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Variabilità e modalità di descrizione
della struttura del bosco
Tommaso Sitzia
Il rinforzo radicale:
un contributo essenziale alla stabilità dei versanti
TREE:HERO | Webinar
24 marzo 2021
Università degli Studi di Padova
Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali
tommaso.sitzia@unipd.it
A little before noon Messrs. Williams and Davies
walked with me to part of a neighbouring forest, to
show me the famous kauri pine. I measured one of
these noble trees, and found it thirty-one feet in
circumference above the roots. There was another
close by, which I did not see, thirty-three feet; and I
heard of one no less than forty feet. These trees are
remarkable for their smooth cylindrical boles, which
run up to a height of sixty, and even ninety feet, with a
nearly equal diameter, and without a single branch.
The crown of branches at the summit is out of all
proportion small to the trunk; and the leaves are
likewise small compared with the branches. The forest
was here almost composed of the kauri; and the
largest trees, from the parallelism of their sides, stood
up like gigantic columns of wood.
2
3
Competizione per
• luce
• acqua
• nutrienti
Gli alberi rispondono
ai cambiamenti del
loro habitat
Gli alberi occupano
nicchie ecologiche
attraverso processi
che si riflettono nella
loro modalità di
accrescimento
La struttura del bosco
Popolamento
(stand)
Un insieme di alberi con età,
composizione e dimensioni
sufficientemente omogenee,
e in stazioni sufficientemente
uniformi perché possa essere
ad essi assegnata una
specifica fisionomia
4
5
fogliame
6
fusti
chiome
cortecce
legno morto
7
volta arborea
paesaggio
Photo credit: T. Ilisson / K. Köster
Photo credit: T. Ilisson / K. Köster
Photo credit: F. Vodde
Photo credit: F. Vodde
Estonia
10
Età (anni)
Scienze forestali
Longevità umana
Età lavorativa
Betulla
Frassino
Abete rosso
Pinus longaeva
Farnia
(%)
da Hans Pretzsch (2009)
11
12
Struttura del
bosco
Diversità
delle specie
Distribuzione
nello spazio
Diversità di
dimensioni
Misure
telemetriche
Misure non
telemetriche
tele: dal greco antico «τῆλε» che significa «distante» per indicare misure che usano
la distanza tra gli alberi
13
da Ellenberg, 1988, 2009
14
da Ellenberg, 1988, 2009
15
piantagione
coetanea
popolamento
coetaneo puro
con molte
piante grosse
popolamento
coetaneo
puro con
molte piante
piccole
popolamento
giovane con
piante mature
portaseme
popolamento
disetaneo
popolamento
biplano misto
da Pommerening, 2016
da Cappelli, 1991
20
da Scrinzi et al. 2009
21
Pretzsch et al. 2014
Età (anni)
Età (anni) Età (anni)
Età (anni) Età (anni)
Indice di Shannon «H» (1948)
• H ≥ 0 senza limite (valori in
ecosistemi reali: 1,5-3,5)
• valore relativo: H’ = H / ln (s)
intervallo: 0 ≤ H’ ≤ 1
• più alto quanto più il
numero di individui tende ad
essere equiripartito
22
Shannon, C.E. (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379–423.
Claude Shannon
23
25 % 25% 25% 25%
40% 10% 20% 30%
s = 4 pi
1
2
24
25 % 25% 25% 25%
40% 10% 20% 30%
s = 4 pi
1
2
H’1 = 1
H’2 = 0,923
25
Struttura del
bosco
Diversità
delle specie
Distribuzione
nello spazio
Diversità di
dimensioni
Misure
telemetriche
Misure non
telemetriche
tele: dal greco antico «τῆλε» che significa «da lontano»
da Pommerening, 2016
Indice di Clark-
Evans (1954)
• 𝜌 = densità
• 𝑟𝐴 = distanza media reale
• 𝑟𝐸 =
1
2 𝜌
= distanza casuale
• 𝑅 =
𝑟𝐴
𝑟𝐸
• 𝑟𝑅 =
1,0746
𝜌
= distanza regolare
26
Francis Evans
Clark, P. J., & Evans, F. C. (1954). Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology, 35(4), 445-453
https://yasenh.github.io/post/kd-tree/
27
• 𝑅 = 1 casuale
• 𝑅 = 0 aggregazione massima
• 𝑅 =
1,0746
𝜌
massima uniformità
a gruppi casuale regolare
Effetto di
cambiamenti nella
distribuzione degli
alberi (calcolato
con l’indice di Clark
e Evans) sugli
accrescimenti del
popolamento.
