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BRITISH STANDARD                                           BS 6431-1:
                                                           1983
                                                           EN 87:1991
                                                           Incorporating
                                                           Amendment No. 1



Ceramic floor and wall
tiles —
Part 1: Specification for classification
and marking, including definitions and
characteristics




The European Standard EN 87:1991 has the status of a
British Standard




UDC 691.433 – 41 – 033.6:693.6/7:69.022.3/4:69.025.334.2
BS 6431-1:1983


                                Cooperating organizations

                                The European Committee for Standardization, under whose supervision this
                                European Standard was prepared, comprises the national standards
                                organizations of the following Western European countries:

                                Austria             Oesterreichisches Normungsinstitut
                                Belgium             Institut belge de normalisation
                                Denmark             Dansk Standardiseringsraad
                                Finland             Suomen Standardisoimisliito, r.y.
                                France              Association française de normalisation
                                Germany             Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
                                Greece              Hellenic Organization for Standardization
                                Iceland             Technological Institute of Iceland
                                Ireland             National Standards Authority of Ireland
                                Italy               Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
                                Luxembourg          Inspection du Travail et des Mines
                                Netherlands         Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut
                                Norway              Norges Standardiseringsforbund
                                Portugal            Instituto Portuguès da Qualidade
                                Spain               Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación
                                Sweden              Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige
                                Switzerland         Association suisse de normalisation
                                United Kingdom      British Standards Institution




This British Standard was
published under the
authority of the Board
of BSI and comes
into effect on
30 December 1983                Amendments issued since publication

© BSI 07-1999                   Amd. No.    Date of issue   Comments

The following BSI references
                                7088        July 1992       Indicated by a sideline in the margin
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference CLB/2
Draft for comment 76/12984 DC


ISBN 0 580 136140
BS 6431-1:1983


                Contents

                                                                                             Page
                Cooperating organizations                                       Inside front cover
                National foreword                                                                ii
                Foreword                                                                         2
                1    Scope                                                                       3
                2    References                                                                  3
                3    Definitions                                                                 3
                4    Classification                                                              4
                5    Characteristics                                                             4
                6    Marking and specification                                                   4
                7    Ordering, sampling and acceptance conditions                                5
                National appendix A                                                              8
                National appendix B                                             Inside back cover
                Figure 1 — Symbols used to define dimensions                                     4
                Table 1 — General definition of dimensions                                       4
                Table 2 — Classification of ceramic tiles according to their groups
                and their specific product standard                                              5
                Table 3 — Characteristics for different application                              6




© BSI 07-1999                                                                                     i
BS 6431-1:1983


                 National foreword

                 This Part of this British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the
                 Clay Products Standards Committee and is the English language version of
                 EN 87:1991 “Ceramic floor and wall tiles. Definitions, classification,
                 characteristics and marking” published by the European Committee for
                 Standardization (CEN).
                 EN 87 was produced as a result of international discussion in which the UK took
                 an active part.
                 Attention is drawn to the use in this standard of the comma as a decimal marker.
                 This is to accord with European practice, but it should be noted that it is current
                 practice in British Standards to use a full point on the baseline as a decimal
                 marker.
                 Additional information. It is unlikely that standards for the group C tiles,
                 made by a cast process, will be published as there is now only a small production
                 of this type in Europe.
                 When marking or specifying a product (see 6.1 and 6.2) the manufacturer may
                 mark or specify by reference to either the European Standard or the British
                 Standard.
                 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
                 contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

                 Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
                 from legal obligations.




                 Summary of pages
                 This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
                 the EN title page, pages 2 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover.
                 This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
                 amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
                 inside front cover.


ii                                                                                      © BSI 07-1999
EUROPEAN STANDARD                                                                  EN 87
NORME EUROPÉENNE
                                                                                   July 1991
EUROPÄISCHE NORM


UDC 691.433 – 41 – 033.6:693.6/.7:69.022.3/4:69.025.334.2

Descriptors: Tiles, coating slabs, ceramic coatings, classifications, dimensions, designations

                                                         English version

  Ceramic floor and wall tiles — Definitions, classification,
                characteristics and marking




Carreaux et dalles céramiques pour sols                               Keramische Fliesen und Platten für
et murs — Définitions, classification,                                Bodenbeläge und Wandbekleidungen —
caractéristiques et marquage                                          Begriffe, Klassifizierung. Anforderungen und
                                                                      Kennzeichnung


                  This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1991-07-17. CEN members
                  are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
                  stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a
                  national standard without any alteration.
                  Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
                  standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any
                  CEN member.
                  This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,
                  German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
                  responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the
                  Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
                  CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
                  Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
                  Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
                  United Kingdom.




