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INDUCTIVE-DEDUCTIVE METHOD
K.THIYAGU,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Education, Central University of Kerala
Inductive Approach
Pestalozzi Francis Bacon
Inductive approach proceeds from
Particular General
Concrete Abstract
Known Unknown
Simple Complex
Inductive Approach / Method
Steps…
Appearance / Presentation of Examples
Teacher shows lot of examples of same type and
solutions of all those specific examples are
obtained with the help of the student.
Step # 1
Observation/ Reflection
After solving so many specific examples the
students detect and observe these and
try to reach some conclusion.
Step # 2
Generalization (Simplification)
The educator and students resolve some common
rules, laws, formulae or principle
by logical mutual discussion.
Step # 3
Testing and verification (Authentication)
Students test and prove the law, rule or principle
with the help of other suitable specific examples.
Step # 4
Inductive Approach / Method
Examples
Particular :
• Case 1 : 12 = 1
• Case 2 : 32 = 9
• Case 3 : 52 = 25
Take all the above Cases
General Concept:
From Cases 1 to 3, we have to
make a generalization
SQUARE OF AN ODD NUMBER
IS ODD
Example # 1(a)
Particular :
• Case 4 : 22 = 4
• Case 5 : 42 = 16
• Case 6 : 62 = 36
Take all the above cases
General Concept:
From Cases 4 to 6, we have to
make a generalization
SQUARE OF AN EVEN NUMBER
IS EVEN.
Example # 1(b)
Particular Cases:
• Case 1 : 1+1=2 (Odd + Odd = Even)
• Case 2 : 1+3=4 (Odd + Odd = Even)
• Case 3 : 1+5=6 (Odd + Odd = Even)
• Case 4 : 3+5=8 (Odd + Odd = Even)
General Concept:
In the above we conclude that
SUM OF TWO ODD NUMBERS IS EVEN
Example # 2
Inductive Approach - Merits
• Enhances self confident
• Promotes a meaningful learning
• Enhancing the Scientific method of
learning
• Develops scientific attitude.
• Develops the habit of intelligent
hard work.
• Does not burden the mind. Formula
becomes easy to remember.
• Suitable in the beginning stages.
• Not suitable for all topics.
• Time consuming and Laborious method
• Application is limited to very few topics
• Not suitable for higher class
• Inductive reasoning is not absolutely conclusive
because the generalization made with the help of a
few specific examples may not hold good in all cases.
Inductive Approach - Demerits
Applicability of
Inductive method
Most Suitable Where
• Rules are to be formulated
• Definitions are be
formulated
• Formulae are to be derived
• Generalizations or law are
to be arrived at.
Deductive Approach /
Methods
Deductive approach proceeds from
General Particular
Abstract Concrete
Unknown Known
Complex Simple
Deductive Approach / Method
Steps…
Clear recognition of the problem
Step # 1
Search for a tentative hypothesis
Step # 2
Formulating of a tentative hypothesis
Step # 3
Solving the problem
Step # 4
Verification of the result
Step # 5
Example # 1
Find a2 X a10 = ?
Solution:
General :
From the law of indices,
it is known that
am X an = am+n
Particular:
Hence a2 X a10 = a2+10 = a12
(here m = 2 and n = 10)
Find (102)2 = ?
Solution:
General Law:
We know that (a+b)2 =a2+b2+2ab
Particular:
(100+2) 2 = 1002 + 22 + (2 x 100 x 2)
(in this case a = 100 and b = 2)
= 10000+4+400= 10404
We can also multiply 102 with itself to get the same result
(for verification of the correctness of the earlier result)
Example # 2
Deductive Approach - Merits
• Short and time saving method.
• Suitable for all the mathematical topics
and concepts
• Useful for revision and drill work
• Enhance the power of learner’s memory
• Provides sufficient practice in the
application of various mathematical
formulae and rules.
• Speed and efficiency
• Not a psychological method.
• Not easy to understand
• Not suitable for beginners.
• Encourages cramming.
• More emphasis on memory.
• Students are only passive listeners.
Deductive Approach - Merits
Applicability of Deductive Approach
• Suitable for giving
practice to the student
• very useful for fixation
and retention
• provides adequate drill
and practice.