L’accrescimento è
massimo se la
distribuzione è
regolare (iGrel = 1)
28
regolare casuale a gruppi
da Pommerening, 2016
Pretzsch et al., 2002
30
Makowski et al. 2019
Conclusioni
• La struttura del bosco è la conseguenza e, allo stesso
tempo, all’origine di processi ecologici molto
complicati
• La competizione tra gli alberi e la loro mortalità sono
tra i processi più rilevanti
• La gestione ha il principale obiettivo di influire su
questi due processi
• La dimensione e le specie degli alberi e come sono
distribuiti danno origine alla struttura e, attraverso
questa, alle proprietà del bosco, come le funzioni degli
habitat, la biodiversità, la produzione di biomassa, e il
rinforzo radicale stesso
• I modelli per lo studio della struttura sono numerosi e
hanno diversa complessità
• L’applicazione di un modello ad un caso pratico è
l’argomento del prossimo intervento del webinar
31
Grazie
32

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Variabilità e modalità di descrizione della struttura del bosco

  • 1. Variabilità e modalità di descrizione della struttura del bosco Tommaso Sitzia Il rinforzo radicale: un contributo essenziale alla stabilità dei versanti TREE:HERO | Webinar 24 marzo 2021 Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali tommaso.sitzia@unipd.it
  • 2. A little before noon Messrs. Williams and Davies walked with me to part of a neighbouring forest, to show me the famous kauri pine. I measured one of these noble trees, and found it thirty-one feet in circumference above the roots. There was another close by, which I did not see, thirty-three feet; and I heard of one no less than forty feet. These trees are remarkable for their smooth cylindrical boles, which run up to a height of sixty, and even ninety feet, with a nearly equal diameter, and without a single branch. The crown of branches at the summit is out of all proportion small to the trunk; and the leaves are likewise small compared with the branches. The forest was here almost composed of the kauri; and the largest trees, from the parallelism of their sides, stood up like gigantic columns of wood. 2
  • 3. 3 Competizione per • luce • acqua • nutrienti Gli alberi rispondono ai cambiamenti del loro habitat Gli alberi occupano nicchie ecologiche attraverso processi che si riflettono nella loro modalità di accrescimento La struttura del bosco
  • 4. Popolamento (stand) Un insieme di alberi con età, composizione e dimensioni sufficientemente omogenee, e in stazioni sufficientemente uniformi perché possa essere ad essi assegnata una specifica fisionomia 4
  • 9. Photo credit: T. Ilisson / K. Köster Photo credit: T. Ilisson / K. Köster Photo credit: F. Vodde Photo credit: F. Vodde Estonia
  • 10. 10 Età (anni) Scienze forestali Longevità umana Età lavorativa Betulla Frassino Abete rosso Pinus longaeva Farnia (%) da Hans Pretzsch (2009)
  • 11. 11
  • 12. 12 Struttura del bosco Diversità delle specie Distribuzione nello spazio Diversità di dimensioni Misure telemetriche Misure non telemetriche tele: dal greco antico «τῆλε» che significa «distante» per indicare misure che usano la distanza tra gli alberi
  • 15. 15 piantagione coetanea popolamento coetaneo puro con molte piante grosse popolamento coetaneo puro con molte piante piccole popolamento giovane con piante mature portaseme popolamento disetaneo popolamento biplano misto da Pommerening, 2016
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. 20 da Scrinzi et al. 2009
  • 21. 21 Pretzsch et al. 2014 Età (anni) Età (anni) Età (anni) Età (anni) Età (anni)
  • 22. Indice di Shannon «H» (1948) • H ≥ 0 senza limite (valori in ecosistemi reali: 1,5-3,5) • valore relativo: H’ = H / ln (s) intervallo: 0 ≤ H’ ≤ 1 • più alto quanto più il numero di individui tende ad essere equiripartito 22 Shannon, C.E. (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379–423. Claude Shannon
