Here you find all about Kaplan Turbine. You will also able to know how its work, main parts of it, design factors, equations, application, capacity, efficiency, advantages-disadvantages and etc. I think it will very much helpful for you. If you find any problem please do inform for correction. Thank you.

1. Kaplan Turbine

2. Prepared By
Md. Tanvir Hassan Rakib
ID#
15107060
BSME
IUBAT

3. What we going to talk…….
History , Inventor & Introduction
Types & Parts
Working Procedure, Efficiency
Design, Pressure & load
Distribution
Application, Advantage-
Disadvantages, Conclusion

4. History
Is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable
blades & developed in 1913 by Austrian professor
Viktor Kaplan

5. Also…
The Kaplan's blades are
adjustable for pitch and will
handle a great variation of
flow very efficiently.
Similar to an airplane
propeller. Difference is-
Propeller turbine has fixed
runner blades while the
Kaplan turbine has
adjustable runner blades.
It is a pure axial flow turbine
uses basic aerofoil theory.
They are 90% or better in
efficiency and are used in
place some of the old
Francis types in a good
many of installations
-Used for low heads and
high discharges.
-Head of 2m to 40m

6. Airplane Propeller

7. Adjustable Blade

8. Flow Direction of Kaplan Turbine….

9. Compare with other turbine ………
Pelton turbines are tangential
flow impulse turbines operate
above a head of 200m and low
discharge. low specific speed of
8.5 to 30 for single jet and 30 to
51 for two or more jets
Francis turbine is a mixed flow
reaction turbine operate under a
head of 30 to 200m and medium
discharge specific speed of 51 to
255 and has minimum flow rate
Kaplan turbine is axial flow
reaction turbine operate under a
head of 2 to 30m and large
discharge. a high specific speed
of 255 to 860.

10. Kaplan Turbine Runner

11. Guide Vanes also ADJUSTABLE

12. Variation
Propeller turbines
• Propeller turbines have non-
adjustable propeller vanes. They are
used where the range of flow / power
is not large. Commercial products
exist for producing several
hundred watts from only a few feet
of head.
Bulb or tubular turbines
• Bulb or tubular turbines are designed
into the water delivery tube. A large
bulb is centered in the water pipe
which holds the generator, wicket
gate and runner. Tubular turbines are
a fully axial design, whereas Kaplan
turbines have a radial wicket gate.
S-turbines
• S-turbines eliminate the need for a
bulb housing by placing the generator
outside of the water channel. This is
accomplished with a jog in the water
channel and a shaft connecting the
runner and generator.

13. Also….
Straflo turbines
• Straflo turbines are axial turbines
with the generator outside of the
water channel, connected to the
periphery of the runner.
VLH turbine
• The VLH turbine is an open flow,
very low head “Kaplan" turbine
slanted at an angle to the water
flow. It has a large diameter >3.55
m, is low speed using a directly
connected shaft mounted
permanent magnet alternator with
electronic power regulation and is
DIVE-Turbine
• The DIVE-Turbine is a vertical
propeller turbine with double
regulation by wicket gates and
speed variation. It covers a range of
application up to 2 MW with
efficiencies comparable to standard
Kaplan-Turbines.

14. Main Parts of Kaplan Turbine
It is the Casing in which guides the water and control the
water passage.
Scroll Casing:

15. Main Parts of Kaplan Turbine
It is the blade in which guides the water and
control the water passage.
Guide Vanes:

16. Main Parts of Kaplan Turbine
A Draft tube connects the runner exit to
tail race. By using draft tube, the kinetic
energy rejected at the outlet of turbine is
converted to useful pressure energy.
Draft Tube:

17. Main Parts of Kaplan Turbine
It is connected to the shaft of the generator.
Runner:
Runner Hub:
It is the part of the runner in which blades are
mounted
Runner Blade:
The blades are attached to the hub and so shaped
that water flows axially through the runner

18. Main Parts of Kaplan Turbine
The function of stay ring is to direct the
water from scroll casing to guide vanes.
Stay ring:

19. Working Principle

20. Theory of operation
The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine,
which means that the working fluid changes pressure
as it moves through the turbine and gives up its
energy. Power is recovered from both the hydrostatic
head and from the kinetic energy of the flowing
water. The design combines features of radial and
axial turbines.

21. Theory of operation…
The inlet is a scroll-shaped tube that wraps around
the turbine's wicket gate. Water is directed
tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to
a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin.
The outlet is a specially shaped draft tube that helps
decelerate the water and recover kinetic energy.

22. Theory of operation…
The turbine does not need to be at the lowest point of
water flow as long as the draft tube remains full of
water. A higher turbine location, however, increases
the suction that is imparted on the turbine blades by
the draft tube. The resulting pressure drop may lead
to cavitation.
Variable geometry of the wicket gate and turbine
blades allow efficient operation for a range of flow
conditions. Kaplan turbine efficiencies are typically
over 90%, but may be lower in very low head
applications

23. Working Procedure
• The water from the penstocks enters the scroll
casing and then moves to the guide vanes.
• From the guide vanes, the water turns through 90°
and flows axially through the runner.
• Water under pressure flush draft tube through the
guide vanes and falls on the adjustable blades, which
enables adjust the flow.
• After crossing propeller is the kinetic energy of
water converted into rotational motion shaft. The
shaft powered generator producing electric power.

