Ct h2 dev_plan_041012

HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
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CONNECTICUT
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Plan – “Roadmap” Collaborative
Participants
Project Management and Plan Development
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc.:
Elliot Ginsberg – Chief Executive Officer
Joel M. Rinebold – Program Director
Paul Aresta – Project Manager
Alexander C. Barton – Energy Specialist
Adam J. Brzozowski – Energy Specialist
Thomas Wolak – Energy Intern
Nathan Bruce – GIS Mapping Intern
Agencies
United States Department of Energy
United States Small Business Administration
Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development
Hartford skyline – “Hartford, CT, Octobwer 20, 2007”, http://www.flickr.com/photos/gatuzz/1803990134/in/faves-wnprimages/
CT Transit Bus – “Hydrogen Fuel Cell bus at the CT Science Center on April 21, 2010”,
http://www.cttransit.com/press/Display.asp?PressID={1446426A-4BBB-4742-9612-DD65A6A9ED03}
Cabela’s – “Retail (Cabela’s, East Hartford CT), May 5, 2011”, http://www.utcpower.com/pressroom/gallery/retail-cabelas-east-
hartford-ct
Sunhydro – “Hydrogen Powered Cars, October 12, 2011”, http://www.sunhydro.com/

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There is the potential to generate approximately 938,000 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity annually
from hydrogen and fuel cell technologies at potential host sites in the State of Connecticut, through the
development of 119 – 158 megawatts (MW) of fuel cell generation capacity. The state and federal
government have incentives to facilitate the development and use of renewable energy. The decision on
whether or not to deploy hydrogen or fuel cell technology at a given location depends largely on the
economic value, compared to other conventional or alternative/renewable technologies. Consequently,
while many sites may be technically viable for the application of fuel cell technology, this plan provides
focus for fuel cell applications that are both technically and economically viable.
Favorable locations for the development of renewable energy generation through fuel cell technology
include energy intensive commercial buildings (education, food sales, food services, inpatient healthcare,
lodging, and public order and safety), energy intensive industries, wastewater treatment plants, landfills,
wireless telecommunications sites, federal/state-owned buildings, and airport facilities with a substantial
amount of air traffic.
Currently, Connecticut has approximately 600 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel
cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Based on a recent study, these companies making up
the Connecticut hydrogen and fuel cell industry are estimated to have realized approximately $500
million in revenue and investment, contributed more than $22 million in state and local tax revenue,
and generated over $267 million in gross state product from their participation in this regional energy
cluster in 2010. Eight of these companies are original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of
hydrogen and/or fuel cell systems, and were responsible for supplying 1,074 direct jobs and $254
million in direct revenue and investment in 2010.
Hydrogen and fuel cell projects are becoming increasingly popular throughout the Northeast region.
These technologies are viable solutions that can meet the demand for renewable energy in Connecticut.
In addition, the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology would reduce the dependence on oil,
improve environmental performance, and increase the number of jobs within the state. This plan provides
links to relevant information to help assess, plan, and initiate hydrogen or fuel cell projects to help meet
the energy, economic, and environmental goals of the State.
Developing policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase
deployment at sites that would benefit from on-site generation. Increased demand for hydrogen and fuel
cell technology will increase production and create jobs throughout the supply chain. As deployment
increases, manufacturing costs will decline and hydrogen and fuel cell technology will be in a position to
then compete in a global market without incentives. These policies and incentives can be coordinated
regionally to maintain the regional economic cluster as a global exporter for long-term growth and
economic development.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................5
DRIVERS............................................................................................................................................6
ECONOMIC IMPACT ...........................................................................................................................8
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS ...................................................................................................9
Education ............................................................................................................................................11
Food Sales...........................................................................................................................................12
Food Service .......................................................................................................................................12
Inpatient Healthcare............................................................................................................................13
Lodging...............................................................................................................................................14
Public Order and Safety......................................................................................................................14
Energy Intensive Industries.....................................................................................................................15
Government Owned Buildings................................................................................................................16
Wireless Telecommunication Sites.........................................................................................................16
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) ................................................................................................16
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)........................................................................................17
Airports...................................................................................................................................................17
Military ...................................................................................................................................................19
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS .........................................................................................20
Alternative Fueling Stations................................................................................................................21
Bus Transit..........................................................................................................................................22
Material Handling...............................................................................................................................22
Ground Support Equipment ................................................................................................................23
Ports ....................................................................................................................................................23
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................24
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................26

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Index of Tables
Table 1 - Connecticut Economic Data 2011 .................................................................................................8
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown.........................................................................................................11
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown........................................................................................................12
Table 4 - Food Services Date Breakdown ..................................................................................................13
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown.........................................................................................13
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown............................................................................................................14
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown...................................................................................15
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector ..............................................................15
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown................................................................................16
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown........................................................................16
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown ........................................................................16
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown..........................................................................17
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown ..........................................................................................................17
Table 14 – Connecticut Top Airports' Enplanement Count........................................................................18
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown ...........................................................................................................18
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown ..........................................................................................................19
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge)...........................20
Table 18 - Ports data Breakdown................................................................................................................23
Table 19 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications ...........................................................................24
Index of Figures
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector....................................................................................................9
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Source................................................................9
Figure 3 - Connecticut Electrical Consumption per Sector ........................................................................11
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption ........................................................................................144

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INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York, and New
Jersey), with support from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE), to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology.1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current. The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors,
including fuel cell type, stack size, operating temperature, and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell. Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ, which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the temperature range in which the
cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. These characteristics, in turn, affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable. There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development, each with its own advantages, limitations, and potential applications. These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VII.
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications. Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world, providing thermal energy and electricity to
power homes and businesses. Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications, such as automobiles,
trucks, buses, and other equipment. Fuel cells for portable applications, which are currently in
development, can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones.
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants;
therefore, less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power. Typically, stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel. Natural gas is widely available
throughout the northeast, is relatively inexpensive, and is primarily a domestic energy supply.
Consequently, natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy. 2
Stationary fuel cells use a fuel reformer to convert the natural gas to near pure
hydrogen for the fuel cell stack. Because hydrogen can be produced using a wide variety of resources
found here in the U.S., including natural gas, biomass material, and through electrolysis using electricity
produced from indigenous sources, energy produced from a fuel cell can be considered renewable and
will reduce dependence on imported fuel. 3,4
When pure hydrogen is used to power a fuel cell, the only
by-products are water and heat; no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are produced.
1
Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2
EIA, “Commercial Sector Energy Price Estimates, 2009”,
http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/sum_pr_com.html, September 2011
3
Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
4
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/, August 2011