  • 23. 23 25 % 25% 25% 25% 40% 10% 20% 30% s = 4 pi 1 2
  • 24. 24 25 % 25% 25% 25% 40% 10% 20% 30% s = 4 pi 1 2 H’1 = 1 H’2 = 0,923
  • 25. 25 Struttura del bosco Diversità delle specie Distribuzione nello spazio Diversità di dimensioni Misure telemetriche Misure non telemetriche tele: dal greco antico «τῆλε» che significa «da lontano» da Pommerening, 2016
  • 26. Indice di Clark- Evans (1954) • 𝜌 = densità • 𝑟𝐴 = distanza media reale • 𝑟𝐸 = 1 2 𝜌 = distanza casuale • 𝑅 = 𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐸 • 𝑟𝑅 = 1,0746 𝜌 = distanza regolare 26 Francis Evans Clark, P. J., & Evans, F. C. (1954). Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology, 35(4), 445-453 https://yasenh.github.io/post/kd-tree/
  • 27. 27 • 𝑅 = 1 casuale • 𝑅 = 0 aggregazione massima • 𝑅 = 1,0746 𝜌 massima uniformità a gruppi casuale regolare
  • 28. Effetto di cambiamenti nella distribuzione degli alberi (calcolato con l’indice di Clark e Evans) sugli accrescimenti del popolamento. L’accrescimento è massimo se la distribuzione è regolare (iGrel = 1) 28 regolare casuale a gruppi da Pommerening, 2016
  • 31. Conclusioni • La struttura del bosco è la conseguenza e, allo stesso tempo, all’origine di processi ecologici molto complicati • La competizione tra gli alberi e la loro mortalità sono tra i processi più rilevanti • La gestione ha il principale obiettivo di influire su questi due processi • La dimensione e le specie degli alberi e come sono distribuiti danno origine alla struttura e, attraverso questa, alle proprietà del bosco, come le funzioni degli habitat, la biodiversità, la produzione di biomassa, e il rinforzo radicale stesso • I modelli per lo studio della struttura sono numerosi e hanno diversa complessità • L’applicazione di un modello ad un caso pratico è l’argomento del prossimo intervento del webinar 31

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Alex Katz | Forest | 2009
  2. Waimate is a town in Canterbury, New Zealand
  3. “Forest structure” usually refers to the way in which the attributes of trees are distributed within a forest ecosystem. Trees are sessile, but they are living things that propagate, grow and die. The production and dispersal of seeds and the associated processes of germination, seedling establishment and survival are important factors of plant population dynamics and structuring (Harper 1977). Trees compete for essential resources, and tree growth and mortality are also important structuring processes. Forest regeneration, growth and mortality generate very specific structures. Thus, structure and processes are not independent. Specific structures generate particular processes of growth and regeneration. These processes in turn produce particular structural arrangements. Associated with a specific forest structure is some degree of heterogeneity or richness which we call diversity. In a forest ecosystem, diversity does, however, not only refer to species richness, but to a range of phenomena that determine the heterogeneity within a community of trees, including the diversity of tree sizes.
  4. north-east Estonia, major blow-down in north-east 2000-2001
  5. Typical frequency distributions of diameters at breast height (DBH) of (a) an even-aged pure species stand (plantation), (b) an even-aged pure species stand (right skewed due to a few exceptionally big trees), (c) an even-aged pure species stand (left skewed due to a few exceptionally small trees), (d) a young (regenerated) stand with a few standards/seed trees, (e) an uneven-aged selection forest (negative exponential) and (f) a two-storied mixed forest. SPH is stems per hectare.
  6. Picea abies 100