbacks. By posting up better places, where this
way of farming has as of now go on tried or where restful a few activities are done, By posting
up better places, if this could likewise be an answer for Singapore and obviously for the entire
world in future time.
The reason to choose and to express the theme of ‘Vertical Farming' is to comprehend that
all human activities/decisions at present will influence subsequent eras. We need to consider
our reality in future time and ought to think about the way that the later ages will have a decent
life as we have it now. Moreover, due to limited awareness amongst many individuals, this
could be a genuine issue in future, and it could even prompt a food shortage. With this
advanced solid compound of many developing and developed nations; the vast urban areas,
metropolitans and such has encountered inescapable decrease of green area, because of
changing over significant green space to business structures and towers, plants, private flats
and hotels. Developing and sustaining green gardens and stops have turned out to be
challenging and more involved throughout the years. The real urban communities' warm file
has expanded step by step throughout the years. Overwhelming industrialisation, increment

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quantities of a car out and furthermore increment human population has turned into a critical
commitment to contaminations. This rapid, uncurbed and voluntary development has led to
greenhouse effects and pollution.
Vertical green fabric and its advancement influence the modern architecture/design. This
medium helps to revive the bionomical decency of urban areas. Creating green façade for
existing and upcoming structures can provide a few environmental benefits. It can be the
adaptable proposal of cautious dynamism considering available materials, supplements and
water necessary for the well-versed safeguarding of structures.
On this basis, the objective of discovering in additional about along these lines of farming, the
outcome of this research will have the capacity to make one understand about this theme and
to put forward every individual's opinion regarding it, after occupying this skilled work.
Figure 1The vertical farm model from above seen in the museum of science and industry, Chicago. Figure 2
vertical farm in Dubai. Designed by Eric Ellingsen and Dickson Despommier.
Image by Eric Ellingsen, Homero Rios and Mo Phala.
1.1) Research aim:-
The aim of study is to signify, identify and propose benefits to critical achievement
factors affecting vertical farming in hybrid architecture in Singapore region.
1.2) Primary objectives:-
 To conduct the literature review in the key performance factors affecting vertical
farming within the future development.
 To identify the importance of vertical farming influence in the combination of hybrid
architecture.
 To what degree vertical farming will make urban area sustainable as an ethic for
human life.

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1.3) Research objectives:-
Vertical farming is the urban farming of fruits, grains and vegetable, within building in
city or urban centre, in which floors are designed to accommodate individual crops.
The objective of this thesis is to perceive benefits of bringing vertical farming in the
hybrid architecture. One of the aims is Non-cost restoring of an ecosystem: the
principles of benign neglected, converting most food production to vertical farming
holds a promise of restoring ecosystem services and functions. The Second point is
urban sustainability; in which the principal objective is about making city self-
sustainable by introducing the concept of urban farming. The final research objective
is getting to study and understand social benefits of vertical farming which gives a
rewarding set of achievable goal to establish sustainability as an ethic for human life.
2. Research method
2.1) Methodology:-
Initially, the literature review is done keeping in mind the end goal to choose a plan to
show. Because of the oddity of the field, and also the modest number of relevant publications,
there was a predetermined number of intends to choose from – yet the ones that were found
were complete in nature (considering outlines found in Despommier (2009) and Fischetti
(2008) ). After reviewing the writing, the broad lines of Dr Dickson Despommier was the most
proper to be utilised as a reason for this research. This choice was constructed not just
concerning the way that Dr Despommier is credited with building up the idea of vertical
farming, but also because his exploration gave the most thorough and reasonable outline
when contrasted with alternate sources that were studied. Despommeir's Scientific American
distribution (Despommier, 2009) shows a picture of the plan.
There are six unusual steps are presented in this research. The considerations fall into three
primary sections: the literature overview, theoretical analysis and conclusion's . An initial
literature review was led to look at disregarding of whether current agriculture practices were
depleting our natural assets (natural resources), and whether it was sensible to investigate
other farming alternatives. This review was done considering space, vitality, wellbeing, and
environmental change point of view. Furthermore, a history and discussion of urban
horticulture were presented. The ancient backdrop of urban farming was given since it
suggested a feeling of the history and advancement of the idea, its applications in the past
and today, and the points of interest and related impediments. Vertical farming, a subset of
urban agribusiness, was then acquainted with to characterise the extent of the idea inside the
proposal.

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Since vertical farming is a moderately new idea, no different reviews were found that evaluated
the impression of vertically developed deliver. Similar carbon transformations that were
utilised as a part of Hospido's reports were used as a part of this proposition. Selection of
context will be analysis or to perceive the idea of the proposal in hybrid architecture where it
can get more definite advantages than other reasons. Furthermore, some general idea of
vertical farming is put forward to apprehend the potential solution.
Few of the examples of projects will be taken which gives a clear picture of different principles
in vertical farming.
The concluding chapter will be the attempt to investigate the sustainability of vertical farming
concept about their benefits for the built environment, a life cycle analysis (LCA) will be utilised
to see how vertical farming concept could improve to their environmental impact.
The theory is concluded with a part, which contains the conclusion, accomplishments and
suggestions for further research and practice.
A perception of the research strategy of this approach with relevant research questions per
section is given in the figure:3.