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DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry, while still emerging, currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment. Connecticut has eight original equipment manufacturers
of hydrogen/fuel cell systems, giving the state a significant direct economic impact, in addition to
benefiting from secondary impacts of indirect and induced employment and revenue. Furthermore,
Connecticut has a definitive and attractive economic development opportunity to greatly increase its
economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell industry within the Northeast region and worldwide.
An economic “SWOT” assessment for Connecticut is provided in Appendix VIII.
Industries in the Northeast, including those in Connecticut, are facing increased pressure to reduce costs,
fuel consumption, and emissions that may be contributing to climate change. Currently, Connecticut’s
businesses pay $0.154 per kWh for electricity on average; this is the second highest cost of electricity in
the U.S.5
Connecticut’s relative proximity to major load centers, the high cost of electricity, concerns
over regional air quality, available federal tax incentives, and legislative mandates in Connecticut and
neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in the development of efficient renewable energy.
Incentives designed to assist individuals and organizations in energy conservation and the development of
renewable energy are currently offered within the state. Appendix IV contains an outline of
Connecticut’s incentives and renewable energy programs. Some specific factors that are driving the
market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Connecticut include the following:
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells that operate using
renewable or non-renewable fuels, as a “Class I” renewable energy source and calls for an
increase in renewable energy used in the state from its current level of approximately eight
percent to approximately 20 percent by 2020. 6
– promotes stationary power applications.
Net Metering requires all electric utilities to provide, upon request, net metering to customers who
generate electricity using renewable-energy systems with a maximum capacity of 2 MW, for
“Class I” facilities.7
– promotes stationary power applications.
The Public Act No. 08-98, Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), was adopted by the General
Assembly in 2008 and set forth the following greenhouse gas emission reduction requirements:
by January 2020, reduce greenhouse gas emissions to ten percent below 1990 levels; and by
January 2050, reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 2001 levels.8
– promotes
stationary power and transportation applications.
Connecticut is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI); the nation’s first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2). RGGI's goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 2.5 percent per year from 2015-2018.9
– promotes stationary power and transportation applications.
5
EIA, Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html, October 2011
6
DSIRE, “Connecticut Renewable Portfolio Standards”,
http://dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CT04R&re=1&ee=1, September , 2011
7
DSIRE, “Connecticut – Net Metering”,
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CT01R&re=1&ee=1, September; 2011
8
CT.gov, DEEP, “Climate Change”, http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2684&q=322070, October, 2011
9
Seacoastonline.come, “RGGI: Quietly setting a standard”,
http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090920/NEWS/909200341/-1/NEWSMAP, September 20, 2009

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The Connecticut Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Coalition coordinates stakeholders to enhance economic
growth through the development, manufacture, and deployment of fuel cell and hydrogen
technologies and associated fueling systems. Representatives from industry, government,
academia, labor, and other stakeholders make up the Coalition.10
– promotes coordinated and
cooperative efforts to develop stationary power and transportation applications.
10
EERE, “Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Promotion”, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/CT/6071, September 2011

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ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct, indirect, and induced impacts on local and regional
economies. 11
A new hydrogen and/or fuel cell project directly affects the area’s economy through the
purchase of goods and services, generation of land use revenue, taxes or payments in lieu of taxes, and
employment. Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy, economic diversification, changes in
property values, and the use of indigenous resources.
Connecticut is home to approximately 600 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell
industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Appendices V and VI list the hydrogen and fuel cell
supply chain companies and OEMs in Connecticut. Realizing approximately $500 million in revenue and
investment from their participation in this regional cluster in 2010, these companies include
manufacturing, parts distributing, supplying of industrial gas, engineering based research and
development (R&D), coating applications, and managing of venture capital funds. 12
Furthermore, the
hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed more than $22 million in state and local
tax revenue, and over $267 million in gross state product. Table 1 shows Connecticut’s impact in the
Northeast region’s hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011.
Table 1 - Connecticut Economic Data 2011
Connecticut Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 599
Direct Rev ($M) 254.42
Direct Jobs 1,074
Direct Labor Income ($M) 105.79
Indirect Rev ($M) 122.35
Indirect Jobs 633
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 47.58
Induced Revenue ($M) 120.12
Induced Jobs 822
Induced Labor Income ($M) 43.04
Total Revenue ($M) 496.89
Total Jobs 2,529
Total Labor Income ($M) 196.4
In addition there are over 118,000 people employed across 3,500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry. Approximately 16,100 of these individuals and 300 of
these companies are located in Connecticut. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were
to gain momentum within the transportation sector, the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry could grow significantly in the region.13
11
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (i.e., revenue), employment and labor income in other business (i.e., not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs, as well as other companies in the sector’s supply chain.
Induced impacts are the estimated output, employment and labor income in other businesses (i.e., non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry.
12
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, April 8, 2011
13
NAICS Codes: Motor Vehicle – 33611, Motor Vehicle Parts – 3363

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Residential
33%
Commercial
25%
Industrial
11%
Transportation
31%
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009, Connecticut consumed the equivalent of 231 MWh of energy from the transportation, residential,
industrial, and commercial sectors.14
Electricity consumption in Connecticut was approximately 29.7
million MWh, and is forcasted to grow at a rate of 0.6 percent annually over the next decade..15
Figure 1
illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Connecticut. A more detailed breakout
of energy used is provided in Appendix II.
This demand represents approximately 25 percent of the population in New England and 25 percent of the
region’s total electricity consumption. The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of power
over the region’s transmission system to serve electricity to customers. Net electrical demand in
Connecticut was 3,392 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 120 MW by 2015.16
The state’s overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 0.6 percent (0.9 percent peak
summer demand growth) annually over the next decade. Demand for new electric capacity as well as a
replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected. With approximately 8,200
MW in total capacity of generation plants, Connecticut represents 25 percent of the total capacity in New
England.17
As shown in Figure 2, natural gas was the second most used energy source for electricity
consumed in New Jersey for 2009.18
14
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “State Energy Data System”,
“http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/rank_use.html”, August 2011
15
EIA, “Electric Power Annual 2009 – State Data Tables”, www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html; January, 2011
16
EIA, “1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)”,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html, January 4, 2011
17
ISO New England, “Connecticut 2011 State Profile”, www.iso-ne.com/nwsiss/grid_mkts/key_facts/ct_01-2011_profile.pdf,
January, 2011
18
EIA, “Connecticut Electricity Profile”, http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/connecticut.html, October, 2011
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector Figure 2 – Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source
Coal
7.8%
Petroleum
1.2%
Natural Gas
35.2%
Nuclear
50.3%
Hydroelectric
1.2% Other
Renewables
2.2%
Other
2.1%

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Fuel cell systems have many advantages over other conventional technologies, including:
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (> 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels;
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent;
Reduction of noise pollution;
Reduction of air pollution;
Often do not require new transmission;
Siting is not controversial; and
If near point of use, waste heat can be captured and used. Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems.19
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy, and can
nearly double energy efficiency at a customer site, typically from 35 to 50 percent. The value of CHP
includes reduced transmission and distribution costs, reduced fuel use and associated emissions.20
Based
on the targets identified within this plan, there is the potential to develop at least approximately 119 MWs
of stationary fuel cell generation capacity in Connecticut, which would provide the following benefits,
annually:
Production of approximately 938,000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 2.53 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 277,000 tons (electric generation only)21
For the purpose of this plan, potential applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells that have
a capacity between 300 kW to 400 kW. However, smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific
applications. Facilities that have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the
fuel cells potentially provide the best opportunity for the application of a fuel cell. Facilities that may be
good candidates for the application of a fuel cell include commercial buildings with potentially high
electricity consumption, selected government buildings, public works facilities, and energy intensive
industries.
Commercial building types with high electricity consumption have been identified as potential locations
for on-site generation and CHP application based on data from the Energy Information Administration’s
(EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). These selected building types
making up the CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include:
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order & Safety22
19
FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell Basics”, www.fuelcells.org/basics/apps.html, July, 2011
20
“Distributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticut”, ISE, Joel M. Rinebold,
ECSU, March 15, 2004
21
Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lb/MWh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), eGRID2010 Version
1.1 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates, Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England); FuelCell
Energy, DFC 300 Product sheet, http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/files/FCE%20300%20Product%20Sheet-lo-rez%20FINAL.pdf;
UTC Power, PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics, http://www.utcpower.com/products/purecell400

