1. History of Stop
Animation
Unit 33
Assignment 1
By Tre Wallace.

2. Techniques
O Persistence of vision is
where an image is kept in the
eye for a short while, creating
an illusion of continuous
motion in film and video. Our
eye has ability to persist the
detail of the object for a time
equal to 1/16th seconds after
the removal of the object.

3. Techniques
O Stop animation is a cinematic
process/technique that
makers still objects look as
there moving. This technique
is mostly used in Claymation
and puppet based animation.
The objects are films by
braking the figure into
increments and taking one
frame per increment of the
figure moving.

4. Techniques
O Frame rates is the number of
frames or images that are
projected or displayed per
second. The frame rate says how
many frames in a movie are
displayed every second a movie
is played. The rate of frames is
24, 25 and 30 frames per second.
This makes the animation look
real as the human eye can only
see 10 – 12 frames per second.

5. Pioneers
O Joseph Plateau (born in 14th
October 1801 and dies in
15th September 1883): the
first man to demonstrate the
illustration of moving
images. This was done by
reputedly drawing the same
image in with a change of
motion on a counter rotating
disk. This device is called a
phenakistoscope.

6. Pioneers
O Charles-Émile Reynaud (
born on 8th December
1844 and died 9th January
1918): the inventor of the
praxinoscope. The
praxinoscope was an
animation device which
used a strip of pictures
placed around the inner
surface of a spinning
cylinder.

7. Pioneers
O George pal (born on
February 1st 1908 and
died May 2nd 1980) : a
Hungarian born film
producer and American
animator principally
associated with the
science fiction genre
but also did fantasy
films also.

8. Pioneers
O William George Horner
(born in 1786 and died
in 1834): The inventor
of the zoetrope. He
indented the zoetrope
in 1834 under a
different name which
was daedaleum.

9. Pioneers
O The Lumière Brothers
O Augeste Marie Lumière
(born on 19th October
1862 and died on 10th April
1954) and Louis jean
(born on 5th October 1864
and died on 6th June
1948): were the earliest
film makers in history, they
showed their footage
which was the first footage
to ever be recorded on
March 19th 1895.

10. Pioneers
O Thomas Alva Edison (born
February 11th 1847 and dies in
October 18th 1931): was an
American inventor, scientist, and
businessman who developed
many devices that greatly
influenced life around the world
such as:
• Phonograph
• The motion picture camera
• A long-lasting practical electric
light bulb

11. Pioneers
O Eadweard Muybridge (born
on the 9th April 1830 and died
on 8th may 1904): known for
his pioneering work on
animal loco motion which
used multiple cameras to
capture motion. He used his
zoopraxiscope to pre date the
flexible perforated film strip
as it was a device for
projecting motion pictures.

12. Developers
O Willis Harold O'Brien also known
as “Obie” to his family and close
friends (born on March 2nd 1886
and died on November 8th 1962):
An Irish American, pioneering,
motion picture special effects
artist who perfected and
specialized in stop-motion
animation. He started from his
career from being a cartoonist for
the San Francisco Daily News.

13. Developers
O Raymond Frederick
Harryhausen (born on June
29th 1920): An American film
producer and special effects
creator. He is known for
“Dynamation” which is a brand
for stop-motion model
animation. Also known for
developing fantastic stories,
creatures and a unique genre
of fantasy films.

14. Developers
O Jan Švankmajer (born on 4th
September 1934): A Czech
filmmaker and artist whose
work spans several media. He
is a self labelled surrealist
known for his surreal
animations and features. He
mad his first film in 1964 and
has been spiralling on for over
30 years making some of the
most remember able films and
unique animations in history.

15. Contemporary Work
O Timothy Walter Burton also
known as “Tim” (born August
25th 1958): An American film
director, film producer, writer and
artist. He principle creates films
that are dark and quirky themed.
Tim has directed 14 films as of
2010 and produced 10 as of
2009. He also wrote and
illustrated the poetry book The
Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy
& Other Stories which was
published in 1997.

16. Contemporary Work
O The Brothers Quay:
Stephen and Timothy Quay
(born on June 17th 1947):
American identical twin brothers
better known as the Brothers
Quay or Quay Brothers. They
are influential stop-motion
animators. The quay brothers
do many experiment animations
that don’t get shown at all until
mad in to a feature film.

17. Contemporary Work
O Aardman Animations also known as
Aardman Studios, or simply as
Aardman: A British animation studio
based in Bristol, United Kingdom. The
studio is known for films made using
stop-motion, clay animation
techniques, particularly those featuring
Plasticine characters known as
Wallace and Gromit. On June 23rd
2000, the animation Chicken Run was
released to a great critical and
financial success and Aardman
successfully entered the computer
animation market with Flushed Away
in 2006.