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2.2) Research diagram:-
Figure 3 Visualisation for thesis

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Figure 4 Research process stages
Figure 5 Structure of 11 weeks thesis

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3. Defining vertical farming
There are many reasons this new method of farming is picking up an introduction in the domain
of sustainability. Its biggest claim to being "green" is its capacity to be found and built in thickly
populated areas, a long way from conventional open air farming, where the cost and ecological
harm of transporting produce are altogether diminished. Along these lines, as we investigated
the points of interest and weaknesses of vertical farming, beginning with recorded points of
reference that prompt today's speculations and rehearses and when we have set up, at
different scales, that urban and vertical farming are an answer, let's comprehend what it is.
Vertical farming is a proposed horticultural procedure including extensive scale farming in
urban regions. This process depends on nursery innovation and incubator strategies. Vertical
farming concentrate on developing vegetables, herbs, natural products, etc. On the off chance
that expertly executed, these 'farmscrapers' could offer urban restoration, reasonable
generation of nourishment, and the possible repair of biological communities that have been
yielded for even farming. Will vertical farming ever take off? We are no less than 5 - 10 years
from such an idea. Despite everything we have enough land to bolster the masses in many
nations around the globe, and we haven't achieved crunch point right now. In any case, its
unquestionably believe that the idea should be given genuine thought, particularly as what is
being proposed is not stunning.
With cost components being the significant disadvantage, once less expensive arrangements
can be found in the development of these farmscrapers, customary farming may one day be
reformed. We may see customary ranchers working in conjunction with internal city
agriculturists in a supporting limit, to farm naturally a portion of the few yields that maybe can't
attainably be developed in a farmscraper environment. (Countryfarm Lifestyles, 2017)
4. Is a novel approach to crop production needed
Vertical farming is the urban farming of organic products, vegetables, and grains, inside a
working in a city or public focus, in which floors are intended to suit particular yields utilising
hydroponics (water with supplements) (Fischetti, 2008). While the concept of providing food
in urban areas is not the new one, committing an entirely high rise to develop and create is.
The idea of vertical farming is a massive scale expansion of urban agribusiness inside a
building ( Despommier, 2009).Novel commitments have been distributed on vertical farming.
Besthorn (2013) has inspected the historical backdrop of urban farming and investigated the
guarantee that vertical farming holds for groups with nourishment security issues. Kurasek
(2009) has given some engineering plans of how the idea might be developed. Sivamani, Bae,
and Cho (2013) have inspected the feasibility of smart innovation in farming and the guarantee
that it might hold for vertical farming.

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4.1) The introduction of vertical farming concept:-
Thoughts of vertical farming have been reported all through history, yet one of the most
accurate drawings of a tall building that develops nourishment for the reasons for eating was
distributed as ahead of schedule as Life Magazine 1909. The demonstration of plants was
created over 10,000 years prior in Mesopotamia and later in some different parts of the planet.
This domestication implied a significant change in the groups permitting them to have more
control and authority of their sustenance. Putting away ailments for winter or the following
harvest was the establishment of the human advancements. These public facilities have been
advancing in parallel with agribusiness procedures. Tractors and hardware are utilised today
in vast horticultural tracts. The developing populace has been requesting ailments, and the
business is giving them. Each and every day the entire world agribusiness surface is
expanding. These civilisation advancements have been developing in parallel with agriculture
strategies.
Figure 6 Population of the world, 2000–2050, by UN projection variants
[United Nations Population Division (UNPP 2009)]
As Despommier & Ellingsen (2009) and NASA and FAO stands, 80% of the land available for
agriculture on the Planet is already farmed. In either case, noteworthy loss of biodiversity and
disturbance of environment capacities on a worldwide scale has been the outcome (Wilson,
1992). In around five years, 153 of the world's 358 urban areas will have more than one million
tenants, 15 of them will be in Asia (Kunzig,2011).
"By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the earth's population will reside in urban centres. An
estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% more land than is represented by the country
of Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them if traditional farming practices
continue as they are practised today." (Despommier & Ellingsen. 2009)