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The commercial building types identified above represent top principal building activity classifications
that reported the highest value for electricity consumption on a per building basis and have a potentially
high load factor for the application of CHP. Appendix II further defines Connecticut’s estimated
electrical consumption per each sector. As illustrated in Figure 3, these selected building types within
the commercial sector is estimated to account for approximately 12 percent of Connecticut’s total
electrical consumption. Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Figure 3 - Connecticut Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 390 non-public schools and 1,270 public schools (248 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Connecticut.23,24
High schools operate for a longer
period of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities, such as clubs and athletics.
Furthermore, 22 of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive
because it would increase the utilization of both the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell.
There are also 41 colleges and universities in Connecticut. Colleges and universities have facilities for
students, faculty, administration, and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories, cafeterias,
gyms, libraries, and athletic departments – some with swimming pools. Of these 289 locations (248 high
schools and 41 colleges), 265 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 1:
Education).
Educational establishments in Connecticut have shown interest in fuel cell technology. Examples of
existing or planned fuel cell applications within the state include high schools in South Windsor,
Middletown, and Hamden, in addition to colleges such as Yale University, the University of Connecticut,
and Central Connecticut State University.
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
1,701
(9)
265
(12)
63
(9)
18.9
(9)
149,327
(9)
267,551
(9)
41,722
(10)
23
EIA, “Description of CBECS Building Types”, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html
24
Public schools are classified as magnets, charters, alternative schools and special facilities

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Food Sales
There are over 4,000 businesses in Connecticut known to be engaged in the retail sale of food. Food sales
establishments are potentially good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration. Approximately 108 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site. 25
Of these 108 large food sales
businesses, 104 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales). 26
The application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate.
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper, Supervalu, Whole foods, and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York.27
Whole
Foods, located in Glastonbury, and Stop and Shop, located in Torrington, are two locations in Connecticut
where a fuel cell power plant has been installed. In addition, grocery distribution centers, such as the
Whole Foods Market Distribution Center in Cheshire, Connecticut are prime targets for the application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary power and material handling equipment.
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
4,000
(8)
104
(9)
104
(9)
31.2
(9)
245,981
(9)
662,508
(9)
47,228
(8)
Food Service
There are over 5,000 businesses in Connecticut that can be classified as food service establishments used
for the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption.28
16 of these sites are considered
larger restaurant businesses with approximately 130 or more employees at their site and are located in
Connecticut communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services).29
The
application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be
economically viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel
cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate to meet hot water and space heating requirements. A significant portion
(18 percent) of the energy consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the
domestic hot water heating load.30
In other parts of the U.S., popular chains, such as McDonalds, are
25
On average, food sale facilities consume 43,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. When compared to current
fuel cell technology (>300 kW), which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh,
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell.
26
EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html
27
Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA), “Fuel Cells for Supermarkets – Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systems”, Benny Smith, www.cleanenergystates.org/assets/Uploads/BlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFB.pdf
28
29
On average, food service facilities consume 20,300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell
technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell.
30
“Case Studies in Restaurant Water Heating”, Fisher, Donald, http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2008/data/papers/9_243.pdf, 2008

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beginning to show an interest in the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and
thermal energy, including domestic water heating at food service establishments.31
Table 4 - Food Services Date Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
5,000
(8)
16
(4)
16
(4)
4.8
(4)
37,843
(4)
101,924
(4)
7,266
(3)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 372 inpatient healthcare facilities in Connecticut; 46 of which are classified as hospitals.32
Of these 46 locations, 31 are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more
beds on-site (Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare). Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity
for the application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving
medical devices and operate 24/7 with a relatively flat load curve. Furthermore, medical equipment,
patient rooms, sterilized/operating rooms, data centers, and kitchen areas within these facilities are often
required to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal
energy from the fuel cell. Nationally, hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $3.89 per
square foot in 2003 to $6.07 per square foot for 2010; partially due to the increased cost of energy.33
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St. Francis, Stamford, and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut, and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York.
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
372
(9)
31
(7)
31
(7)
9.3
(7)
73,321
(7)
197,478
(7)
14,078
(6)
31
Sustainable business Oregon, “ClearEdge sustains brisk growth”,
http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/01/clearedge_sustains_brisk_growth.html, May 8, 2011
32
EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types; www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html
33
BetterBricks, “http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/documents/BB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCase.pdf”, Page 1,
August 2011

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CONNECTICUT
Office Equipment,
4%
Ventilation, 4%
Refrigeration, 3%
Lighting, 11%
Cooling, 13%
Space Heating ,
33%
Water Heating ,
18%
Cooking, 5%
Other, 9%
Lodging
There are over 302 establishments specializing
in travel/lodging accommodations that include
hotels, motels, or inns in Connecticut.
Approximately 68 of these establishments have
150 or more rooms onsite, and can be classified
as “larger sized” lodging that may have
additional attributes, such as heated pools,
exercise facilities, and/or restaurants. 34
Of these
68 locations, 36 employ more than 94 workers
and are located in communities serviced by
natural gas. 35
As shown in Figure 4, more than
60 percent of total energy use at a typical
lodging facility is due to lighting, space heating,
and water heating. 36
The application of a large
fuel cell (>300 kW) at hotel/resort facilities with
less than 94 employees may not be economically
viable based on the electrical demand and
operational requirement; however, a smaller fuel
cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate. Popular hotel
chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels
have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and
New York.
Connecticut also has 241 facilities identified as convalescent homes, 40 of which have bed capacities
greater than or equal to 150 units, and are located in communities serviced by natural gas37
(Appendix I –
Figure 5: Lodging).
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
543
(7)
76
(9)
76
(9)
22.8
(9)
179,755
(9)
484,141
(9)
34,513
(7)
Public Order and Safety
There are approximately 209 facilities in Connecticut that can be classified as public order and safety;
these include 82 fire stations, 97 police stations, 14 state police stations, and 16 prisons. 38,39
33 of these
34
EPA, “CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sector”, www.epa.gov/chp/documents/hotel_casino_analysis.pdf, December, 2005
35
On average lodging facilities consume 28,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell technology
(>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell.
36
National Grid, “Managing Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotels”,
www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/shared_energyeff_hotels.pdf, 2004
37
Assisted-Living-List, “List of 249 Nursing Homes in Connecticut (CT)”, http://assisted-living-list.com/ct-nursing-homes// ,
September, 2011
38
39
USACOPS – The Nations Law Enforcement Site, www.usacops.com/me/
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption

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CONNECTICUT
locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities serviced by natural gas.40,41
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell (>300
kW), which could provide heat and uninterrupted power. 42,43
The sites identified (Appendix I – Figure 6:
Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased reliability to mission critical
facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid outages. The application of a
large fuel cell (>300 kW) at facilities located in small towns may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement; however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate.
Central Park Police Station in New York City, New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell
system.
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
209
(6)
33
(11)
33
(11)
9.9
(10)
78,052
(10)
210,219
(10)
14,986
(8)
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2, energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
4.8 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell.44
In Connecticut, there are approximately 541 of these industrial facilities that are involved in
the manufacture of aluminum, cement, food, chemicals, forest products, glass, metal casting, petroleum,
coal products or iron and steel and employ 25 or more employees.45
Of these 541 locations, 510 are
located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries).
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector46
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 2.49
322 Pulp and Paper 4.46
324110 Petroleum Refining 4.72
311 Food manufacturing 0.76
331111 Iron and steel 8.15
321 Wood Products 1.23
3313 Alumina and aluminum 3.58
327310 Cement 16.41
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 0.21
3315 Metal casting 1.64
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 2.05
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 2.05
40
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011
41
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12,400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. When
compared to current fuel cell technology (>300 kW), which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 –
3,504,000 kWh, calculations show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable
opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell.
42
2,628,000 / 12,400 = 211.94
43
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011
44
EIA, “Electricity Generation Capability”, 1999 CBECS; www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/comparegener.html
45
Proprietary market data
46
EPA, “Energy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectors”, www.epa.gov/sectors/pdf/energy/ch2.pdf; March 2007