                                                               CEN
                                          European Committee for Standardization
                                            Comité Européen de Normalisation
                                            Europäisches Komitee für Normung
                             Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© CEN 1991 Copyright reserved to all CEN members
                                                                                                 Ref. No. EN 87:1991 E
EN 87:1991




Foreword
This European Standard was drawn up by the
Technical Committee CEN/TC 67 “Ceramic tiles”
the Secretariat of which is held by UNI.
This European Standard was adopted by CEN on
the strength of its acceptance by the following
member countries:
Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom.




2                                                 © BSI 07-1999
EN 87:1991




1 Scope                                                  3.5
                                                         twice-fired
This European Standard gives definitions,
classification, characteristics and marking              glazed after a first firing then fired a second time
requirements for ceramic tiles generally used for        3.6 Extruded tiles (shaping A)
floor and wall surfaces. Ceramic tiles also include
                                                         Tiles whose body is shaped in the plastic state in an
mosaics, factory slabs, pavers and components for
                                                         extruder, the column obtained being cut into tiles of
swimming pools, as well as the corresponding
                                                         predetermined lengths.
accessories (edge, corner and skirting tiles and
beads and other pieces).                                 3.6.1
                                                         split tiles (spaltplatten)
This standard applies to tiles of the best commercial
quality (first quality) unless otherwise specified in    formed as double tiles which are separated after
the relevant product standard.                           firing to obtain single tiles. They can be glazed or
                                                         unglazed and have characteristic parallel ridges on
2 References                                             the back
Apart from this European Standard other standards        3.6.2
relating to ceramic tiles are as follows:                quarry tiles
2.1 Product standards for each group of products         tiles that are cut in succession from a single
(see Table 2).                                           extruded column, are either pressed or not pressed
2.2 Standards for test methods for the                   and are sometimes glazed
determination of characteristics (see Table 3).          3.7
2.3 ISO standards to which reference is made in the      dust pressed tiles (shaping B)
standard are as follows:                                 tiles formed from a body reduced to powder or small
   ISO 1803, Tolerances for building — Vocabulary.       grains and shaped in moulds at high pressure. They
   ISO 1006, Modular co-ordination — Basic               may be glazed or unglazed
   module.                                               3.8
                                                         cast tiles (shaping C)
3 Definitions                                            the body is cast into a mould or on to a porous
3.1                                                      refractory batt which absorbs the water. They can
ceramic tiles                                            be glazed or unglazed
thin slabs made from clays, silica, fluxes, colourings   3.9
and other mineral raw materials, generally used as       water absorption (E)
coverings for floors, walls or facades. They are         the water absorption (% by mass) measured in
prepared by grinding, sieving, mixing,                   accordance with EN 99
moistening, etc., and are shaped by pressing,
                                                         3.10
extruding, casting or other processes, usually at
                                                         coordinating size
room temperature. They are then dried and
subsequently fired at a high temperature                 the size of a coordinating dimension (see ISO 1803)
tiles can be glazed (GL), unglazed (UGL) or engobed      3.11
and are incombustile and unaffected by light             nominal size
3.2                                                      the size used to describe the product
glaze                                                    3.12
a vitrified covering which is practically                work size
impermeable                                              the size of a tile specified for manufacturing to
3.3                                                      which the actual size has to conform within
engobe                                                   specified permissible deviations
a clay-based covering with a matt finish which can       3.13
be permeable or impermeable                              actual size
3.4                                                      the size obtained by measuring a tile in accordance
once-fired                                               with EN 98
glazed before firing




© BSI 07-1999                                                                                                   3
EN 87:1991