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Figure 7 World human population estimation.
(Yasmin Rahman. 2012)
This circumstance requires new thoughts and arrangements ready to fulfil the world
sustenance request that ensures the supportability and conservation of the wild and natural
regions. The answer for this issue could be a Vertical Farm (VF). Vertical Farms is a
development idea of indoor farming; utilising the most exceptional innovations and productive
developing frameworks. As Despommier says on his website:
“Vertical farms, many stories high, will be situated in the heart of the world's urban centres. If
successfully implemented, they offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of
a safe and varied food supply (year-round crop production), and the eventual repair of
ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.” (Despommier. 2013). “Indeed,
the Vertical Farm is not merely about food, but about the unseen circuits of energy and
materials, labor and resources, capital and infrastructure, technology and politics upon which
our cities depend; food is only a single component of the Vertical Farm, the most visible part,
the market and marketable part […]; food, the only part of farming which consumers see while
the rest of the industrial process remaining invisible, unquestioned, absolved by sheer
ignorance “ (Despommier & Ellingsen. 2008) Vertical Farms are thought as a high rise put in
a urban territory ready to deliver enough nourishment to give the vast majority of the people.
Mechanical and practical procedures enable plants to develop quick and in a security domain.
New techniques can be utilized to develop plants without the need of common ground.
Individuals could visit these homestead manufacturing plants and have the capacity to know
every one of the procedures of the nearness green nourishment industry. “Indeed, the Vertical
Farm is not merely about food, but about the unseen circuits of energy and materials, labor
and resources, capital and infrastructure, technology and politics upon which our cities
depend; food is only a single component of the Vertical Farm, the most visible part, the market
and marketable part […]; food, the only part of farming which consumers see while the rest of
the industrial process remaining invisible, unquestioned, absolved by sheer ignorance

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“ (Despommier & Ellingsen. 2008) sustainable and Ecological farms are conceivable in the
Vertical Farm idea.
These days huge urban areas like Chicago, Singapore, Tokyo or New York have a popularity
for nearby and biological sustenance. Some early activities to assemble Vertical Farms begun
far and wide. The greater part of these illustrations are still in testing process however it is a
reasonable side effect that Vertical Farms is a critical inclining towards a maintainable and
natural nourishment industry.
4.2) The importance of Green areas in Urban design:-
Limited space for vertical farming and green spaces is the result of quick metropolitan
expansion. As a result, green dividers are accredited as green areas as the major strand of
the organising system by notable boards at the Sydney city (Ottelé, 2011). Thus this indicates
the significance of green space in urban societies where urban enhancement is developing
rapidly. Urban areas of developing nations are getting denser with an impressive rate which
results in degradation of green space, vegetation and development. This issue can be
overcome by green dividers to create uniform green spaces in urban societies. In future, this
fixed configuration will be characterised by nations like Singapore, Australia, New Zealand
and Europe for their planning of developed urban areas (P. Mark, 2009).
4.3) Farm Walls to enhance the Aesthetical importance of Urban Living:-
Once Frank Lloyd Wright said, "A doctor can bury his mistakes, but an architect can only
advise his clients to plant vines." Subsequently, his recommendations are considered to be a
smart choice for the fabrication of better aesthetics (L. Alter,2008). Building advanced green
partitions in urban planning will bring a quick affirmative change in urban societies. Notably, it
deals with the major problem where comprehensibility of green areas is acquired to be flatly
lesser continuously. In the creative method, green dividers can be planned and developed on
crumble or repulsive rigid buildings, scaffolds to enhance the building aesthetics and retain
charming and elegant evaluation of the earth. (Michelle,2011).
4.4) Vertical farming to Improve Urban Climate:-
Green walls directly affect living surroundings and urban societies. On green dividers, plant
leaves lose water by evapotranspiration decreasing temperature of a building envelope. Also,
these green dividers can be developed as hanging gardens in urban areas. As a result,
correspondingly it dominates microclimate of urban surroundings, thus improving the
favourable living conditions with green wall system as the element of urban habituation. (J.
Peter,2012)

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4.5) Vertical farming - Cost Effectiveness:-
The diverse cost situations shift as per the building parameters, creation parameters,
generation innovation, settled cost and variable cost edge (Figure 6 )
Figure 8 Identified Cost Scenarios
(Banerjee & Adenaeuer 2014)
Under the best situation, which in itself is not an extremely idealistic one, the cost of creating
palatable biomass in this framework is around 3.17 €/kg. In the most pessimistic scenario, that
is with no rescue esteem, high work prerequisite, hydroponic framework, and high cost edges,
it takes around 6.32 €/kg of natural organic products, vegetables and creature protein.
(Banerjee & Adenaeuer 2014) Crops require space, light, carbon dioxide and water, which is
accessible openly in nature. If there should be an occurrence of Vertical Farming all these
should be provided at a cost. Structures should be worked for the supplement conveyance
framework and stages for plant development alongside manufactured developing medium,
creating extra expenses. This could be a shortcoming contrasted with ordinary agribusiness;
nursery horticulture then again has comparable necessities. Mulling over this, Vertical Farming
is sensibly suitable just in spots where agribusiness is essential yet agro-climatologically hard
to be honed in the open, as in betray countries or uneven countries lacking level arable land.
This may likewise be defended as a space sparing methodology in Mega-urban areas where
land requests block setting up of parks and professional flowerbeds. (Banerjee & Adenaeuer
2014)
4.6) Vertical farming- Social Perspective:-
Vertical farming in urban planning leaves one more positive difference on the social point of
view. It is validated that green spaces can help to magnify emotional robustness and comfort.
Engaging green spaces in urban areas and designing access and visuals to such spaces can