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Companies such as Coca-Cola, Johnson & Johnson, and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut, New Jersey,
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities.
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
541
(11)
51
(12)
51
(12)
15.3
(12)
120,625
(12)
324,884
(12)
23,160
(11)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 88 locations in Connecticut; seven of these
properties are actively owned, rather than leased, by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings).
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Connecticut. The application of
fuel cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these
sites and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of
these public buildings.
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
88
(7)
7
(8)
7
(8)
2.1
(8)
16,556
(8)
44,592
(8)
3,179
(6)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers, cell phone towers, and other vital
equipment. In Connecticut, there are approximately 301 telecommunications and/or wireless company
tower sites (Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites). Any loss of power at these locations may
result in a loss of service to customers; thus, having reliable power is critical. Each individual site
represents an opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of
on-site back-up generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology. It is an industry standard to
install units capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power, which is typically accomplished with
batteries or conventional emergency generators.47
The deployment of fuel cells at selected
telecommunication sites will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated
with emergency communications and homeland security. An example of a telecommunication site that
utilizes fuel cell technology to provide backup power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs, Connecticut.
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
301
(8)
30
(8)
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs)
There are 77 WWTPs in Connecticut that have design flows ranging from 1,500 gallons per day (GPD) to
51 million gallons per day (MGD); thirty-four (34) of these facilities average between 3 – 51 MGD.
47
ReliOn, “Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Wireless Applications”, www.relion-inc.com/pdf/ReliOn_AppsWireless_2010.pdf, May 4, 2011

17
CONNECTICUT
WWTPs typically operate 24/7 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process
fats, oils, and grease.48
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United
State.49
Digester gas produced at WWTP’s, which is usually 60 percent methane, can serve as a fuel
substitute for natural gas to power fuel cells. Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow
greater than three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane.50
Most facilities currently
represent a lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their
operations (Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites). 51,52
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant was installed at the Water Pollution Control Authority’s WWTP in New
Haven, Connecticut, and produces 10 – 15 percent of the facility’s electricity, reducing energy costs by
almost $13,000 a year.53
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
77
(13)
4
(25)
4
(25)
1.2
(25)
9,461
(25)
25,481
(25)
1,816
(22)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 20 landfills in Connecticut identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through
their LMOP program: three of which are operational, three are candidates, and 17 are considered potential
sites for the production and recovery of methane gas.54,55
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place. Similar to WWTPs, methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system. In 2009, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation. These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites).
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
23
(11)
2
(8)
2
(8)
0.6
(14)
4,730
(14)
12,741
(14)
908
(12)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the U.S., there are approximately 50,000 airplanes in the sky each day.
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
48
“Beyond Zero Net Energy: Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Production”, Toffey, Bill,
September 2010, http://www.awra-pmas.memberlodge.org/Resources/Documents/Beyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010.pdf
49
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, “Introduction”, July, 2006
50
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, July, 2011
51
“GHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Management”, Beecher, Ned, November 20, 2009;
www.des.state.nh.us/organization/divisions/water/wmb/rivers/watershed_conference/documents/2009_fri_climate_2.pdf
52
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, May 4, 2011
53
Conntact.com; “City to Install Fuel Cell”,
http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/4472_Business_New_Haven.html; August 15, 2003
54
Due to size, individual sites may have more than one potential, candidate, or operational project.
55
LMOP defines a candidate landfill as “one that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less, has at least one
million tons of waste, and does not have an operational or, under-construction project ”EPA, “Landfill Methane Outreach
Program”, www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html, April 7, 2011

18
CONNECTICUT
controllers. Modern software, host computers, voice communication systems, and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts;
consequently, reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application.56
There are approximately 53 airports in Connecticut, including 22 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services. Of those 22 airports, three (Table 3) have 2,500 or more passengers enplaned each
year, and are located in communities serviced by natural gas. An example of an airport currently hosting
a fuel cell power plant to provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany, New
York.
Table 14 – Connecticut Top Airports' Enplanement Count
Airport57
Total Enplanement in 2000
Bradley International Airport 3,651,943
Tweed-New Haven Airport 38,159
Groton-New London Airport 12,111
Three of Connecticut’s 53 airports are considered “Joint-Use” airports. Bradley International (BDL),
Harford-Brainard (HFD) and Groton-New London (GON) airports are facilities where the military
department authorizes use of the military runway for public airport services. Army Aviation Support
Facilities (AASF), located at Bradley, Hartford-Brainard, and Groton-New London, are used by the Army
to provide aircraft and equipment readiness, train and utilize military personnel, conduct flight training
and operations, and perform field level maintenance. These locations represent favorable opportunities
for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with national defense and
emergency response. Furthermore, all of these sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports).
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
53
(6)
3 (3)
(6)
3
(6)
0.9
(6)
7,096
(6)
19,111
(6)
1,362
(6)
;
56
Howstuffworks.com, “How Air Traffic Control Works”, Craig, Freudenrich,
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/air-traffic-control5.htm, May 4, 2011
57
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Connecticut Transportation Profile”,
www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/connecticut/pdf/entire.pdf, October, 2011

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Military
The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world. DOD is using fuel cells for:
Stationary units for power supply in bases.
Fuel cell units in transport applications.
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers.
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE, the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations, two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey).58
In addition, the Naval Submarine Base (NSB) in Groton, Connecticut,
which consists of more than 200 major buildings, 2,100 Navy Housing Units, and 12 barracks, is also a
potential site for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology.59
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
1
(7)
1
76)
1
(7)
0.3
(7)
2,365
(7)
6,370
(7)
454
(7)
58
Fuel Cell Today, “US DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installations”,
http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online/news/articles/2011-07/US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems, July 20, 2011
59
Naval Submarine Base New London, “New London Acreage and Buildings”,
http://www.cnic.navy.mil/NewLondon/About/AcreageandBuildings/index.htm; September 2011

20
CONNECTICUT
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the world’s oil production. In 2010, the U.S. used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day. Roughly 32 percent of Connecticut’s energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation
sector, including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles, cars, trucks, and buses. A
small percent of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel.60
The current economy in the U.S. is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities, including
transportation. As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce, energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced. Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels.
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology, including:
Quiet operation;
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon gases or particulates;
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas; and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source;
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security; and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4).61,62
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge63
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 29.3 49.2 21.5 5.4 3.9
FCEVs can reduce price volatility, dependence on oil, improve environmental performance, and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies, as follows:
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10,170, 15,770, and 182,984 pounds per year, respectively.64
60
“US Oil Consumption to BP Spill”, http://applesfromoranges.com/2010/05/us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill/, May31, 2010
61
“Challenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehicles”, Masatami Takimoto, Executive Vice President,
Toyota Motor Corporation, January 26, 2006. Presentation at the 2nd
International Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo, Japan
62
“Twenty Hydrogen Myths”, Amory B. Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, June 20, 2003
63
Miles per Gallon Equivalent
64
Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008, Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12,500
miles for passenger car and 14,000 miles for light trucks (U.S. EPA) and 37,000 average miles/year per bus (U.S. DOT FTA,
2007)

