Notes on basics

1. (18AIO351T)
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2. Unit – 1
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

3. Artificial Intelligence

4. What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned
with making computers behave like human.
• In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are
getting in touch with different new technologies day by day.
• Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is
Artificial Intelligence which is ready to create a new revolution in
the world by making intelligent machines.
• The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us.
• It is currently working with a variety of subfields, ranging from
general to specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess,
proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.

5. What is Artificial Intelligence?
• AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer
science which has a great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to
cause a machine to work as a human.

6. What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words
• Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-
made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man-made thinking power.“
• "It is a branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions."
• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human
based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems
• With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a
machine to do some work, despite that you can create a machine
with programmed algorithms which can work with own
intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.

7. Why Artificial Intelligence?
• Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that
what is the importance of AI and why should we learn it. Following
are some main reasons to learn about AI:
• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.

8. Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1.Replicate human intelligence
2.Solve Knowledge oriented tasks
3.An intelligent connection of perception and action
4.Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
1.Proving a theorem
2.Playing chess
3.Plan some surgical operation
4.Driving a car in traffic
5.Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn
new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its
user.

9. What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's
so vast and requires lots of other factors which can contribute to it.
• To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is
composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain
which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving
perception, language understanding, etc.

10. What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
• To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial
Intelligence requires the following discipline:
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Computer Science
• Neurons Study
• Statistics

11. Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making,
because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be
risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the
users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a
self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate

12. Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind while
creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:
• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly
as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines
with AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do
that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding
performer, but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any
kind of emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be
harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
• Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of
technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and hence
they are losing their mental capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine
some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

13. •The computer would need to possess the
following capabilities:
•Natural Language Processing to enable it to communicate
successfully in English (or some other human language);
•Knowledge Representation to store information provided
before or during the interrogation;
•Automated Reasoning to use the stored information to answer
questions and to draw new conclusions;
•Machine Learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate patterns.
•Computer Vision to perceive objects
•Robotics to move them about.

15. AI Based on Capabilities

16. What is Narrow AI?
• Narrow AI, also called as Weak AI, focuses on one narrow task and
cannot perform beyond its limitations.
• It targets a single subset of cognitive abilities and advances in that
spectrum.
• Narrow AI applications are becoming increasingly common in our day-
to-day lives as machine learning and deep learning methods continue to
develop.

17. • Apple Siri is an example of a Narrow AI that operates with a limited
pre-defined range of functions.
• IBM Watson supercomputer is another example of a Narrow AI.
It applies cognitive computing, machine learning, and natural
language processing to process information and answers your
queries. Games.
Other examples of Narrow AI include google translate, image
recognition software, recommendation systems, spam filtering, and
Google’s page-ranking algorithm.

18. What is General AI?
• General AI, also known as strong AI, can understand and learn
any intellectual task that a human being can.
• It allows a machine to apply knowledge and skills in different
contexts. AI researchers have not been able to achieve strong AI
so far.
• General AI has received a $1 billion investment from Microsoft
through OpenAI.

19. • Fujitsu has built the K computer, which is one of the fastest
supercomputers in the world. It is one of the significant attempts at
achieving strong AI.
• It took nearly 40 minutes to simulate a single second of neural
activity. Hence, it is difficult to determine whether strong AI will be
achieved shortly.

20. What is Super AI ?
• Super AI surpasses human intelligence and can perform any task
better than a human.
• Some of the critical characteristics of super AI include thinking,
solving puzzles, making judgments, and decisions on its own.

21. Artificial Intelligence Based on Functionalities
• What is a Reactive Machine?
• A reactive machine is the primary form of artificial intelligence that does
not store memories or use past experiences to determine future actions.
• It works only with present data.
• They perceive the world and react to it.
• Reactive machines are provided with specific tasks, and they don't have
capabilities beyond those tasks.
• IBM’s Deep Blue that defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov is a
reactive machine that sees the chessboard pieces and reacts to them.

22. What is Limited Memory?
• Limited Memory AI trained from past data to make decisions.
• The memory of such systems is short-lived. They can use this past
data for a specific period of time, but they cannot add it to a library
of their experiences.
• This kind of technology is used in self-driving vehicles.

23. Limited Memory AI observes how other vehicles are moving around them, at
present, and as time passes.
This ongoing, collected data gets added to the AI machine's static data, such as lane
markers and traffic lights.
They are included when the vehicle decides when to change lanes, avoid cutting off
another driver, or hit a nearby vehicle.
Mitsubishi Electric has been figuring out how to improve such technology for
applications like self-driving cars.

24. What is the Theory of Mind?
Theory of mind AI represents an advanced class of technology and exists
only as a concept.
Such a kind of AI requires a thorough understanding that the people and
things within an environment can alter feelings and behaviors.
It should understand people's emotions, sentiments, and thoughts.
Even though many improvements are there in this field, this kind of AI is
not fully complete yet.

25. • Sophia from Hanson Robotics is another example where the theory of
mind AI was implemented.
• Cameras present in Sophia's eyes, combined with computer
algorithms, allow her to see. She can sustain eye contact, recognize
individuals, and follow faces.

26. What is Self Awareness?
• Such systems understand their internal traits such as states, and
conditions and perceive human emotions.
• These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
• This type of AI will not only be able to understand and evoke emotions in
those it interacts with, but also have emotions, needs, and beliefs of its
own.
• Self-awareness AI only exists hypothetically.

27. Definitions of AI
(Source : Artificial Intelligence , A Modern Appraoch, 3rd Edition, Stuart
Russell and Peter Norvig)

28. Applications of AI
Applciation 1 : Self Driving Cars:
Self-driving cars require a combination of AI techniques of many kinds:
(i) Search and planning to find the most convenient route from A to B,
(ii) computer vision to identify obstacles,
(iii)and decision making under uncertainty to cope with the complex and
dynamic environment.
Each of these must work with almost flawless precision in order to avoid
accidents.

29. The same technologies are also used in other autonomous systems
such as :
(i) delivery robots,
(ii) flying drones,
(iii) and autonomous ships.

30. Future of AI
AI – in day to day lives

31. Apple’s Siri

33. • We use Alexa, Google home even which are quite
intuitive to the instruction and provide almost
accurate results.
• In email writing, we can see the recommendation to
complete sentences.

34. AI in Military
• AI technologies are assisting in Military Action, Warfare strategies, and
weapons technology.
• AI has enhanced Cyber security so much that now the security systems
are able to recognize a pattern of cyber threats and strategically can
create a counter-attack security tool to handle them.

35. AI in Health care:
• AI is playing a very important role in Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals.
Latest Google’s Deep mind has beaten doctors in cancer detection
trials.
• In pharmaceuticals, different combinations and outcomes
performed in so much less time with more accuracy than ever.
can be
• As we see, AI is growing in all areas of our lives.

36. AI in
Finance
• An AI system could take a lot number of parameters while figuring out
the best way to manage funds. It would perform better than a human
manager. AI-driven strategies in the field of finance are going to
change the classical way of trading and investing.

37. AI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to address some of the
biggest challenges in education today, innovate teaching and learning
practices