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contribute to deal with problems like stress and weights collected by living and working people
in crowded urban regions. Thus this boosts the nature of social living conditions in particular
area. Residents in a region bordered by green spaces have reduced crime rates and a lesser
threat of danger than crowded areas. Hence, green dividers can be a part of this green space
extended in urban planning. Also, the people staying in such area treasure a higher unrolled
value. (F. Thompson,2012). On the off chance that vertical farming succeeds, it will build up
the legitimacy of sup-portability, independent of area or living thing. Vertical farming could end
up noticeably vital learning communities for future eras of city-tenants, showing our cozy
connectedness to whatever remains of the world by impersonating the supplement cycles that
at the end of the day can occur in the regular world. These characteristics re-risen as the
consequence of returning area back to the natural scene. (Ellingsen and Despommier 2008).
Sustaining Vertical Farms ideal inside the unfortunately developed areas of the world's biggest
urban settings, for example, Ethiopia, India, Central African Republic, the Gaza Strip, and so
on is not just sensible, it's useful. Taking these thoughts from space and sending these
methodologies in the space of our urban communities is not just sanely achievable, it might
be one of the best vehicles we need to go up against farming difficulties of the close and far
off future.
4.7) Examples: Understanding of designs present in a current time of vertical farming:-
 Sky urban solutions: vertical farming – an urban agriculture solution:-
Sky Urban Solutions is a Singapore-based organisation that works vertical farming
business. Established by Jack in 2011, the group built up a business vertical-farming
framework. Inside a limited capacity to focus three years, the organisation now involves
3.65 hectares of farmland in Lim Chu Kang, lodging more than 1,000 vertical-farming
towers (Straits Times, 2015; Singapore Magazine, 2015). It has a pilot extend in
Bangkok and organisations in Hainan in China (IE Singapore, 2014). In 2014, talks on
development had begun in different parts of China — Tianjin, Beijing, Fujian, and
Xian—and in other areas of the world — New York, Puerto Rico, and the Middle East.
The account of Sky Urban Solutions started with Sky Greens in 2009 when Jack
explored different avenues regarding Vertical Farming. Jack knew it is hard to wind up
plainly a rancher in Singapore given Singapore's rare regular assets. With an
aggregate land range of 718.3 square kilometers and almost 40 for each penny of
consumable water (Straits Times, 2010) and 60 for every cent of fossil oil (Nanyang
Technological University, n.d.) imported from Johor, West Malaysia, and the Middle
East separately, agribusiness would not be monetarily feasible in Singapore. Truth be
told, Singapore creates just 12 for every penny of neighbourhood utilisation of

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vegetables (Lim, 2015). More than 90 for each penny of nourishment utilisation is
subject to imports (Ludher, 2015).
After much examination, he made sense of an answer. "Why not build a farm vertically?
It'll be perfect for land-scarce Singapore" (IE Singapore, 2014). He chose to utilise his
designing engineering to make a straightforward but then manageable farming
framework to address the sustenance lack issue, and to build ranchers' profitability and
salary. Urban Sky Solutions produces crops industrially (using Sky Greens) and fares
vertical-farming innovation (using Sky Urban Vertical Farming System Private Limited)
to different nations. All the more imperatively, it has roused sprouting business
visionaries who are attempting to make esteem and discover particular importance in
business.
Issues confronting Sky Urban Solutions:
Sky Urban Solutions' strategic offer is an adaptable, modest, vertical-farming
framework that requires little power, water, and labour for land-rare, urban areas. Its
capability of urban recovery seemed appealing.
Novel technology at its infancy:
In an interview, director of ASEAN Consumer, Global Equity Research Division of
Standard Chartered Bank, Nirgunan Tiruchelvam said (CNBC, 2013), "[V]ertical
farming is an untested product. It is conceptually relatively novel therefore the
traditional alternatives will have exigencies over such innovative opportunity."
The need to consider total energy consumption:
The business feasibility of vertical farming over the long haul would be profoundly
reliant on the capacity to adjust capital cost against beneficial yield deals at aggressive
discount market costs (Griffiths, 2014). The operation of Vertical Farming won't be as
feasible as announced. Kuswardhani, Soni and Shivakoti (2013) analysed the vitality
utilisation of vegetables that were created in a nursery and open field and found that
the proportion of yield to information vitality differed for products of the soil.
Marketing challenges:
By 2015, Sky Greens delivered five sorts of vegetables, to be specific, caixin, naibai,
kangkung, spinach, and lettuce. The vast majority of Sky Greens' vegetables are sold
under the brand Sky Greens at NTUC Fair Price Finest general stores. The vegetables
are more costly contrasted with comparable create from Malaysia and China.