21
CONNECTICUT
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle), 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4,390
gallons of diesel (bus).
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles, light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle, $1,866 per light duty truck, and $17,560 per bus.65
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, General Motors, Honda, Daimler AG, and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015. Longer term, the
U.S. DOE has projected that between 15.1 million and 23.9 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy. These estimates could be accelerated if political, economic, energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels.66
Strategic targets for the application of hydrogen for transportation include alternative fueling stations;
Connecticut Department of Transportation (CDOT) refueling stations; bus transits operations;
government, public, and privately owned fleets; and material handling and airport ground support
equipment (GSE). Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1,470 retail fueling stations in Connecticut;67
however, only 59 public and/or
private stations within the state provide alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, compressed natural gas
(CNG), liquid propane gas (LPG), electricity, and/or hydrogen for alternative-fueled vehicles.68
There are
also approximately 33 refueling stations owned and operated by CDOT that can be used by authorities
operating federal and state safety vehicles, state transit vehicles, and employees of universities that
operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis.69
Development of hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations at
selected locations owned and operated by CDOT would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within
the state. (See Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations)
Connecticut currently has two hydrogen refueling stations; the SunHydro facility located at Proton
OnSite, in Wallingford, and UTC Power facility, located in South Windsor. A multi-fuel station, that
would also include hydrogen, is currently being developed, and two other hydrogen fueling stations are in
the process of being installed; one for the Greater New Haven Transit District and the Town of Hamden,
in Hamden, and another at the CTTransit maintenance facility in Hartford, Connecticut. There are
approximately 18 (including Connecticut locations) existing or planned transportation fueling stations in
the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel.70,71,72
65
U.S. EIA, Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices: gasoline - $3.847 and diesel – 4.00;
www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_w.htm
66
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States: Report to Congress,
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/congress_reports.html, August 2011
67
“Public retail gasoline stations state year” www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/docs/gasoline_stations_state.xls, May 5, 2011
68
Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/
69
EPA, “Government UST Noncompliance Report-2007”, www.epa.gov/oust/docs/CT%20Compliance%20Report.pdf
70
Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/
71
Hyride, “About the fueling station”, http://www.hyride.org/html-about_hyride/About_Fueling.html
72
CTTransit, “Hartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)”,
www.cttransit.com/Procurements/Display.asp?ProcurementID={8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542}, March, 2011

22
CONNECTICUT
Fleets
There are over 3,500 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal) classified as non-leasing or company
owned vehicles in Connecticut.73
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage, and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions, compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis. There is an additional 5,000 passenger automobiles and/or light duty trucks in Connecticut,
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 37,065,180 miles in
2010, while releasing 3,248 metrics tons of CO2.74
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions. Fleet vehicle
hubs may be good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly
operate on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station.
Bus Transit
There are approximately 670 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in
Connecticut.75
As discussed above, replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with fuel cell transit
bus would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183,000 pounds per year),
and reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4,390 gallons per year).76
Although the
efficiency of conventional diesel buses has increased, conventional diesel buses, which typically achieve
fuel economy performance levels of 3.9 miles per gallon, have the greatest potential for energy savings by
using high efficiency fuel cells. In addition to Connecticut, other states have also begun the transition of
fueling transit buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance.
Joining an earlier generation bus that began service in 2007, four next-generation fuel cell-powered
hybrid-electric buses were introduced in Connecticut on October 15, 2010, and a sixth bus is expected in
2012. CDOT has constructed a separate hydrogen fuel cell bus garage at the CTTransit maintenance
facility in Hartford, to make room for the growing fleet.77
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries, including
manufacturing, construction, mining, agriculture, food, retailers, and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site. Material handling equipment is usually
battery, propane or diesel powered. Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time. Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance, eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge. Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms, leaving more space for
products. In addition, fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement, which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity.
In addition, fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages, compared to
batteries, such as:
73
Fleet.com, “2009-My Registration”, www.automotive-
fleet.com/Statistics/StatsViewer.aspx?file=http%3a%2f%2fwww.automotive-fleet.com%2ffc_resources%2fstats%2fAFFB10-16-
top10-state.pdf&channel
74
State of Connecticut, “Energy Management Annual Report for State-Owned Buildings Fiscal Year 2010”,
http://admin.state.ct.us/EnergyManagement/Documents/AnnualEnergyReport2010.pdf, November, 2010
75
NTD Date, “TS2.2 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by System”,
http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm, December 2011
76
Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008.
77
CTTRANSIT, “hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Facility”, http://fuelcell.cttransit.com/index.php/ahead/fuel-cell-garage, May 19, 2011

23
CONNECTICUT
1.5 times lower maintenance cost;
8 times lower refueling/recharging labor cost;
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (O&M) system cost;
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix XI provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment).
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses, distribution
centers, and manufacturing plants in North America.78
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS, Coca-Cola, BMW, Central
Grocers, and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix X for a partial list of companies in North America that use
fuel cell powered forklifts).79
There are approximately 12 distribution centers/warehouse sites that have
been identified in Connecticut that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling
equipment (Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses).
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks, deicers, and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline. As an alternative, hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications. While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment, a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs.80
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Connecticut’s largest airports include Air Canada,
Air France, British Airways, Continental, Southwest Airlines, JetBlue United, and US Airways
(Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports).81
Ports
Ports in New London, New Haven, and Bridgeport Connecticut, which service large vessels, such as
container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, and cruise ships, may be candidates for improved energy
management. In one year, a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50
million cars. The low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90,000 cargo ships contains up to 2,000 times
the amount of sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles.82
While docked, vessels shut off their
main engines but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration, lights, pumps, and other
functions. An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at berth. Replacing
auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions, a process dubbed
“cold-ironing”. The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electrical and thermal
energy for improving energy management at warehouses, and equipment operated between terminals
(Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports).83
Table 18 - Ports data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
CT
(% of Region)
13
(11)
3
(16)
3
(16)
0.9
(16)
7,096
(16)
19,111
(16)
1,362
(13)
78
DOE EERE, “Early Markets: Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipment”,
www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/pdfs/early_markets_forklifts.pdf, February 2011
79
Plug Power, “Plug Power Celebrates Successful year for Company’s Manufacturing and Sales Activity”, www.plugpower.com, January 4, 2011
80
Battelle, “Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Markets”, April 2007,
www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/pemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407.pdf
81
Bradley Airport, “Arrivals”, http://www.bradleyairport.com/Flights/track.aspx?view=Arrivals, October, 2011
82
“Big polluters: one massive container ship equals 50 million cars”, Paul, Evans; http://www.gizmag.com/shipping-pollution/11526/, April 23,2009
83
Savemayportvillage.net, “Cruise Ship Pollution”, http://www.savemayportvillage.net/id20.html, October, 2011