3.14                                                               c) with a reference to the European/national
tolerance                                                          standards with which they comply;
the difference between the permissible limits of size              d) with the nominal size and work size,
3.15 sizes                                                         modular (M) or non-modular, e.g.
NOTE These are only defined for rectangular tiles. If the sizes
                                                                      M 100 mm × 100 mm (W = 98 mm × 98 mm)
of non-rectangular tiles are required, they are defined by the        or 152 mm × 152 mm
smallest rectangle into which they will fit.                          (W = 152.4 mm × 152.4 mm);
3.15.1                                                             e) with the nature of the tile surface, i.e. whether
modular sizes                                                      glazed or unglazed.
this covers tiles and sizes based on M                            Table 1 — General definition of dimensions
(see ISO 1006-1 where M = 100 mm), 2M, 3M,                           Dimensions      Symbol   Modular    Non-modular
and 5M and also their multiples or subdivisions,
except for tiles with a surface area of less                                                            N2 + J
                                                                  Coordinating
than 9 000 mm2                                                    dimension
                                                                                    C         W+J       or
NOTE The most important examples of modular sizes are listed                                            W+J
in the individual product standards. A general definition of
dimensions is given in Table 1.                                   Nominal           N1        W+J       —
3.15.2                                                            dimension         N2        —         N2 + W
non-modular sizes
                                                                  Work dimension W            W         W
the sizes commonly sold in CEN countries,
excluding those that are based on M                               Joint width       J         J         J

4 Classification
Ceramic tiles are divided into groups according to
their method of manufacture and their water
absorption (see 3.9 and Table 2). The groups do not
presuppose the usage of the products.
4.1 Methods of manufacture. See 3.6 (extruded
tiles), 3.7 (dust pressed tiles) and 3.8 (cast tiles).
4.2 Water absorption groups
4.2.1 Tiles of low water absorption (Group I)
   E u 3 %.
4.2.2 Tiles of medium water absorption (Group II)
   3 % < E u 10 %.
Group II is further divided as follows:
   a) 3 % < E u 6 % (Group IIa)
   b) 6 % < E u 10 % (Group IIb).
4.2.3 Tiles of high water absorption (Group III)
   E > 10 %.

5 Characteristics                                                      Figure 1 — Symbols used to define
                                                                                  dimensions
Characteristics for different applications of ceramic
floor and wall tiles are given in Table 3.

6 Marking and specification
6.1 Marking. Ceramic tiles and/or their packaging
shall be marked as follows:
   a) with the manufacturer’s trademark and/or a
   suitable work’s mark and the country of origin;
   b) with their quality;




4                                                                                                           © BSI 07-1999
EN 87:1991




       Table 2 — Classification of ceramic tiles according to their
               groups and their specific product standard
    Shaping                        Water absorption

                 Group I       Group IIa         Group IIb       Group III

                  Eu3%        3%<Eu6%          6 % < E u 10 %    E > 10 %

A               Group AI   Group AIIa          Group AIIb       Group AIII
                EN 121     EN 186              EN 187           EN 188
B               Group BI   Group BIIa          Group BIIb       Group BIII
                EN 176     EN 177              EN 178           EN 159
C               Group CI   Group CIIa          Group CIIb       Group CIII
                ...        ...                 ...              ...
6.2 Specification. A brief specification shall be         7 Ordering, sampling and acceptance
supplied which shall include the following:               conditions
   a) the description of the tile, e.g. split, dust       When an order is placed, items such as size,
   pressed etc.;
                                                          thickness, nature of surface, colour, relief and any
   b) the number of the relevant standard,                special properties shall be agreed by the parties
   e.g. EN 121;                                           concerned.
   c) the classification as given in this standard        Reference shall be made to the individual product
   (see Table 2);                                         standards which deal with the appropriate
   d) the nominal size and the work size;                 tolerances, requirements and acceptance conditions
   e) the nature of the tile surface: whether glazed or   for each product group.
   unglazed.                                              Sampling and basis for acceptance are described in
                                                          a separate standard (EN 163).