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 Mixed-Use Skyscrapers:-
The Malaysian planner Ken Yeang is likely the most broadly known utilised that has
advanced the possibility of the 'Mix-Use Skyscrapers'. This is a mix of occupies where
individuals can live or work with Vertical Farms where nourishment is delivered. The
Mixed-Use Skyscrapers were proposed as a common planting space where building
habitants could develop their particular food. This choice requires less introductory
venture than the accompanying options displayed in this part what is an unmistakable
favourable position. Blended Use Skyscrapers are the Vertical Farms sort utilised as
a part of this Thesis for the Seagram Building change, where office work and farm
products will exist together. (Prades Villanova 2013)
Figure 9 How buildings should look by Ken Yeang.
(www.treehugger.com)
 Despommier's skyscrapers:-
Dickson Despommier, a teacher of natural wellbeing sciences and microbiology at
Columbia University in New York City, modernised the possibility of vertical farming in
1999 with graduate understudies in a medicinal environment class. He stands that
Vertical Farms could be a maintainable choice for some reasons.
"The cultivation of plant and animal life within skyscrapers will produce less embedded
energy and toxicity than plant and animal life built on natural landscapes. "
(Despommier 1999) He additionally asserts that natural landscape are excessively
dangerous for characteristic natural life; considering the high expenses of
transportation in the current agrarian and sustenance creation framework, construct
high rises for the straightforward motivation behind farming generation could be a

23
feasible arrangement in spite of the biological and ecological expenses of building
them. (Prades Villanova 2013)
Figure 10 The Vertical Farm by Dick Despommier.
(www.inhabitat.com)
The Vertical Farm idea protected by Despommier is a high rise structure where plants and
creatures could grow 24 hours a day 365 days a year in a hermetically fixed condition where
herbicides and bug sprays are not important to ensure the generation. “Together with Graff,
and after disagreeing with Despommier's technical assumptions
regarding energy and water balances in 2011, Tahbit Chowdhury and a multidisciplinary
team from Waterloo's Dept. of Environmental Engineering and Dept. of Systems Design
Engineering augmented the concepts with a focus on low-energy economically-intensive
proteinproduction.” (www.wikipedia.org)
 New Vertical Farm by Vincent Callebaut Architects:-
With the growth of population around the world, and spending assets from the earth,
as David Gardner with Growth Busters is instructing individuals about, we will need to
begin developing our own particular natural nourishment, as in developing sustenance
rather than gardens, finding out about permaculture/sustenance timberland, living
sustainable as Bruce Perlowin is making Kins Domain's, and setting up vertical farming
or additionally called sky farms in concentrated cities. (Dude, 2017) Checking out with
Koooool vertical farm idea Vincent Callebaut has come up with! “The French firm of
Vincent Callebaut Architects has unveiled a new vertical farm project, this time for the
growing megalopolis of Shenzen. Based upon the idea of a cairn, a stack of rocks to
mark a hiking trail, the Shenzhen Asian Cairn Farmscraper project is a series of six
towers. The mixed-use eco-towers provide space for residences, offices, retail,
recreation and food production. Integrated sources of renewable energy, sustainable

24
farming, rainwater and grey water recycling all work in harmony to provide healthy
living in a rapidly growing, dense, urban environment.” (Dude, 2017)
Figure 11 New Vertical Farm by Vincent Callebaut Architects
(Dude, 2017)
Organized on a circular site, the project consists of six towers that resemble a cairn,
or a stack of stones. people are running to the urban communities around the globe,
particularly in China with 75% of the Chinese populace anticipated to live in urban
situations by 2030. To reduce the weights put on the city by this inundation, options
must be considered for energy creation, producing food and overseeing waste. Much
like Vincent Callebaut's proposition for New York City, the Dragonfly, Asian Cairns is
a blended utilize extend that backings feasible and sound living in Shenzhen. (Dude,
2017) Composed on a round site, the venture comprises of six towers that take after
a cairn, or a pile of stones. The vertical farm contain neighborhoods, workplaces and
recreation spaces, and the land encompassing the tower goes about as urban green
space and water recovery ranges for rainwater and grey water. The rock like volumes
are really steel rings and give heaps of normal sunlight inside. Building coordinated
photovoltaics and vertical hub wind turbines give sustainable power source, while
squander water is handled and reused in bowls. Rich gardens and developing ranges
not just create nourishment for the inhabitants of the complex, additionally work to
enhance air quality. The project attempts to tackle the issue of giving assets in an
economical way to thick urban environment. No word yet on whether the idea will
turn into a reality. (Dude, 2017)

25
 Existing vertical farms:-
Figure 12 NGO, non-governmental organization.
(Despommier, 2013)
4.8) Advantages of concept:-
 Preparation for the future:-
As it is displayed in the introduction, the world human populace is expanding
exponentially while the rate of effectively utilised land at the Earth helpful for
horticulture is evaluated around the 80%. Creating Vertical Farms is likely the initial
step to figure out how to advance indoor farms on the Earth to then dispatch this
innovation to the theoretical space settlements.
 The increase in crop production:-
Traditional farming has the impediment of the seasons, and the vast majority of them
create just once per year. Vertical Farming could be conceivable to develop plants in
all seasons, which increase the efficiency of the cultivated surface (Despommier
(2009)) Indoor farming additionally gives an additional security against maladies or
some other natural phenomena that influence the profitability in customary farming
fields. Vertical Farms have more creation and furthermore greater unwavering quality
and well-being.
 Sustainable environments for urban areas:-
Setting Vertical Farms at the urban areas additionally implies a break with the duality
city farmlands. Vertical Farms could have numerous reasons notwithstanding
developing plants; a primary market could be spotted at the structures, and also
eateries. Additionally, Vertical Farms could be a place where to introduce your
organisation in office floors or whatever other activities.