24
CONNECTICUT
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability, energy
efficiency, and emission reductions. Large fuel cell units (>300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads. Smaller fuel cell units (< 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites, restaurants/fast food outlets, and smaller sized public facilities at this time.
Table 19 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
< 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
>300 kW
CBECSData
Education 1,701 26584
202 63
Food Sales 4,000+ 10485
104
Food Services 5,000+ 1686
16
Inpatient Healthcare 372 3187
31
Lodging 543 7688
76
Public Order & Safety 209 3389
33
Energy Intensive Industries 541 5190
51
Government Operated
Buildings
88 791
7
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
30192
3093
30
WWTPs 77 494
4
Landfills 23 295
2
Airports (w/ AASF) 53 3 (3) 96
3
Military 1 1 1
Ports 13 3 3
Total 12,921 626 232 394
As shown in Table 5, the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 626 potential
locations, which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power.
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year, approximately 296 to 394 fuel cell
84
265 high schools and/or college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas
85
104 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas
86
Ten percent of the 714 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas
87
31 Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 100 or more beds onsite
88
64 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and 40 convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced by
natural gas
89
County, state, and/or federal prisons/ correctional facilities and/or other public order and safety facilities with 212 or more
workers.
90
Ten percent of the 510 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities with natural gas.
91
Seven actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas
92
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire,
satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories.
93
Ten percent of the 301 wireless telecommunication sites in Connecticut’s targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment
94
Ten percent of Connecticut WWTP with average flows of 3.0+ MGD
95
Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
96
Airport facilities with 2,500+ annual Enplanement Counts and/or with AASF

25
CONNECTICUT
units, with a capacity of 300 – 400 kW, could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 119 to 158
MWs.
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 300 kW, a minimum of 938,196
MWh electric and 2.53 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 741,207 MWh) of thermal energy would be
produced, which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 277,289 tons per year.97
Connecticut can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets, transit district fleets, municipal fleets and state department fleets. The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil, improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10,170 pounds, annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $885.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15,770 pounds, annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $1866.
• Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182,984 pounds, annual energy savings of 4,390
gallons of fuel, and annual fuel cost savings of $17,560.
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation and/or
economic development. Realizing approximately $500 million in revenue and investment from their
participation in this regional cluster in 2010, the hydrogen and fuel cell industry in Connecticut is
estimated to have contributed approximately $22 million in state and local tax revenue, and over $267
million in gross state product. Currently, there are approximately 600 Connecticut companies that are
part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Eight of these
companies are defined as OEMs, and were responsible for supplying 1,074 direct jobs and $254 million
in direct revenue and investment in 2010. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to
gain momentum, the number of companies and employment for the industry could grow substantially.
97
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 400 kW, a minimum of 1.31million MWh electric and 6.17
million MMBTUs (equivalent to 1.81 million MWh) of thermal energy would be produced, which could reduce CO2 emissions
by at least 368,165 tons per year.

26
CONNECTICUT
APPENDICES

27
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 1: Education

28
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales

29
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services

30
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare

31
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 5: Lodging

32
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety

33
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries

34
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings

35
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites

36
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites

37
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports

38
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations

39
CONNECTICUT
Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports

40
CONNECTICUT
Appendix II – Connecticut Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)98
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 2,788 161.844 451,221,072
Food Sales 7,000 319.821 2,238,747,000
Food Services 10,000 128 1,281,900,000
Inpatient Healthcare 691 6,038.63 4,172,689,875
Lodging 1,358 213.12 289,414,244
Public Order & Safety 781 77.855 55,899,890
Total 22,555 8,489,872,081
Residential99
20,539,000,000
Industrial 9,870,000,000
Commercial 26,415,000,000
Other Commercial 8,489,872,081
98
EIA, Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003
99
DOE EERE; “Electric Power and Renewable Energy in Connecticut”;
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/electricity.cfm/state=CT ; August, 2011

41
CONNECTICUT
Appendix III – Key Stakeholders
Organization Town State Website
Department of
Energy and
Environmental
Protection Public
Utilities Regulatory
Authority
New
Britain
CT http://www.ct.gov/dpuc/site/default.asp
CT Dept. of
Emergency Mgmt. &
Homeland Security
Hartford CT http://www.ct.gov/demhs/site/default.asp
CT Office of Policy
& Management
Hartford CT http://www.ct.gov/OPM/site/default.asp
CT Siting Council
New
Britain
CT http://www.ct.gov/csc/site/default.asp
Connecticut
Municipal Electric
Energy Cooperative
Norwich CT http://www.cmeec.com/
CT Center for
Advanced
Technology
East
Hartford
CT http://www.ccat.us/
Connecticut Clean
Energy Fund
Rocky
Hill
CT http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/
Capitol Clean Cities
of Connecticut
South
Windsor
CT http://www.ct-ccc.org/
CT Southwestern
Area Clean Cities
Fairfield CT
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/cleancities/coalition/southwest-
connecticut
Greater New Haven
Clean Cities
Bethany CT http://www.nhcleancities.org/
Norwich Clean Cities Norwich CT http://www.norwichcleancities.org/
Utilities
Northeast Utilities http://www.nu.com/
Southern CT Gas http://www.soconngas.com/
Yankee Gas Services Company https://www.yankeegas.com/Default.asp
The United Illuminating Company https://www.uinet.com/wps/portal/uinet/home/
Connecticut Municipal Electric Energy
Cooperative
http://www.cmeec.com/

42
Appendix IV – Connecticut Fuel Cell Based Incentives and Programs
Funding Source: Connecticut Clean Energy Fund
Program Title: Operational Demo Program
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Class I renewable energy, including fuel cells; wind, solar,
wave, and tidal energy projects; ocean thermal energy; biomass; landfill gas; run-of-the-river
hydropower; and hydrogen generation and storage technologies.
Summary: The Operational Demo Program offers up to $750,000 to qualified teams of
professionals, partners and contractors to demonstrate a new product or technology related to
renewable energy. Applicants must demonstrate their product’s benefit to Connecticut ratepayers.
Residential: Not applicable
Commercial: Qualified teams of professionals, partners, and contractors may participate.
Industrial: See Commercial bracket above
Municipal: Not applicable
Sources:
http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/YourBusinessorInstitution/OperationalDemoProgram/tabid/98
/Default.aspx
Source: Connecticut Clean Energy Fund, “Showcasing You Clean Energy Project” June 16, 2009.
http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/YourBusinessorInstitution/OperationalDemoProgram/tabid/98
/Default.aspx
Funding Source: Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
Program Title: Low-interest Loans for Customer-Side Distributed resources
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Photovoltaics, Wind, Fuel Cells, CHP/Cogeneration, Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary: Long-term financing is available to retail end-use customers for the installation of
customer-side distributed resources.
Maximum Incentive: Varies
Installment Requirements: Fixed interest rate, not greater than prime rate (actual rate will be
determined at time of application)
Sources:
DEEP, “Customer-Side Distributed Generation”,
http://www.ct.gov/dpuc/cwp/view.asp?a=3356&q=419794, October, 2011
Disireusa.org, “DPUC – Low-Interest Loans for Customer-Side Distributed Resources”,
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CT40F&re=1&ee=1, October,
2011

43
Funding Source: Clean Finance and Investment Authority (CEFIA)
Program Title: On-Site Renewable Distributed Generation (OSDG) Program
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Solar PV, Wind, Fuel Cell, Landfill gas, Waste heat recovery
– power generation, Low emission advance biomass conversion, Hydropower meeting the
standard of the Low-Impact Hydropower Institute
Summary: CEFIA is currently offering OSDG grants through an RFP format. The OSDG Best of
Class, Public Buildings and Affordable Housing RFP will be offered to bridge the time until the
launch of the Zero-Emission and Low-Emission Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) programs
become available to the market and to prepare the market for the transition from a grant-based
program model to a REC-based program model.
Restrictions: Solar PV- No maximum, but incentive is based on a maximum of 250 kW (AC)
Timing: The competitive, solar photovoltaic (PV) only RFP will close at 5:00 p.m. EST on December
30, 2011. The rolling submission, other technologies RFP will close at 5:00 pm. EST on March 30,
2012.
Maximum Size: N/A
Requirements: Projects will be evaluated on four major criteria:
PV Project Economics
Technology Appropriateness (“Deployment of the Technology”)
Feasibility and Probability of Completion
Societal Benefits (such as in-state job creation, dissemination efforts, project diversity)
Rebate amount: Incentive amounts are calculated based on the project specifics, but the maximum
incentive is $3.60/Watt (PTC) for systems 100 kW (AC) and smaller and $3.30/Watt (PTC) for
systems greater than 100 kW up to 250 kW.
For further information, please visit: http://www.ctcleanenergy.com
Source: CEFIA, “Supporting On-Site Generation Projects at Commercial and Government Facilities”,
“http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/YourBusinessorInstitution/OnSiteRenewableDG/OSDGRequestforPr
oposals/tabid/594/Default.aspx, December, 2011
DSIRE. “CEFIA – On-Site Renewable DG Program”, December, 2011