24. Efficiency
Large Kaplan turbines are individually
designed for each site to operate at
the highest possible efficiency,
typically over 90%.

25. Velocity Diagram
For Kaplan turbine
𝑈1 = U2
Vf1 = Vf2
Also ß =900 because of radial flow
at outlet.
Vf2=V2 &
Vw2=0

26. Design Principle

27. Main dimension of a Kaplan turbine
The Kaplan Bulb Turbine is a double-regulated
turbine, and is most suitable for large flow and
low head situations. The head experienced from
the Kaplan Turbine can range anywhere from 1.5
meters (4.9 feet) to over 50 meters (164 feet).
The Kaplan turbine operates most efficiently
between heads of 1.5 meters and 15 meters.
Over 15 meters, the efficiency of the turbine will
start to decrease.

28. Design Principle
Essential for High Efficiency at low Head

29. Different number of blades
Kaplan Turbine with different number of blades 3, 4, 5

30. Design Principle
The figure shows blades with two different
design of the blade in radial direction. This
is because it will influence the secondary
flow in the radial direction

31. Blade Gap

32. Pressure Distribution and Torque

33. Pressure Distribution and Torque
The pressure at the outlet is lower for
a cascade than for a single profile.
The cavitation performance will
therefore be reduced in a cascade.

34. Blade profile data

35. Radial distribution of the blade profile
The ratio t/l influences the lift
coefficient in a cascade. The
cord length for a blade will
therefore increase when the
radius becomes increase

36. Application
The Kaplan turbine is mainly used in electrical power production all around the world where the
conditions vary but usually where there is low hydraulic head.
This type of turbine can produce a lot of energy with low head of water (10 to 70 m) because the
diameter of the turbine are between 0.8 and 11 meters, which produce a very high discharge.
Kaplan turbine are widely use in tidal power since the hydraulic head is still low even with high tide.

37. Advantages:
Kaplan Turbines can achieve efficiency of up to 95%.
Can be implemented in low-head situations allowing for power plants
at lower elevation.
Varying size of turbine and output allows for micro-hydropower plants
instead of large dams.

38. Also…
Kaplan Turbines are relatively low cost due to the small
size and low head requirements.
Because of small dimension of the power house there is
saving in excavation and civil Engineering works.

39. Disadvantages
Disadvantag
es
Often times, Kaplan Turbines are installed where fish migrations occur, and
may potentially affect their migration patterns and survival rates.
The high velocity of the turbine may cause leakage of oil-based lubricant
into the outlet leading to pollution.
Due to the high discharge of the turbine, the water around the turbine can
reach very low pressure making the Kaplan turbine vulnerable to cavitation.

40. The Manuel Piar Hydroelectric power plant is situated in Venezuela on the Caroni River.
This project is known as the largest and most efficient Kaplan turbine in the world (see
figure Z). This power plant is situated in the lower part of the river is under construction
and includes ten Kaplan bulbs of 8.6 meters in diameter that will be generated 230
megawatts each with a hydraulic head of only 35 meters, the speed of the turbine is 90
rpm. These ten Kaplan bulbs obtain the world record 2012, and the total capacity of the
reservoir is 1.43 million of acre ft. over 34 square miles. The spillway has a capacity of
28,750m3/s. This hydroelectric power plant is very important because hydropower is one
of the most used renewable energy in Latin America.
Some Kaplan Turbine
The Manuel Piar Hydroelectric

41. The engineer Sergio Motta Dam was built during the
80’s on the Parana River in Brazil, near Sao Paulo and
cost 9 billion US dollars. It is a concrete dam of 72 ft.
high and longest at 6.7 miles which contain a
reservoir of 16 million acre ft. over 870 squares miles.
Formerly known as the Porto Primavera Dam it
includes a hydroelectric power plant that contain
fourteen Kaplan turbines with a total capacity of
1,540 megawatts. These Kaplan bulbs are supplied by
a gate controlled spillway. To aid with fish migration,
the dam has a 1710 feet long fish ladder.
The engineer Sergio Motta Dam

42. The La Rance Tidal power station is the first to be built and
second biggest tidal station in the world behind Sihwa Lake
Tidal Power Station. The power is situated on the estuary of
the La Rance River in France and contains 24 turbine of Kaplan
type that can produce a total of 240 megawatts of electricity.
The dam is 2,300 ft. long and the tidal range is 8 meters with a
peak in spring of 13.5 meters so the hydraulic head is very low
but ideal for the use of Kaplan Turbines. Construction was
completed in 1966 at a cost of 100 million Euros.
La Rance Tidal Power Station

43. Others

44. Conclusion
The Kaplan turbine is mainly used in
electrical power production all around the
world where the conditions vary but
usually where there is low hydraulic head.
Kaplan turbine are widely use in
tidal power since the hydraulic
head is stiil low even with high
tide.
Due to its versatility and
efficiency, Kaplan turbines are
used in many different
hydroelectric plants around the
world ranging from the largest
Manual Piar Hydroelectric Power
Plant to many micro hydroelectric
power plants in smaller towns

45. Question Section
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?Any Question
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