26
 Organic crops:-
Vertical Farms have a controlled indoor condition where plants can develop. This
secured condition lessens the need for any pesticides or herbicides and additionally
whatever another sort of synthetic items. Additionally, individuals take more thought
about their wellbeing through the ailments natural nourishment is in effect more
esteemed.
 Healthier Workplace:-
Conventional farming could be a dangerous occupation with some specific dangers
such introduction to irresistible sicknesses like jungle fever, and additionally
schistosomiasis and presentation to hazardous chemicals utilised as a part of farming
as pesticides or fungicides. Too perilous circumstances in showdowns with natural life
like venomous snakes or some different creatures. Serious wounds can occur with the
utilisation of substantial mechanical farming gear. Vertical Farming decreases the
introduction to a significant portion of these dangers giving a more secure working spot
to specialists and representatives.
 Reduction of fuel consumption:-
As an outcome of this fuel utilisation diminishment, fewer discharges are removed to
the climate, which is yet another motivation to depend on the ecologically friendly
vertical farming. Staying away from transportation additionally, brings about less waste
and invasion. Inquire about has demonstrated that 30% of reaped harvests are
squandered because of decay and pervasion; however, this number is much lower in
developed countries. (Despommier. 2009)
 Flexibility with placement:-
“Such a farmscraper in Antarctica could grow food normally grown in Florida, while
another section grows what is seen in Central Europe, and other parts of the building
could grow a myriad of food indigenous to many countries. Sometimes, temperatures,
humidity and other conditions ideal for one type of food may not be ideal for another,
which is why rooms and sections must have sealed double-doorways apart from one
another, to ensure an “airlock effect” of not letting one room’s artificial climate enter
another and alter the growth of certain crops.” (Chuck Martin. 2013)

27
4.9) Disadvantage of concept:-
 Land Use:-
A typically misguided judgment about vertical farms is that they would have the
capacity to supplant the current farming we as of now utilise. It is unimaginable for
vertical farming to displace conventional ones because vital harvests like corn, rice,
and wheat would not flourish and also products of the soil. This implies conventional
harvests will never wind up noticeably out of date. A few products are quite recently
not helpful for nursery development (new concepts for cities that produce - food for
billions (technological, economic, social, and legal aspects of vertical farming), 2015).
 Economics:-
One of the greatest obstructions that Vertical Farms need to overcome is the
economical side. These structures are excessively costly; the high innovation required,
the high technology, and so on. It is meant a tremendous start-up costs that without
the assistance of the utilised are impractical to exertion. "The initial building costs will
be easily over $100 million, for a 60-hectare vertical farm. Office occupancy costs can
be very high in major cities, with cities such as Tokyo, Moscow, Mumbai, Dubai, Milan,
Zurich, and Sao Paulo ranging from $1850 to $880 per square meter, respectively."
(Pocket World in Figures, The Economist, 2011 ed. pg. 64)
 Energy use:-
"The reasonable amount of light, which is over 90% utilised by field crops, is being split
between 30 or so floors, ten to forty watts per square foot of supplemental light will be
required." Feedback is that the power utilisation for such a substantial venture would
be excessively costly and not legitimate when conventional harvests just need to utilise
regular daylight. Energy would likewise be utilised for the warming of the vertical farm
in the winter months in cooler atmospheres. One of the many favourable
circumstances is having year-round products, yet the weakness to this is the warming
expenses related to keeping it running (new concepts for cities that produce - food for
billions (technological, economic, social, and legal aspects of vertical farming), 2015).
Bruce Bugbee (2009), a crop physiologist at Utah State University, trusts that the
power requests of vertical farming will be excessively costly and non-competitive with
customary farming utilising just free natural light.
 Pollution:-

28
“As plants acquire nearly all their carbon from the atmosphere, greenhouse growers
commonly supplement CO2 levels to 3-4 times the rate typically found in the
atmosphere. This increase in CO2, which has been shown to increase photosynthesis
rates by 50%, contributes to the higher yields expected in vertical farming. It is not
uncommon to find greenhouses burning fossil fuels purely for this purpose, as other
CO2 sources, like from furnaces, contain pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and
ethylene which significantly damage plants."( Blom, T.J.; W.A. Straver; F.J. Ingratta;
Shalin Khosla; Wayne Brown (2002-12)."Carbon Dioxide in Greenhouses")
4.10) Singapore’s Smart Governance of Food:-
The Government of Singapore become conscious early about the necessity for
practical betterment to develop a habitable community. Their development was in the
last fact-finding towards accommodating high standard of living, concentrated
economy and empirical sector. Singapore planned its province in the context of
industrialisation due to limited land and dissension from other countries which could
provide support and livelihood at assertive costs. Singapore government, with the help
of driving regulations and long trail planning, developed all parts of their country thus
producing nourishment stimulation in their approach to planning. The Centre for
Liveable Cities has improved Singapore's advancement standards in its Liveability
Framework (see Figure:11 The Centre for Liveable Cities' Liveability Framework).
Singapore has organised its nourishment policy working on four grades like to perform
and administer with favourable outcome, functioning with business sectors, following
and enhancing comprehensively and incorporating the category as partners.
Figure 13 The Centre for Liveable Cities' Liveability Framework