44
Funding Source: Connecticut Office of Policy Management (OPM)
Program Title: New Energy Technologies Program
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Passive solar space heat, solar water heat, solar space heat,
solar thermal electric, solar thermal process heat, photovoltaics, landfill gas, wind, biomass,
hydroelectric, geothermal electric, fuel cells, geothermal heat pumps, municipal solid waste,
CHP/Cogeneration, solar pool heating, daylighting, anaerobic digestion, tidal energy, wave
energy, ocean thermal
Summary: The New Energy Technologies Program awards grants of up to $10,000 to small
businesses who submit the most innovative energy-saving and renewable energy technologies so that
OPM can help get the product to market. The goal of the project is to save energy, improve air quality,
to help invigorate Connecticut’s economy and expand employment opportunities.
Residential: Not applicable
Commercial: Small business firms (firms with 30 or fewer employees) may participate in this grant.
Industrial: Not applicable
Municipal: Not applicable
Sources:
Office of Policy and Management. “New Energy Technologies”. June 16, 2009
http://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2994&q=389832&opmNav_GID=1808
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, “New Energy Technology Program” June
16, 2009. http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=CT09F&re=1&ee=1

45
Appendix V – Partial List of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Connecticut
100
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 DB Schenker Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
2 American Precision Mfg., LLC Manufacturing Services
3 Pith Products Other
4 Yeagle Technology Inc Lab or Test Equipment/Services
5 Fischer Group International, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
6 Flagman of America Other
7 OFS Specialty Photonics Division Components
8 William K Duff Co Equipment
9 Industrial Flame Cutting Inc. Equipment
10 Connecticut Light & Power Co. Other
11 General Machine Company, Inc. Manufacturing Services
12 M2 Technologies, Inc. Engineering/Design Services
13 Rae Storage Battery Mfg. Co. Components
14 Tomz Corporation- Plastics Div. Manufacturing Services
15 Yankee Gas Fuel
16 Grannis Tranportation Consulting Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
17 Greater New Haven Clean Cities Coalition Other
18 Apollo Solar LLC Equipment
19 Adco Services Manufacturing Services
20 Aerospace Alloys Inc. Manufacturing Services
21 Aqua Blasting Corp. Manufacturing Services
22 Becon Components
23 Bvh Integrated Services, Inc. Engineering/Design Services
24 Electro Flex Heat, LLC Components
25 Leppert Nutmeg Other
26 Leppert-Nutmeg, Inc. Components
27 Managed Air Systems LLC Equipment
28 Pearse-Bertram Controls LLC Equipment
29 Plantations Inc Other
30 Riley Lumber Co. Materials
31 Romco Contractors Inc. Manufacturing Services
32 Stephen M. Cooke Co Manufacturing Services
33 Tradesmen of New England, LLC Equipment
34 Barrels Boxes & More Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
35 West Reach Construction Other
36 Ober-Read & Assoc, Inc. Equipment
37 Seton Identification Products Manufacturing Services
38 Advanced Office Systems Inc. Other
39 Differential Pressure Plus, Inc Equipment
40 Ramp Enterprises LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
41 DB Schenker Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
42 American Hydrogen Association Other
43 Identification Products Corp. Manufacturing Services
100
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search; http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1,
August 11, 2011

46
44 J J Box Company Materials
45 Modern Plastics, Inc. Materials
46 PACE- Peoples Action for Clean Energy, Inc. Other
47 Park City Fluid Power Inc. Components
48 Park Distributors Components
49 People's United Bank Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
50 R.B. Birge Company Components
51 Reliable Plating & Polishing Manufacturing Services
52 Spec Plating Inc. Components
53 The Chapin & Bangs Co. Materials
54 Zeldes Needle & Cooper Pc Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
55 Green & Gross P.C. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
56 Associated Spring Manufacturing Services
57 Clean Harbors of Connecticut Inc. Other
58 ENFLO Corportation Materials
59 New England Physical Therapy Other
60 Whitman Controls Components
61 Imperial Electronic Assembly, Inc. Manufacturing Services
62 Pem CO Equipment
63 Salem Specialty Ball Co., Inc. Components
64 Allied Electronics Equipment
65 Business Electronics, Inc. Equipment
66 Connecticut Print Service Other
67 Creative Dimensions, Inc. Marketing Products/Services
68 Fire Protection Testing, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
69 R.A. Novia & Associates, LLC Other
70 Warner Specialty Products Equipment
71 Eagle Crane & Conveyor Co. Equipment
72 Argo Transdata Corporation Manufacturing Services
73 GS Promo Source. LLC Marketing Products/Services
74 New England Packaging & Supply Inc. Materials
75 Eastern Rigging Equipment
76 PC Tech Service, LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
77 The Lawn Professionals Other
78 Altantic Ventillating & Equipment Company Manufacturing Services
79 Engineered Handling Systems Equipment
80 Pond Technical Sales, Inc. Equipment
81 Connex International, Inc. Other
82 FuelCell Energy Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM
83 Joseph Merritt & Co Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
84 Kohler Ronan Consulting Engineering, LLC Engineering/Design Services
85 Miller Stephenson Chemical Materials
86 Wisner Associates Manufacturing Services
87 Ida International Inc. Manufacturing Services
88 Kenneth Industrial Products Equipment
89 Lincoln Service & Equipment Co. Other
90 Proflow Inc. Equipment
91 Respond First Aid Systems Other
92 The Claremont Sales Corporation Materials

47
93 Adisco, Inc. Manufacturing Services
94 B&B Threaded Components Inc. Components
95 Liberty Industries Components
96 Miles Welding LLC Manufacturing Services
97 Aaron / Andersen Advertising LLC Marketing Products/Services
98 Quality Name Plate Inc. Components
99 Turnkey Compliance Solutions LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
100 Connecticut Venture Group Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
101 Advanced Fuel Research, Inc Research & Development
102 Capital Studio Achitects Engineering/Design Services
103 Concurrent Technologies Corporation Lab or Test Equipment/Services
104 Connecticut Center for Advanced Technologies Other
105 Connecticut Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Coalition Other
106 Connecticut Metallurgical, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
107 Connecticut Natural Gas Corporation Fuel
108 Connecticut Technology Council Other
109 CT Center for Advanced Technology, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
110 Dzen Commercial Roofing LLC Other
111 Event Resources Other
112 Horst Engineering & Manufacturing Company Manufacturing Services
113 Infotech Software Solutions Engineering/Design Services
114 John Watts Associates Other
115 Koehler Studio Other
116 L. E. Whitford Company Inc. Other
117 UTC- Pratt & Whitney Components
118 Wesco Distribution Components
119 Beebe Landscape Services, Inc. Other
120 Blake Equipment Components
121 Camm Metals, Inc. Manufacturing Services
122 Collins Pipe & Supply Co. Inc. Components
123 Connecticut Valley Rubber Materials
124 Integrated Packaging Systems Equipment
125 Jonathan Pasco's Food Service-Restaurants/ Caterer
126 Integrated Packaging Systems Equipment
127 Jonathan Pasco's Food Service-Restaurants/ Caterer
128 Lomac Limited Other
129 Mahony Fitting Inc. Components
130 Northeast Lamp Recycling Other
131 WB Mason Company Other
132 Yankee Courier Services, LLC Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
133 Whitcraft Group LLC Manufacturing Services
134 Arrow Diversified Tooling, Inc. Equipment
135 Dymotek Corporation Manufacturing Services
136 AAA Aircraft Components
137 AKO Inc Lab or Test Equipment/Services
138 Awards and More Other
139 Esquire Gas Products Co. Materials
140 Macala Tool Inc. Manufacturing Services
141 MSC Filtration Technologies Equipment

