development of children between ages 2-6 years

1. INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE
CARIBBEAN
BY: TANECIA STEVENS
2/26/2015 1Tanecia Stevens BA G&C

2. Early Childhood Development
 What is early childhood development?
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3. Early childhood development
 Early childhood is a stage in human development.
 In psychology, the term early childhood is usually
defined as the time period from the age of two until
the age of six or seven years.
 Play age is an unspecific designation approximately
within the scope of early childhood.
 There are three simultaneous development stages:
 Physical
 Cognitive
 Emotional and Social
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4. Physical Development
 2 years
 Throughout early childhood, height and weight increase
more slowly than in toddlerhood.
 Balances improves; walks more rhythmically; hurried
walk changes to run.
 Jumps, hops, throws, and catches with rigid upper body.
 Uses spoon effectively.
 First drawings are gestural scribbles.
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5. Balancing
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6.  3-4 years
 Running, jumping, hopping,
throwing, and catching become
better coordinated.
 Galloping and one foot skipping
appear.
 Pedals and steers tricycle.
 Uses scissors.
 Fastens and unfastens large
buttons
 Uses for effectively.
 Uses tadpole images to draw
pictures of persons
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7.  5-6 years
 Starts to lose primary teeth.
 Increase running speed, gallops more smoothly, and
engages in true skipping.
 Display more throwing and catching patterns.
 Copies some numbers and simple words.
 Draws more complex pictures.
 Uses knife to cut soft food.
 Tie shoes lace.
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8. Cognitive Development 2 years
 Make-believe becomes less dependent
on realistic objects, less self-centered,
and more complex; socio-dramatic play
increases.
 Understands the symbolic function of
photos and pictures in books.
 Takes the perspective of others in
simplified, familiar situations and in
face-to-face communication.
 Recognition memory is well develop.
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9.  Shows awareness of the distinction between inner
mental and outer physical events.
 Begins to count.
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10. • 3-4 years
 Understand the symbolic functions of drawing and of
models of real-world spaces.
 Grasps conversation, reasons about transformations,
reverse thinking, and understands cause-and-effect
relationships in familiar contexts.
 Distinguishes appearance from reality.
 Sorts familiar objects into hierarchically organized
categories.
 Uses private speech to guide behavior during
challenging tasks.
 Sustained attention and planning improve.
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11.  Uses scripts to recall
familiar experiences.
 Understands that both
beliefs and desires
determine behavior.
 Knowing meaning of
numbers up to ten,
counts correctly, grasps
principle of cardinality.
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12. • 5-6 years
 Magical belief decline.
 Ability to distinguish
appearance from reality
improves.
 Attention and planning
continue to improve.
 Recognition, recall, scripted
memory, and autobiographical
memory improve.
 Understanding of false belief
strengthens.
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13. Emotional & Social Development
 2 years
Understands causes, consequences, and behavioral
signs of basic emotions.
Begins to develop self-concept and self-esteem.
Shows early signs of developing moral sense – verbal
evaluations of own and others actions and distress at
harmful behaviors.
May display proactive (instrumental) aggression.
Gender-stereotyped belief and behavior increase.
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15.  3-4 years
Describes self in terms of observable characteristics
and typical emotions and attitudes.
Has several self-esteems, such as learning things in
school, making friends, and getting along with
parents,
Emotional self-regulation improves.
Experiences self-conscious emotions more often.
Relies more on language to express empathy.
Proactive aggression declines, while reactive
aggression (verbal and relational) increases.
Distinguishes truthfulness from lying.
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16. Engages in associative and cooperative play with
peers, in addition to parallel play.
Forms first friendships, based on pleasurable play
and sharing of toys.
Distinguishes moral imperatives from social
conventions and matters of personal choice.
Preferences for same-sex playmates strengthens.
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17.  5-6 years
Emotional understanding (the ability to interpret
predict, and influence others’ emotional reactions)
improves.
Empathic responding increases
Has acquired many morally relevant rules and
behaviors.
Gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior and
preference of same-sex play mates continues to
strengthen.
Understand gender constancy.
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18. Language Development
 2 years
Vocabulary increases rapidly.
Uses a coalition of cues – perceptual and increasingly,
social and linguistic-to figure out words meanings.
Speak in simple sentences that follow basic word order
of native language.
Adds grammatical markers
Displays effective conversation skills.
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19. Children having conversation
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20.  3-4 years
Aware of some meaningful features of written
language.
Coins new words based on known words; extends
language meaning through metaphor.
Masters increasingly complex grammatical structure.
Occasion overextends grammatical rules to exceptions.
Adjust speech problem to fit the age, sex, and social
status
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21.  5-6 years
Understands that letters
and sounds are linked in
systematic ways
Uses invented spellings
By age 6, vocabulary
reaches about 10,000
words
Uses most grammatical
constructions
competently.
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22. Thank You2/26/2015 22Tanecia Stevens BA G&C