This slide is prepared by Toran Lal Verma, Research Scholar.

1. VALUATION OF SECURITIES
PREPARED BY
TORAN LAL VERMA

2. VALUATION
• Valuation is the process of determining the worth of an asset at zero
period of time.
• Securities here include Equity share, Preference share and
Bond/Debenture.
• Value of security is closely related to the present value of the future
cash streams. Called as Intrinsic Value.
• The Value realized at the end of maturity of the security is Terminal
Value.
• Different Assets may be valued differently with different perspective.

3. Securities/Assets could be valued on the basis of following
1. Book Value: It is an accounting concept. It is the difference between
book value of total asset and book value of total External liability.
Also known as net worth/Shareholders fund.
2. Market Value: The current price at which the security can be sold is
market price.
3. Going Concern Value: The amount a business concern could
realize if the business is sold as an operating unit is known as going
concern value. Going Concern Value depends upon the ability to
generate sales and profits in the future.
4. Liquidating Value: The amount which the owners would realize
after having liquidated the business it firms liquidation value. It may
also be zero.
5. Replacement Value: It is the amount which is required to replace
the existing assets.

4. 6. Capitalized Value: The Capitalized value of a financial asset is the
sum of present value of cash flows from an asset. It is also known as
Economic Value.
• It is the most relevant concept of valuation of securities.
• We are going to discuss this concept only.

5. VALUATION OF BOND/DEBENTURES
Debentures are issued by corporates.
Bonds are Mainly issue by government and quasi government agencies.
It carries fixed interest rate i.e. Coupon rate.
The Present Value of Bond
P.V. =
𝐶
(1+𝑟) 𝑡 +
𝑇𝑉
(1+𝑟) 𝑛
P.V. = Present Value
C = Coupon or interest for the time ‘t’
T.V. = Terminal Value repayable at maturity (at par, premium or discount)
r = Internal rate of return or cost of capital
n = number of years to maturity

6. An investor purchases a bond whose face value is 1000, maturity period is
5 years and coupon rate is 7%. The required rate of return is 8%. What
amount he should be willing to pay now to purchase the bond if it matures
at par.

7. An investor purchases a bond whose face value is 1000, maturity period is 5
years and coupon rate is 7%. The required rate of return is 8%. What amount
he should be willing to pay now to purchase the bond if it matures at par.
Solution
P.V. =
𝑪𝟏
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟏 +
𝑪𝟐
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟐 +
𝑪𝟑
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟑 +
𝑪𝟒
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟒 +
𝑪𝟓
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟓 +
𝑻𝑽
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟓
P.V. =
𝟕𝟎
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟖) 𝟏 +
𝟕𝟎
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟖) 𝟐 +
𝟕𝟎
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟖) 𝟑 +
𝟕𝟎
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟖) 𝟒 +
𝟕𝟎
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟖) 𝟓 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟖) 𝟓
P.V. = 64.81 + 60.01 + 55.57 + 51.45 + 47. 64 + 680.58
P.V. = 960.06

8. If half yearly calculation is to be done
• Number of years must be multiplied with 2
• Coupon payment must be divided by 2
• Coupon rate must be divided by two
Coupon = 70/2 =35
r = 0.8/2 = 0.4
N = 10 years
=
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎.𝟒) 𝟏 +
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎.𝟒) 𝟐 +
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟑 +
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟒 +
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟓 +
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟔 +
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟕 +
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟖
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟗 +
𝟑𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟏𝟎 + +
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
(𝟏+.𝟎𝟒) 𝟏𝟎

9. VALUATION OF ZERO COUPON BOND
• The debt instrument which do not pay any interest. But issue at
discount and redeemed at par. So the present value of redemption
amount/terminal amount will be the value of zero coupon bond.
P.V. =
𝑇𝑉
(1+𝑟) 𝑛

10. YIELD TO MATURITY
• The yield to maturity, book yield or redemption yield is rate of
return earned by an investor who purchases bonds and holds it till
maturity.
• Yield to maturity is the discount rate at which the sum of all future
cash flows from the bond (coupons and principal) is equal to the
current price of the bond.
• Same as internal rate of return.