48
142 Oxford Performance Materials Materials
143 RKS Security Other
144 Roger Lesieur Engineering/Design Services
145 Staples Other
146 USA Hauling & Recycling, Inc. Other
147 Willco Sales and Services Equipment
148 Carrier Corp Equipment
149 Carrier Sales Equipment
150 ConnectiCare, Inc. Other
151 EBM-PAPST Inc. Components
152 Edmunds Gages Equipment
153 Inframat Corp Other
154 Itech Solutions, Inc. Other
155 Moore Medical LLC Equipment
156 Engineering Resource Recruiters Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
157 Metal Finishing Technologies, Inc. Manufacturing Services
158 Bell Food Services Other
159 British Precision, Inc. Manufacturing Services
160 Carr Company Equipment
161 Connecticut Components, Inc. Components
163 Habco Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
164 Keeney Rigging & Trucking Co. Other
165 Maricle Consulting LLC Other
166 Meegan Tool Sales Co. Equipment
167 Restar Inc. Other
168 Solomon & Associates Event Mgmt LLC Marketing Products/Services
169 Sustainable Innovations Hydrogen System OEM
170 Greenwich Management Consultants Group Inc Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
171 United Rentals Equipment
172 ABBA Corporation Materials
173 ICDS LLC (Innovative Construction & Design Solutions) Engineering/Design Services
174 T. Keefe and Son, LLC Manufacturing Services
175 Burt Process Equipment Inc. Equipment
176 Greater New Haven Transit Authority Other
177 Kelly Services Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
178 All Waste Inc. Other
179 Associated Security Corp. Other
180 Becon Inc Manufacturing Services
181 Bradley, Foster & Sergent, Inc. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
182 Cantor Colburn LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
183 Capitol Cleaning Contractors, Inc. Other
184 CBIA (Coonnecticut Business and Industry Association) Other
185 Champlin - Packrite, Inc. Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies
186 Connecticut Power and Energy Society Other
187 CT Corporation System Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
188 CT Department of Economic & Community Development Other
189 CTTransit Other
190 Day Pitney LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

49
191 Department of Environmental Protection Other
192 Ernst and Young LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
193 FW Webb Components
194 Graybar Electric Components
195 Hartford Stamp Works Equipment
196 Macca Plumbing & Heating FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services
197 Murtha Cullina LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
198 Northeast Utilities Fuel
199 Ramco Environmental Inc. Other
200 Reliable Electric Motor, Inc. Components
201 Robert Half Finance & Accounting Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
202 SecureTek Solutions Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
203 Sentry Commercial Real Estate Svc., Inc. Other
204 Shepard Steel Co. Inc. Manufacturing Services
205 Sullivan & Leshane Public Relations Inc. Marketing Products/Services
206 The Hartford Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
207 The Hartford Financial Services Group Inc Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
208 University of Hartford Other
209 Updike, Kelly and Spellacy PC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
210 GrowJobs CT Other
211
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
District 26
Other
212 Able Scale & Equipment Corp. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
213 Adchem Inc Manufacturing Services
214 Anixter Inc (IMS inc) Materials
215 CorpCare Occupational Health Other
216 Data Based Development Systems Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
217 Donwell Co Manufacturing Services
218 Fluid Dynamics LLC Components
219 Fuss & O'Neill Engineering/Design Services
220 Marcus Communications & Electronics Inc. Components
221 Phoenix Environmental Labs Lab or Test Equipment/Services
222 Rainbow Graphics Inc. Marketing Products/Services
223 Taylor Rental Other
224 Transfer Enterprises Other
225 US Nanocorp Research & Development
226 Windham Automated Machines, Inc. Manufacturing Services
227 Brand Nu Laboratories, Inc. Research & Development
228 Brand-Nu Labortatories, Inc. Materials
229 Dennis A. Ceneviva Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
230 Form-All Plastics Corporation Manufacturing Services
231 H2 Sonics LLC Hydrogen System OEM
232 Haynes Hydrogen, LLC Fuel
233 Jonal Laboratories, Inc. Manufacturing Services
234 MagnaKleen Other
236 Meriden Cooper Equipment
237 Meriden Self Storage LLC Other
238 Quali-Tech, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services

50
239 Specialty Metal Fabrications Manufacturing Services
240 T. G. Industries Incorporated Manufacturing Services
241 Tommasino's P&B Landscaping Other
242 Tucker Mechanical Manufacturing Services
243 United Oil Recovery Other
244 Wess Tool & Die Co., Inc. Equipment
245 Zorbas Other
246 Enviro Med Services Engineering/Design Services
247 Robert Noonan & Associates Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
248 T.E.T. Manufacturing Co., Inc. Manufacturing Services
249 Bull Metal Products, Inc. Manufacturing Services
250 Dittman & Greer Inc. Equipment
251 E-B Manufacturing Co., Inc. Equipment
252 John H. Mutchler Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
253 Msc Industrial Supply Company Equipment
254 Northeast Balance Service, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
255 Pegasus Triumph Mfg. Inc. Manufacturing Services
256 Phasor Engineering Service Lab or Test Equipment/Services
257 Avalence LLC Hydrogen System OEM
258 Baron Consulting Company, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services
259 CET Inc. (Control Equipment Technologies) Components
260 Furmanite Components
261 Industrial Components of CT -Milford Equipment
262 Jaxxen Inc. Components
263 Liquid Lunch Other
264 Maintenance Technologies International LLC Engineering/Design Services
265 Merrimac Industrial Sales, Enclosures Plus Division Equipment
266 Performance Engineering Solutions LLC Engineering/Design Services
267 Polam Manufacturing Components
268 Sir Speedy Printing Marketing Products/Services
269 Hamilton Connections Milford, LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
270 Edgerton Inc. Other
271 O'Keefe Controls Equipment
272 Berkshire Forklift Inc Components
273 Scott Freeman Retirement Plan Consulting LLC. Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
274 Bingham McCutchen LLP Components
275 Innovative Solutions Equipment
276 Innovative Solutions LLC Components
277 RAM Welding & Specialty Fabrication Inc. Manufacturing Services
278 Caruso Electric Company Other
279 Christ Water Tech Materials
280 Christ Water Technology America LLC Equipment
281 Design by Analysis Engineering/Design Services
282 Parker Hannifan- Fluid Control Div Components
283 Parker Hannifin Corp. Energy Systems Manufacturing Services
284 Peter Paul Electronics Company, Inc. Components
285 Siracusa Moving Other
286 Connecticut Siting Council Other
287 Tenergy Christ Water LLC Manufacturing Services

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Ct h2 dev_plan_041012