© BSI 07-1999                                                                                                5
EN 87:1991




                              Table 3 — Characteristics for different applications
                                                                     Floors                Walls                Test methods

                                                              Interior    Exterior   Interior   Exterior

Dimension and surface quality
  a) Length and width                                        X           X           X          X          
                                                                                                           
  b) Thickness                                               X           X           X          X          
                                                                                                           
  c) Straightness of sides                                   X           X           X          X          
                                                                                                           
                                                                                                           
  d) Rectangularity                                          X           X           X          X             EN 98
                                                                                                           
  e) Surface flatness (curvature and                                                                       
                                                                                                           
  warpage)                                                   X           X           X          X          
                                                                                                           
  f) Surface quality                                         X           X           X          X          
                                                                                                           

Physical properties
  g) Water absorption                                        X           X           X          X              EN 99
  h) Modulus of rupture                                      X           X           X          X              EN 100
  j) Scratch hardness of surface                             X           X           X          X              EN 101
  k) Resistance to deep abrasion of unglazed
  tiles                                                      X           X                                     EN 102
  l) Resistance to surface abrasion of glazed
  tiles                                                      X           X                                     EN 154
    m) Linear thermal expansion          a                   X           X           X          X              EN 103
    n) Resistance to thermal shock                           X           X           X          X              EN 104
    p) Crazing resistance of glazed tiles                    X           X           X          X              EN 105
    q) Frost resistanceb                                     X           X           X          X              EN . . .
    r) Moisture expansion of unglazed tiles
    with water absorption, E > 6 %                           X           X           X          X              EN 155

Chemical resistance
                                                                                                           
  s) Resistance to staining of glazed tiles                  X           X           X          X          
                                                                                                              EN 106
  t) Resistance to household chemicals and                                                                    Unglazed tiles
  swimming pool water cleansers                              X           X           X          X          
                                                                                                              EN 122
    u) Resistance to acids     a                             X           X           X          X             Glazed tiles
                                                                                                           
    v) Resistance to alkalisa                                X           X           X          X          
a Only where particular conditions require.
b For tiles intended to be used in situations   where frost conditions may apply.




6                                                                                                                   © BSI 07-1999
blank   7
BS 6431-1:1983




National appendix A
The United Kingdom participation in the preparation of this European Standard was entrusted by the Clay
Products Standards Committee (CLB/-) to Technical Committee CLB/2 upon which the following bodies
were represented:

British Ceramic Research Association
British Ceramic Tile Council
British Standards Society
Builders’ Merchants’ Federation
Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors
National Federation of Building Trades Employers
National Federation of Clay Industries
National Master Tile Fixers’ Association
National Tile, Faience and Mosaic Fixers’ Society
Refractories Association of Great Britain
Royal Institute of British Architects




8                                                                                          © BSI 07-1999
BS 6431-1:1983




National appendix B
The British Standards corresponding to the European Standards and ISO Standards referred to in the text
are as follows:
European Standards            British Standards (content identical)
                              BS 6431 Ceramic floor and wall tiles
EN 99 (1982)                  Part 11:1983 Method for determination of water absorption
EN 100 (1982)                 Part 12:1983 Method for determination of modulus of rupture
EN 102 (1982)                 Part 14:1983 Method for determination of resistance to deep abrasion. Unglazed tiles
EN 103 (1982)                 Part 15:1983 Method for determination of linear thermal expansion
EN 104 (1982)                 Part 16:1983 Method for determination of resistance to thermal shock
EN 105 (1982)                 Part 17:1983 Method for determination of crazing resistance. Glazed tiles
EN 106 (1982)                 Part 18:1983 Method for determination of chemical resistance. Unglazed tiles
The Technical Committee has reviewed the provisions of ISO 1006:1973 and ISO 1803:1973 to which
reference is made in the text, and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this
standard. The related British Standards for these standards are BS 4011:1966 “Recommendations for the
co-ordination of dimensions in building. Co-ordinated sizes for building components and assemblies” and
BS 2900:1970 “Recommendations for the co-ordination of dimensions in buildings. Glossary of terms”
respectively.
Further European Standards in course of preparation will be published as further Parts of this British
Standard as follows:
European Standards             British Standards (content identical)
                               BS 6431 Ceramic floor and wall tiles
EN 98                          Part 10 Method for determination of dimensions and surface quality
EN 101                         Part 13 Method for determination of scratch hardness
EN 121                         Part 2 Extruded ceramic tiles with a low water absorption (E k 3 %). Group A1
EN 122                         Part 19 Method for determination of chemical resistance. Glazed tiles
EN 154                         Part 20 Method for determination of surface abrasion. Glazed tiles
EN 155                         Part 21 Method for determination of moisture expansion using boiling water.
                               Unglazed tiles
EN 159                         Part 9 Dust pressed ceramic tiles with a water absorption of E > 10 %. Group B III
EN 163                         Part 23 Sampling and basis for acceptance
EN 176                         Part 6 Dust pressed ceramic tiles with a low water absorption (E k 3 %). Group B I
EN 177                         Part 7 Dust pressed ceramic tiles with a water absorption of 3 % < E k 6 %.
                               Group B IIa
EN 178                         Part 8 Dust pressed ceramic tiles with a water absorption of 6 % < E k 10 %.
                               Group B IIb
EN 186-1 and                   Part 3 Extruded ceramic tiles with a water absorption of 3 % < E k 6 %. Group A IIa
EN 186-2
EN 187-1 and                   Part 4 Extruded ceramic tiles with a water absorption of 6 % < E k 10 %.
EN 187-2                       Group A IIb
EN 188                         Part 5 Extruded ceramic tiles with a water absorption of E > 10 %. Group A III
EN 2023)                       Part 22 Method for determination of frost resistance
3) In   Table 3, this corresponds to item q).