29
 Working with Markets and the Private Sector:-
Government offices presumed crucial component in functioning with industry and
markets to segregate food sources to assure that the Singapore’s food is shielded
resistant to obtrusion or impact from any associate or single sources.
Figure 14 Major food supply sources to Singapore
(AVA, 2015b)
5. The need for new stories hybrid architecture
In their recent work titled 'Hubris and Hybrids', Mikael Hard and Andrew Jamison (2005)
talk about the process of 'cultural appropriation' as an approach to the historical
analysis of science and technology. The process of cultural appropriation, they argue, is
"by which new things and new ideas are made to fit into established ways of life" (Hard &
Jamison, 2005, p. 4). In this view, they argue that there is possibly an "additional set of stories
that need to be told, the ones about using, learning, interpreting and giving meaning, which
follows story lines of appropriation" (Hard & Jamison, 2005, p. 4). Cultural appropriation is
defined as a process in "which novelty is brought under human control" (Hard & Jamison,
2005, p. 4). In other words, it could be viewed as a concern to re-create human and
social values to make sense of new ideas and products. They argue that the world
around us is composed of different practical skills and knowledge systems, social
roles and competencies, visions and practices that are constructed by human
life. The storylines of appropriation are those of combinations and compositions. In other
words, they are coherent narratives of hybridization that are composed of practices,
institutions and discourses. However, it is important to note that 'appropriation' is not a
modern or newly invented conception. Hard and Jamison (2005) provide historical
references where appropriations have happened in the form of mediating
devices. Societies have often acquired new identities and altered their needs to make

30
use of new scientific and technological developments. Similarly, Jandl (2006) argues that
contacts between local and global forces have often resulted in the "hybridization of collective
identities and struggles over representation".
5.1) Hybrid architecture and infrastructure:-
Hybrid architecture defines as hybrid all architectural intervention that is at once object,
landscape and infrastructure.
Hybrid architecture, pushed by the way that it packs in a solitary design intercession a
triple protest, scene and foundation related nature, produces building answers with
individual components, which broaden the applied structure of subjects that are
transversal and consubstantial to engineering. All architectural intercession is
characterised as cross-over that is on the second question, scene and framework, an
architectural mediation that all the while meets three conditions:
_It is a physical intercession that, therefore of a venture, proposes a building space
created on the premise of human mediation.
_It is an architectural mediation, which is in the meantime a scene: the building
intercession incorporates indivisibly into the scene.
_It is the double an architectural intervention and a framework: in changing into a
segment of the foundation itself, the design intercession joins some portion of its laws.
The way that the architectural object consolidates the infrastructural nature into its own
infers the precondition that this question turns into a necessary piece of an
infrastructural arrangement of a higher request.
While it has the self-sufficiency typical for every building object, a crossover is
additionally a segment of foundation incorporated in a more extensive infrastructural
framework — considered to assimilate streams of course with its own particular laws
and to work.
The portability turns into a centre nature of the compositional mediation with
tremendous results concerning the spatial design:
_As far as the programmatic measurement is concerned; spaces of course coordinate
into the domain of the essential spaces as a feature of the centre program and involve
a more prominent extent of the surface in respect to the whole accessible surface.
_As far as the request framework is concerned; the way that the cross breed protest
has a place with an infrastructural arrangement of an unusual application will bring

31
about the fundamental consolidation of some portion of the laws characterising this
infrastructural framework as a requesting framework into the beginning of the half and
half.
_As far as the state of point of confinement is concerned, the crucial state of physical
coherence between the physical zone characterizing the venture and the
infrastructural framework to which it has a place, prompts the vanishing of the idea of
utmost related with that of outskirt in light of the rise of its definition as space of move.
5.2) Cultural adaptation and appropriation:-
Cultural adaptation is a standout among the most basic calculate the proposed arrangement
of hybridization, particularly about globalization with vertical farming. Talked about before,
globalization has quickened the procedure of social change and has a tendency to keep
societies from experiencing a procedure of social adjustment. Selection of new thoughts and
components from an outside culture has a tendency to undermine the procedure of social
change. Like social collaboration, the proposed crossbreed framework requires a system to
address the procedure of social apportionment. This system could give the vital basic
leadership instruments and highlight the potential outcomes and additionally restrictions of
social appointment. (PARTHASARATHY 2013). A characterized assembling process
characterizes task, activities, choices and assets expected to actualize the venture. Having a
procedure infers that data; activities and assets can be followed all through the range of the
venture. The RIBA procedure was consequently a decent indicate start the examination of a
half and half building process. (Adeyeye, Bouchlaghem & Pasquire 2010)
Figure 15 Simplistic conceptual map
(Adeyeye, Bouchlaghem & Pasquire 2010)

