Memory refers to the processes of acquiring, storing, and retrieving information over time. It is fundamental to daily life. There are three main stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Short-term memory is temporary, while long-term memory can be either explicit (conscious recollection) or implicit (unconscious). Explicit memory includes episodic memory for personal experiences and semantic memory for facts. Implicit memory includes procedural memory for skills and priming. Various methods and principles can be used to improve memory performance.

1. MEMORY
DONE BY:
M.MUNEESWARI
B.SC,B.ED(MATHEMATICS)
SASTRA DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY

2. WHAT IS MEMORY ?
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3. MEMORY
•It refers to the processes that are used to acquire,
store, retain and later retrieve information.
•It is the storage of learned information for retrieval
and future use.
•Fundamental component of daily life .
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4. DEFINITION
•“ Memory is the process of maintaining information over
time “ (Martin , 2005).
•“Memory is the means by which we draw on our past
experiences in order to use this information in the
present” ( Sternberg , 1999).
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5. MEMORY PROCESSES
ENCODING
• Transforming
information into a form
that can be entered
and retained in the
memory system.
STORAGE
• Retaining information
in memory so that it
can be used at a later
time .
RETRIVAL
• Recovering information
stored in the memory
so that we are
consciously aware of it.
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6. THREE STAGES OF MEMORY
•Three memory stores that differ in function,duration and
capacity.
Sensory
memory
Working
or
Short term
memory
Long
term
memory
Sensory
Input
Attention
Retrieval
Encoding
Maintenance
rehearsal
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7. TYPES OF MEMORY
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8. SHORT TERM MEMORY
• Short term memory is a type of memory which is temporary and short lived.
• It is also called as recent memory or working memory.
• It acts as a kind of “scratch pad”.
• Duration : 30 seconds or more.
• For example , in order to understand the sentence , the beginning of the
sentence needs to be held in mind while the rest is read , a task which is
carried out by the short term memory.
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9. LONG TERM MEMORY
• As the name suggests it has quite a durable or endless retention of the sensory
impressions.
• It is also called as permanent memory. It is also referred as remote memory.
• Identifying data like our name,parentage,date of birth,date of marriage,etc.
• This memory is properly coded, retrieved systematically, purposeful and
meaningful and co-relational with events and information.
• It can be further classified as :
1. Explicit (conscious)
2. Implicit (unconscious )
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10. EXPLICIT MEMORY
• Explicit memory (declarative memory) is one of the two main types of long
term human memory.
• It is the conscious,intentional recollection of the factual information, previous
experiences and concepts.
• Explicit memory can be divided into two categories :
1. Episodic memory – stores specific personal experiences
2. Semantic memory – stores factual information
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11. EPISODIC MEMORY
• It is connected with episodes and events which may consist of personal
events and experiences associated with one’s life.
• Eg : describe an accident , the observation of an event helps in narrating
the details in detail almost throughout his life whenever required. It is
deeply rooted in the brain of the person.
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12. SEMANTIC MEMORY
• Semantic memory helps to recollect the relationship between events or
association of ideas.
• It is coupled with general knowledge and it’s interpretation and generalization.
• Eg : bike and helmet, drinking and driving,a formula application in computation,
remembering the names of capitals of different states and countries.
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13. IMPLICIT MEMORY
• Implicit memory is one of the two main types of long term human memory.
• Sometimes it is referred to as unconscious memory or automatic memory.
• It is acquired and used unconsciously and can affect thoughts and behaviors.
• Eg : singing a familiar song , typing on your computer keyboard, brushing your teeth and
riding a bike.
• It can be classified as :
1. Procedural Memory
2. Priming
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14. PROCEDURAL MEMORY
• It is the long term memory of skills and procedures or procedural
knowledge.
• It is considered a form of implicit memory.
• It is helpful in learning skills and skills remain permanent always with the
person until diseased.
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15. PRIMING
• It is a non-conscious form of human memory concerned with perceptual
identification of words and objects.
• It refers to activating particular representation or association in memory
just before carrying out an action or task.
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16. METHODS OF MEMORIZING
• Recitation method : the Learner reads a content once or twice , then
tries to recites and recall. It helps in self appraisal and self evaluation and
the learners can write down the points that he is unable to recall.
• Whole and part method : memorizing from beginning to end at stretch
or part by part. Like memorizing a poem. It has merits and demerits. The
Learner can use a combined method by starting the poem with whole and
difficult areas can be learned as parts.
• Spaced and unspaced method : It follows the princple of work and rest.
After memorizing something for a period of time , Some rest is provided
and continues the memorizing process.
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17. DEVELOPMENT/IMPROVEMENT OF MEMORY
1. When recalling free he mid from fear and anxiety.
2. Have confidence in self and maintain positive attitude.
3. Don’t fight with memory in recalling. Go time.
4. Interests and attention influence memorization.
5. Adopt proper methods of memorization.
6. Follow the principles of association. Eg : vibgyor = color .
7. Grouping and rhythm : Eg : memorizing phone number and months.
8. Utilize many senses to learn .
9. Maintain external ( envt.) and internal factors ( health).
10.Proper rest , practise and repetition.
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18. REFERENCE
• Dandpani S.(2006) A text book advanced educational psychology:
Banglore ,Anmol publication private limited.
• kar chintamani ,(1998) Exceptional children - their psychology and
education New Delhi Sterling publishers private limited.
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