© BSI 07-1999
BS 6431-1:
1983
EN 87:1991               BSI — British Standards Institution
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                         British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the
                         international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter.

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Bs 6431 1 1983 - tiles

  • 1. BRITISH STANDARD BS 6431-1: 1983 EN 87:1991 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Ceramic floor and wall tiles — Part 1: Specification for classification and marking, including definitions and characteristics The European Standard EN 87:1991 has the status of a British Standard UDC 691.433 – 41 – 033.6:693.6/7:69.022.3/4:69.025.334.2
  • 2. BS 6431-1:1983 Cooperating organizations The European Committee for Standardization, under whose supervision this European Standard was prepared, comprises the national standards organizations of the following Western European countries: Austria Oesterreichisches Normungsinstitut Belgium Institut belge de normalisation Denmark Dansk Standardiseringsraad Finland Suomen Standardisoimisliito, r.y. France Association française de normalisation Germany Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. Greece Hellenic Organization for Standardization Iceland Technological Institute of Iceland Ireland National Standards Authority of Ireland Italy Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione Luxembourg Inspection du Travail et des Mines Netherlands Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Norway Norges Standardiseringsforbund Portugal Instituto Portuguès da Qualidade Spain Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación Sweden Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige Switzerland Association suisse de normalisation United Kingdom British Standards Institution This British Standard was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes into effect on 30 December 1983 Amendments issued since publication © BSI 07-1999 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments The following BSI references 7088 July 1992 Indicated by a sideline in the margin relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference CLB/2 Draft for comment 76/12984 DC ISBN 0 580 136140
  • 3. BS 6431-1:1983 Contents Page Cooperating organizations Inside front cover National foreword ii Foreword 2 1 Scope 3 2 References 3 3 Definitions 3 4 Classification 4 5 Characteristics 4 6 Marking and specification 4 7 Ordering, sampling and acceptance conditions 5 National appendix A 8 National appendix B Inside back cover Figure 1 — Symbols used to define dimensions 4 Table 1 — General definition of dimensions 4 Table 2 — Classification of ceramic tiles according to their groups and their specific product standard 5 Table 3 — Characteristics for different application 6 © BSI 07-1999 i
  • 4. BS 6431-1:1983 National foreword This Part of this British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Clay Products Standards Committee and is the English language version of EN 87:1991 “Ceramic floor and wall tiles. Definitions, classification, characteristics and marking” published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 87 was produced as a result of international discussion in which the UK took an active part. Attention is drawn to the use in this standard of the comma as a decimal marker. This is to accord with European practice, but it should be noted that it is current practice in British Standards to use a full point on the baseline as a decimal marker. Additional information. It is unlikely that standards for the group C tiles, made by a cast process, will be published as there is now only a small production of this type in Europe. When marking or specifying a product (see 6.1 and 6.2) the manufacturer may mark or specify by reference to either the European Standard or the British Standard. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN title page, pages 2 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. ii © BSI 07-1999