32
Utilizing Field Theory as a hypothetical approach encouraged a more precise way to deal with
investigating the hybrid project handle all the more efficiently and by joining data and materials
with individuals and coordinations, a clearer photo of a hybrid architecture extend process was
determined (fig 13). Hypothetically, the fundamental driver for a hybrid-building task is change
executed after some time. Individuals utilizing data to infer a more practical completed venture
actualize change all through the procedure. The guide demonstrates the working as the
specific situation additionally as a consistent. The building changes however the site setting
continues as same. (Adeyeye, Bouchlaghem & Pasquire 2010). Therefore, it is great
combination of vertical farming with hybrid architecture to enhance architecture for mix use
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:-
Vertical Farms is another idea that is still in a creating procedure. Numerous researchers and
organisations, and a few governments have finished short strides. VF is a likely answer for the
issues that our planet is going to exertion. Numerous issues have emerged, and the innovation
is still in a creating procedure yet it appears that whatever other thought is confronting the
future and Vertical Farm idea is doing. Vertical Farms could be a future arrangement, yet it
needs an ease back procedure to mindfulness individuals and the entire society to put stock
in this plausibility. Customary ranchers could be against this thought, so it is likewise
imperative to think about effective approaches to show to the public about many favourable
circumstances of the Vertical Farms without concealing the issues related. (Prades Villanova
2013)
Figure 16 Stakeholders
Before the advancement of urban CITIES and AGRICULTURAL terrains, a well differing
biological system in nature was found, comprising of assortments of widely varied vegetation.
Present day improvements have fundamentally decreased that natural variety. Vertical
farming can be seen as a smaller than expected biological community. Thus this may make a

33
particular territory to an assortment of plant-animal categories in addition to supporting and
pulling in living beings, for example, honey bees, small types of winged creatures like
murmuring fowl, woman bugs and furthermore butterflies.
The combination of new architecture style like hybrid architecture will support to enhance all
these natural aspect to be happen in farmlands in city areas. Due to getting over populated in
country like Singapore it is must to bring up concept like mixing farms and structure which will
indirectly boost up quality life in urban areas and form pleasing aesthetic of structures. Figure
17 is good example of concept, which is favourable for social benefits of public life. The
combination of a particular part or feature of spaces in one structure which can be called as
hybrid architecture is modifying dimension of urban city life while maintaining the feel of close
nature.
Figure 17 The Vertical Farm model
(Ellingsen and Despommier 2008)
“The Vertical Farm model is a 23' interactive model, featured in the Fast Forward exhibit at the
Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, IL. The model was designed and built by Eric Ellingsen
and TJ McLeish; Student Design and build team: Homero Rios, Ryan Szanyi, Stephanie Herrera,
Sabine Kollwitz, Adie Rios, William Hutchison, John Castro, iVandieh Salimi Consulting and Dickson
Despommier.”
The attributes of Singapore are reasonable to put the primary Vertical Farm working on the
planet. Singapore has just 710 square kilometers and the greater part of the land is urbanized.
The reliance of this nation of imported sustenance is impede that this Vertical Farm needs to

34
limit delivering more than 0.5 tons of vegetables for each day. Besides, the primary objective
of the organization is to achieve the 2 tones in couple of years. (Prades Villanova 2013)
It is important to promote vertical farming in hybrid architecture with future development
because of following expected conclusions:-
 Living in an urban building with vertical farming provides a better quality of living.
 For awareness of sustainability, education is the must.
 Ecological principles can be adopted faster in the young generation.
 There will be better educational impact through live experience .
 Good visualisation animates understudy's interest and innovativeness.
 City( Singapore) development will be taken to a higher level onto nature.
 Great solution for future development with the combination of vertical farming and hybrid
architecture.
The greatest danger to VF is doubt from business and the scholarly community (e.g. Richard,
2005; Alter, 2010), and it is not by any means unwarranted. Till date no venture has essentially
exhibited the reasonability of a VF at this scale, most exist in little research activities or as idea
drawings by architects. In this manner it is basic that start take off alone acknowledgment
would require persuading at various levels and henceforth requires some genuine research.
(Banerjee & Adenaeuer 2014).
Recommendation:-
With the development world is getting globalize and human population has started
creating issue in consumption of food for which farmlands scarcity is happening. For the
securing natural resources and giving good hope to future generation a smaller steps should
be taken to make vertical farming successful with bringing out strong potentials ; in-depth
research on point of applying vertical farming with advance urban design structure like
hybrid architecture should be done. Area of future research can be more context specific
with environmental impact on surrounding.

35
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