Bhubaneswar underwent a transformation from an ancient town to a modern city after 1948 when German architect Otto Konigsberger planned it as the capital of Odisha. Konigsberger applied the neighborhood concept developed by Clarence Perry, dividing the city into units with schools, markets, and offices accessible by pedestrian paths. He suggested a hierarchy of seven road types to serve different functions and users. Neighborhoods were clustered by occupation, education, and income, with facilities available within each unit.