  • 5. EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 87 NORME EUROPÉENNE July 1991 EUROPÄISCHE NORM UDC 691.433 – 41 – 033.6:693.6/.7:69.022.3/4:69.025.334.2 Descriptors: Tiles, coating slabs, ceramic coatings, classifications, dimensions, designations English version Ceramic floor and wall tiles — Definitions, classification, characteristics and marking Carreaux et dalles céramiques pour sols Keramische Fliesen und Platten für et murs — Définitions, classification, Bodenbeläge und Wandbekleidungen — caractéristiques et marquage Begriffe, Klassifizierung. Anforderungen und Kennzeichnung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1991-07-17. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Europäisches Komitee für Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels © CEN 1991 Copyright reserved to all CEN members Ref. No. EN 87:1991 E
  • 6. EN 87:1991 Foreword This European Standard was drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 67 “Ceramic tiles” the Secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard was adopted by CEN on the strength of its acceptance by the following member countries: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom. 2 © BSI 07-1999
  • 7. EN 87:1991 1 Scope 3.5 twice-fired This European Standard gives definitions, classification, characteristics and marking glazed after a first firing then fired a second time requirements for ceramic tiles generally used for 3.6 Extruded tiles (shaping A) floor and wall surfaces. Ceramic tiles also include Tiles whose body is shaped in the plastic state in an mosaics, factory slabs, pavers and components for extruder, the column obtained being cut into tiles of swimming pools, as well as the corresponding predetermined lengths. accessories (edge, corner and skirting tiles and beads and other pieces). 3.6.1 split tiles (spaltplatten) This standard applies to tiles of the best commercial quality (first quality) unless otherwise specified in formed as double tiles which are separated after the relevant product standard. firing to obtain single tiles. They can be glazed or unglazed and have characteristic parallel ridges on 2 References the back Apart from this European Standard other standards 3.6.2 relating to ceramic tiles are as follows: quarry tiles 2.1 Product standards for each group of products tiles that are cut in succession from a single (see Table 2). extruded column, are either pressed or not pressed 2.2 Standards for test methods for the and are sometimes glazed determination of characteristics (see Table 3). 3.7 2.3 ISO standards to which reference is made in the dust pressed tiles (shaping B) standard are as follows: tiles formed from a body reduced to powder or small ISO 1803, Tolerances for building — Vocabulary. grains and shaped in moulds at high pressure. They ISO 1006, Modular co-ordination — Basic may be glazed or unglazed module. 3.8 cast tiles (shaping C) 3 Definitions the body is cast into a mould or on to a porous 3.1 refractory batt which absorbs the water. They can ceramic tiles be glazed or unglazed thin slabs made from clays, silica, fluxes, colourings 3.9 and other mineral raw materials, generally used as water absorption (E) coverings for floors, walls or facades. They are the water absorption (% by mass) measured in prepared by grinding, sieving, mixing, accordance with EN 99 moistening, etc., and are shaped by pressing, 3.10 extruding, casting or other processes, usually at coordinating size room temperature. They are then dried and subsequently fired at a high temperature the size of a coordinating dimension (see ISO 1803) tiles can be glazed (GL), unglazed (UGL) or engobed 3.11 and are incombustile and unaffected by light nominal size 3.2 the size used to describe the product glaze 3.12 a vitrified covering which is practically work size impermeable the size of a tile specified for manufacturing to 3.3 which the actual size has to conform within engobe specified permissible deviations a clay-based covering with a matt finish which can 3.13 be permeable or impermeable actual size 3.4 the size obtained by measuring a tile in accordance once-fired with EN 98 glazed before firing © BSI 07-1999 3