11. Valuation of Preference
1. Value of Redeemable preference share is determined same as Bonds.
P.V. =
𝑷𝒅𝟏
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟏 +
𝑷𝒅𝟐
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟐 +
𝑷𝒅𝟑
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟑 +
𝑷𝒅𝟒
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟒 +
𝑷𝒅𝟓
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟓 +
𝑻𝑽
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟓
2. Value of Irredeemable preference share is determined by the
following formula:
Po =
𝑃𝑑
𝑘𝑝

12. VALUATION OF EQUITY
• On the basis of Accounting information
• On the basis of Dividend
• On the basis of Earnings

13. VALUATION OF EQUITY ON THE BASIS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
1. Book Value Approach: it is simply the firms net worth divided by
Number of equity shares.
Net Worth = Equity share capital+ reserves and surplus-
accumulated losses
Net Worth = Total asset – Total External Liabilities
Book Value of Equity =
net worth
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒔

14. 2. Liquidation Value Approach: The liquidation value of an equity share is
the amount of cash that would be received from the company if all its assets
are sold and all its liabilities are paid.
liquidation value =
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠−𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟

15. VALUATION OF EQUITY ON THE BASIS OF DIVIDEND
1. Single Period Valuation Model: When equity share is held by
investor for just one year.
Po =
𝑫𝟏
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟏 +
𝑷𝟏
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟏

16. Problem: Bright Limited is expected to declare a dividend of Rs. 5 and
reach a price of Rs. 70 a year. What is the price at which the equity
share would be sold to the investors now if the required rate of return is
14%.
Solution:
Po =
𝑫𝟏
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟏 +
𝑷𝟏
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟏
Po =
𝟓
(𝟏+.𝟏𝟒) 𝟏 +
𝟕𝟎
(𝟏+𝟎𝟏𝟒) 𝟏
Po =
𝟓
𝟏.𝟏𝟒
+
𝟕𝟎
𝟏.𝟏𝟒
Po = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟗 + 𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟏
Po = 65.80

17. Multiperiod Dividend Valuation Model
When an investor holds an equity shares for n number of year, the value
of share is the present value of all future stream of dividends.
P0 =
𝑫
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟏 +
𝑫
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟐 +
𝑫
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟑 +
𝑫
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟒 +
𝑫
(𝟏+𝒓) 𝟓 …………….

18. ON THE BASIS OF GROWTH OF DIVIDEND
1. Zero growth in dividend or constant dividend
Po =
𝐷
𝑘𝑒
2. Constant growth in dividend
Po =
𝐷
𝑘𝑒−𝑔

19. Suppose a firm pays a dividend of 20% on the equity shares of face
value of rs. 100 each. the required rate of return of the investor is 15%.
Find out the value of equity shares given that
1. the dividend rate is expected to remain same and
2. the dividend rate is expected to grow constantly at 3%
Solution
Po =
𝐷
𝑘𝑒
×100
Po =
20
15
×100
Po = 133.33
Po =
𝐷
𝑘𝑒−𝑔
×100
Po =
20
15−.03
×100
Po = 133.60

20. VALUATION OF SHARES ON THE BASIS OF EARNINGS
1. Walter Model
2. Gordon Model
3. P/E Ratio

21. P/E RATIO
P/E Ratio =
𝑀𝑃𝑆
𝐸𝑃𝑆
EPS =
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠
Value of equity Share = EPS× P/E Ratio

22. CAPITALASSET PRICING MODEL (CAPM)

23. Capital Asset Pricing Model
• The capital asset pricing model (was developed in 1952 by Harry
Markowitz.
• It was later adapted by other economists and investors, including William
Sharpe, Merton miller, Jack Treynor, John Lintner.
• Sharpe, Markowitz and Merton Miller jointly received the 1990 Nobel Prize
in Economics for this contribution to the field of financial economics
• CAPM describes the relationship between an investor’s risk and
the expected return. It is designed to help model the pricing of higher-risk
securities.
• In other words, we can say that it is expected rate of return on high risk
securities
• According to the CAPM theory, the expected return of a particular security
or a portfolio is equal to the rate on a risk-free security plus a risk premium.

24. ASSUMPTIONS OF CAPM
1. The market is perfect: there are no taxes, there are no transaction
costs, securities can be bought and sold freely and easily,
information is available freely and easily.
2. The investors are risk averse i.e. they try to avoid risk.
3. Investors have homogenous expectations of returns.
4. Investors can borrow and lend freely at the riskless rate of interest.
5. All investors aim to maximize economic value.

25. FARMULA: THE BRAHMASTRA
Ki = Rf + β(Rm –Rf )
Where,
Ki = the required return on security
Rf = Risk free rate of return
β = The beta (Risk) of the security
Rm = Market rate of return
Rm–Rf = Risk Premium
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model that describes the
relationship between expected return and risk of investing in a security. It
shows that the expected return on a security is equal to the risk-free return
plus a risk premium, which is based on the beta of that security.

26. Overall stock market has a beta of 1.0
1. β > 1 =high volatility, high risk, aggressive security
2. β < 1 = Low volatility, low risk, defensive security
3. β = 1 = same volatility as the market .

27. The current interest rate on Indore municipal bond is 3%. And the NSE
Nifty is expected to bring in returns of 9% over the next year. Mr. Aman
kanojia wants to purchase shares of RIL and he has learned that the beta
of RIL is 1.9. What rate of return should Mr. Kanojia expect from the
shares of RIL.