Inductive
Approach
Deductive
Approach
Inducto-
Deductive
Approach
Licensed under

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Inductive and deductive approach - Thiyagu

  • 3. Inductive approach proceeds from Particular General Concrete Abstract Known Unknown Simple Complex
  • 4. Inductive Approach / Method Steps…
  • 5. Appearance / Presentation of Examples Teacher shows lot of examples of same type and solutions of all those specific examples are obtained with the help of the student. Step # 1
  • 6. Observation/ Reflection After solving so many specific examples the students detect and observe these and try to reach some conclusion. Step # 2
  • 7. Generalization (Simplification) The educator and students resolve some common rules, laws, formulae or principle by logical mutual discussion. Step # 3
  • 8. Testing and verification (Authentication) Students test and prove the law, rule or principle with the help of other suitable specific examples. Step # 4
  • 9. Inductive Approach / Method Examples
  • 10. Particular : • Case 1 : 12 = 1 • Case 2 : 32 = 9 • Case 3 : 52 = 25 Take all the above Cases General Concept: From Cases 1 to 3, we have to make a generalization SQUARE OF AN ODD NUMBER IS ODD Example # 1(a) Particular : • Case 4 : 22 = 4 • Case 5 : 42 = 16 • Case 6 : 62 = 36 Take all the above cases General Concept: From Cases 4 to 6, we have to make a generalization SQUARE OF AN EVEN NUMBER IS EVEN. Example # 1(b)
  • 11. Particular Cases: • Case 1 : 1+1=2 (Odd + Odd = Even) • Case 2 : 1+3=4 (Odd + Odd = Even) • Case 3 : 1+5=6 (Odd + Odd = Even) • Case 4 : 3+5=8 (Odd + Odd = Even) General Concept: In the above we conclude that SUM OF TWO ODD NUMBERS IS EVEN Example # 2
  • 12. Inductive Approach - Merits • Enhances self confident • Promotes a meaningful learning • Enhancing the Scientific method of learning • Develops scientific attitude. • Develops the habit of intelligent hard work. • Does not burden the mind. Formula becomes easy to remember. • Suitable in the beginning stages.
  • 13. • Not suitable for all topics. • Time consuming and Laborious method • Application is limited to very few topics • Not suitable for higher class • Inductive reasoning is not absolutely conclusive because the generalization made with the help of a few specific examples may not hold good in all cases. Inductive Approach - Demerits
  • 14. Applicability of Inductive method Most Suitable Where • Rules are to be formulated • Definitions are be formulated • Formulae are to be derived • Generalizations or law are to be arrived at.
  • 16. Deductive approach proceeds from General Particular Abstract Concrete Unknown Known Complex Simple
  • 17. Deductive Approach / Method Steps…
  • 18. Clear recognition of the problem Step # 1
  • 19. Search for a tentative hypothesis Step # 2
  • 20. Formulating of a tentative hypothesis Step # 3
  • 22. Verification of the result Step # 5
  • 23. Example # 1 Find a2 X a10 = ? Solution: General : From the law of indices, it is known that am X an = am+n Particular: Hence a2 X a10 = a2+10 = a12 (here m = 2 and n = 10)
  • 24. Find (102)2 = ? Solution: General Law: We know that (a+b)2 =a2+b2+2ab Particular: (100+2) 2 = 1002 + 22 + (2 x 100 x 2) (in this case a = 100 and b = 2) = 10000+4+400= 10404 We can also multiply 102 with itself to get the same result (for verification of the correctness of the earlier result) Example # 2
  • 25. Deductive Approach - Merits • Short and time saving method. • Suitable for all the mathematical topics and concepts • Useful for revision and drill work • Enhance the power of learner’s memory • Provides sufficient practice in the application of various mathematical formulae and rules. • Speed and efficiency
  • 26. • Not a psychological method. • Not easy to understand • Not suitable for beginners. • Encourages cramming. • More emphasis on memory. • Students are only passive listeners. Deductive Approach - Merits
  • 27. Applicability of Deductive Approach • Suitable for giving practice to the student • very useful for fixation and retention • provides adequate drill and practice.