  • 8. EN 87:1991 3.14 c) with a reference to the European/national tolerance standards with which they comply; the difference between the permissible limits of size d) with the nominal size and work size, 3.15 sizes modular (M) or non-modular, e.g. NOTE These are only defined for rectangular tiles. If the sizes M 100 mm × 100 mm (W = 98 mm × 98 mm) of non-rectangular tiles are required, they are defined by the or 152 mm × 152 mm smallest rectangle into which they will fit. (W = 152.4 mm × 152.4 mm); 3.15.1 e) with the nature of the tile surface, i.e. whether modular sizes glazed or unglazed. this covers tiles and sizes based on M Table 1 — General definition of dimensions (see ISO 1006-1 where M = 100 mm), 2M, 3M, Dimensions Symbol Modular Non-modular and 5M and also their multiples or subdivisions, except for tiles with a surface area of less N2 + J Coordinating than 9 000 mm2 dimension C W+J or NOTE The most important examples of modular sizes are listed W+J in the individual product standards. A general definition of dimensions is given in Table 1. Nominal N1 W+J — 3.15.2 dimension N2 — N2 + W non-modular sizes Work dimension W W W the sizes commonly sold in CEN countries, excluding those that are based on M Joint width J J J 4 Classification Ceramic tiles are divided into groups according to their method of manufacture and their water absorption (see 3.9 and Table 2). The groups do not presuppose the usage of the products. 4.1 Methods of manufacture. See 3.6 (extruded tiles), 3.7 (dust pressed tiles) and 3.8 (cast tiles). 4.2 Water absorption groups 4.2.1 Tiles of low water absorption (Group I) E u 3 %. 4.2.2 Tiles of medium water absorption (Group II) 3 % < E u 10 %. Group II is further divided as follows: a) 3 % < E u 6 % (Group IIa) b) 6 % < E u 10 % (Group IIb). 4.2.3 Tiles of high water absorption (Group III) E > 10 %. 5 Characteristics Figure 1 — Symbols used to define dimensions Characteristics for different applications of ceramic floor and wall tiles are given in Table 3. 6 Marking and specification 6.1 Marking. Ceramic tiles and/or their packaging shall be marked as follows: a) with the manufacturer’s trademark and/or a suitable work’s mark and the country of origin; b) with their quality; 4 © BSI 07-1999
  • 9. EN 87:1991 Table 2 — Classification of ceramic tiles according to their groups and their specific product standard Shaping Water absorption Group I Group IIa Group IIb Group III Eu3% 3%<Eu6% 6 % < E u 10 % E > 10 % A Group AI Group AIIa Group AIIb Group AIII EN 121 EN 186 EN 187 EN 188 B Group BI Group BIIa Group BIIb Group BIII EN 176 EN 177 EN 178 EN 159 C Group CI Group CIIa Group CIIb Group CIII ... ... ... ... 6.2 Specification. A brief specification shall be 7 Ordering, sampling and acceptance supplied which shall include the following: conditions a) the description of the tile, e.g. split, dust When an order is placed, items such as size, pressed etc.; thickness, nature of surface, colour, relief and any b) the number of the relevant standard, special properties shall be agreed by the parties e.g. EN 121; concerned. c) the classification as given in this standard Reference shall be made to the individual product (see Table 2); standards which deal with the appropriate d) the nominal size and the work size; tolerances, requirements and acceptance conditions e) the nature of the tile surface: whether glazed or for each product group. unglazed. Sampling and basis for acceptance are described in a separate standard (EN 163). © BSI 07-1999 5
  • 10. EN 87:1991 Table 3 — Characteristics for different applications Floors Walls Test methods Interior Exterior Interior Exterior Dimension and surface quality a) Length and width X X X X   b) Thickness X X X X   c) Straightness of sides X X X X    d) Rectangularity X X X X  EN 98  e) Surface flatness (curvature and   warpage) X X X X   f) Surface quality X X X X   Physical properties g) Water absorption X X X X EN 99 h) Modulus of rupture X X X X EN 100 j) Scratch hardness of surface X X X X EN 101 k) Resistance to deep abrasion of unglazed tiles X X EN 102 l) Resistance to surface abrasion of glazed tiles X X EN 154 m) Linear thermal expansion a X X X X EN 103 n) Resistance to thermal shock X X X X EN 104 p) Crazing resistance of glazed tiles X X X X EN 105 q) Frost resistanceb X X X X EN . . . r) Moisture expansion of unglazed tiles with water absorption, E > 6 % X X X X EN 155 Chemical resistance  s) Resistance to staining of glazed tiles X X X X   EN 106 t) Resistance to household chemicals and  Unglazed tiles swimming pool water cleansers X X X X   EN 122 u) Resistance to acids a X X X X  Glazed tiles  v) Resistance to alkalisa X X X X  a Only where particular conditions require. b For tiles intended to be used in situations where frost conditions may apply. 6 © BSI 07-1999
  • 11. blank 7