18. Genres and Forms
O Tv animation – A rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or
models positioned in order to create an illusion of movement. Most TV
animations are cartoons. An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made
with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) film for the television.
O Here's a list of popular TV animation shows:
O Family guy
O American dad
O The Simpsons
O Futurama
O TMNT
O Super Mario bro’s etc...
O Nicktoons are animated television series produced by and aired on
Nickelodeon. Until 1991, the animated series that aired on Nickelodeon were
largely imported from foreign countries, and some original animated specials
were also featured on the channel up to that point as well. Nicktoons continue
to make up a substantial portion of Nickelodeon's line-up, with roughly 6–7
hours airing on weekdays and around nine hours on weekends including a five-
hour weekend morning block.

19. Genres and Forms
O Channel idents – An identification image of
the channels name/ logo being watched. It
is the practice of radio, televisions stations
and networks identifying them selves.
When watching a programme/show on that
channel the channel ident will come during
commercials to show its going onto a
commercial, it also does this when coming
back on.
O From the 1960’s to the early 90’s most
broadcasters used a single ident, sometime
with a theme for special events or holidays.
Nowadays many networks have central
themes or branding elements and most of
the time these are used to build the basis
for the rest of the appearance on the
channel.

20. Genres and Forms
O Advertisement – Animation soon became the proffered way to advertise on
television due to its eye catching appeal, relative low cost and its deep talent
pool. The list of advertisers that used animation to sell there products
continued to expand as more and more companies were using it. The list has
shrunken considerably with many advertisers preferring to go the live action
route as they are relying more and more on special effects (mostly done
through animation) and outrageous humour.
O Animated characters have an additional benefit of being make believe,
simulating your imagination and creating long lasting impressions. Animated
characters are also easy to use to sell products through advertisement as
some characters from childhoods favourite cartoons are used which have a
very big fan base and will easily bring in customers to the product.
O Many cereals have created there own characters such as snap crackle and
pop, tony the tiger and the man from the cornflakes adverts. These being
around so long has done good as they have there own very big fan base and
them still being around brings in more buyers as kids still prefer to watch
cartoon animations on adverts. The animations they can do is also better
than the stunts real actors/ actresses can do with a lot more humour as they
can be squashed, stretched and shrunk.

21. Genres and Forms
O Cinema – Animated Films are films where individual
drawings, paintings, or illustrations are photographed
frame by frame to make an animation. Each frame
differs slightly most of the time from the one preceding it,
giving the illusion of movement when frames are
projected in rapid succession at 24 frames per second.
O The earliest cinema animation was composed of frame-
by-frame from hand drawn images drawn with different
movements, the illustrator's two-dimensional static art
came alive and created pure and imaginative cinematic
images such as animals, heroes and villains.
O The most popular animation film studios is Walt Disney
and Pixar (Disney now owns Pixar). Disney began work
in 1923 and made there fist film in 1937 and has
continued to make feature films since. Disney have now
collaborated with other studios expanding there reach
and now don’t used the Walt Disney name anymore,
they use Pixar.

22. Genres and Forms
O Computer animation - The process
used for generating animated images
by using computer graphics. The more
general term computer generated
imagery encompasses both static
scenes and dynamic images, while
computer animation only refers to
moving images.
O Computer animation is highly
specialized and requires infinitely more
levels of intricate planning, application
programming, and a very specific set of
modelling techniques.
O Modern computer animation usually
uses 3D computer graphics, although
2D computer graphics are still used for
stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-
time renderings

23. Genres and Forms
O Website - These days, you can find
animated figures all across the Internet.
There are a number of technologies
that web designers use to create
animation, including Animated GIFs,
Dynamic, HTML, Java Shockwave and
Flash.
O Animation is just a series of still images
shown in sequence, so the most
obvious way to add animation to a Web
site is to post a series of bitmap images
that the user's browser displays in
sequence. This sort of animation, called
GIF animation, or GIF89, was the first
Web animation to catch on, and it is still
very popular today.

24. Genres and Forms
O Mobile phones – animation is use on
mobiles on the opening screen as a
welcome to the mobile when you turned
on. It will also use an animation when
turned off. Animations are also used on the
background of your image such as an
animations wallpaper, it will come when
ever in the home screen. You can down
load these animation through websites on
your phone.
O Also mobiles can make there own
animation through the software they have
such as taking many images and then
putting them into an animation on the
software you have for it.

25. Genres and Forms
O Music videos - There's a wide range of styles of
film making techniques, including animation,
live action filming, documentaries, and non-
narrative approaches such as abstract film.
O Some music videos blend different styles, such
as animation and live action. Many music
videos do not interpret images from the song's
lyrics, making it less literal than expected.
O The name for an animated music video is
known as an anime music video (AMV). An
anime music video is a music video consisting
of clips from one or more animations set to an
audio track.
O There are now many bands that consist of
anime music videos and are only known as
animations, so there bands are shown to only
be animation when on live stage or TV.