  • 12. BS 6431-1:1983 National appendix A The United Kingdom participation in the preparation of this European Standard was entrusted by the Clay Products Standards Committee (CLB/-) to Technical Committee CLB/2 upon which the following bodies were represented: British Ceramic Research Association British Ceramic Tile Council British Standards Society Builders’ Merchants’ Federation Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors National Federation of Building Trades Employers National Federation of Clay Industries National Master Tile Fixers’ Association National Tile, Faience and Mosaic Fixers’ Society Refractories Association of Great Britain Royal Institute of British Architects 8 © BSI 07-1999
  • 13. BS 6431-1:1983 National appendix B The British Standards corresponding to the European Standards and ISO Standards referred to in the text are as follows: European Standards British Standards (content identical) BS 6431 Ceramic floor and wall tiles EN 99 (1982) Part 11:1983 Method for determination of water absorption EN 100 (1982) Part 12:1983 Method for determination of modulus of rupture EN 102 (1982) Part 14:1983 Method for determination of resistance to deep abrasion. Unglazed tiles EN 103 (1982) Part 15:1983 Method for determination of linear thermal expansion EN 104 (1982) Part 16:1983 Method for determination of resistance to thermal shock EN 105 (1982) Part 17:1983 Method for determination of crazing resistance. Glazed tiles EN 106 (1982) Part 18:1983 Method for determination of chemical resistance. Unglazed tiles The Technical Committee has reviewed the provisions of ISO 1006:1973 and ISO 1803:1973 to which reference is made in the text, and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard. The related British Standards for these standards are BS 4011:1966 “Recommendations for the co-ordination of dimensions in building. Co-ordinated sizes for building components and assemblies” and BS 2900:1970 “Recommendations for the co-ordination of dimensions in buildings. Glossary of terms” respectively. Further European Standards in course of preparation will be published as further Parts of this British Standard as follows: European Standards British Standards (content identical) BS 6431 Ceramic floor and wall tiles EN 98 Part 10 Method for determination of dimensions and surface quality EN 101 Part 13 Method for determination of scratch hardness EN 121 Part 2 Extruded ceramic tiles with a low water absorption (E k 3 %). Group A1 EN 122 Part 19 Method for determination of chemical resistance. Glazed tiles EN 154 Part 20 Method for determination of surface abrasion. Glazed tiles EN 155 Part 21 Method for determination of moisture expansion using boiling water. Unglazed tiles EN 159 Part 9 Dust pressed ceramic tiles with a water absorption of E > 10 %. Group B III EN 163 Part 23 Sampling and basis for acceptance EN 176 Part 6 Dust pressed ceramic tiles with a low water absorption (E k 3 %). Group B I EN 177 Part 7 Dust pressed ceramic tiles with a water absorption of 3 % < E k 6 %. Group B IIa EN 178 Part 8 Dust pressed ceramic tiles with a water absorption of 6 % < E k 10 %. Group B IIb EN 186-1 and Part 3 Extruded ceramic tiles with a water absorption of 3 % < E k 6 %. Group A IIa EN 186-2 EN 187-1 and Part 4 Extruded ceramic tiles with a water absorption of 6 % < E k 10 %. EN 187-2 Group A IIb EN 188 Part 5 Extruded ceramic tiles with a water absorption of E > 10 %. Group A III EN 2023) Part 22 Method for determination of frost resistance 3) In Table 3, this corresponds to item q). © BSI 07-1999
  • 14. BS 6431-1: 1983 EN 87:1991 BSI — British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter. Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel: 020 8996 9000. Fax: 020 8996 7400. BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards. Buying standards Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be addressed to Customer Services. Tel: 020 8996 9001. Fax: 020 8996 7001. In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless otherwise requested. Information on standards BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre. Tel: 020 8996 7111. Fax: 020 8996 7048. Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel: 020 8996 7002. Fax: 020 8996 7001. Copyright Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior written permission from BSI. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior written permission of BSI must be obtained. If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing agreement. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager. BSI Tel: 020 8996 7070. 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL