Ingram Sustainable cocktail nov 2010, palm wine raffia NTF{P forest product value chains cameroon

1. A sustainable cocktail –
Cola and Palm wine?
Dynamic
Interlinkages between
Social and
Ecosystem Changes:
Towards a Europe
Africa Partnership
European Science
Foundation & ICSU
8-12 November 2010
Beyaerd, Hulshort,
The Netherlands
Verina Ingram
Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Central Africa
v.ingram@cgiar.org
THINKING beyond the canopy
THINKING beyond the canopy

2. Background
Congo Basin Forest
Globally 2nd largest intact humid forest, rich & unique biodiversity
≈ >40% people in region below $2 day
≈ 70% poor people in Congo Basin live in/near forests
Low development indicators, high on corruption index, high levels
forest degradation & deforestation
Forests an economic resource: commercial logging = export
revenues 49 million US$ (1-6% of GDP), estimated contribution of
NTFPs to 20-95% forest communities livelihoods
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3. A Congo cocktail..........
• Take Cola (Cola acuminata, nitida & anomala, Garcinia
kola) caffeine rich nuts (a century’s old stimulant) on its
own or in Coca-Cola
• Add the strong cultural associations when given &
consumed with palm wine made from indigenous raffia
(Raphia spp.), a traditional alcoholic beverage
• Mix with palm wine and forest honey for ‘ntop mimbo‘, a
sweeter, stronger cocktail
• For an aphrodisiac, mix with mondia (Mondia whiteii)
root
• Stir in ground pygeum (Prunus africana) bark to treat
multiple aliments including prostate hyperplasia
• Eat with eru: a popular, nutritious leaves of the ancient
Gnetum spp. vine, also a traditional medicine and used
to make wine
• Take bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) bark and eru
THINKING
leaves if feeling sick or have a hangover afterwards! beyond the canopy

4. Safou
Eru
Gnetum spp.
Cola acuminata
Honey
Apiculture
products
Dacryodes
edulis
Bush mango
Irvingia spp.
Raphia spp.
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5. Issues
•
Despite their economic and cultural importance, recent,
reliable trade & income figures almost non-existent
•
Resource stocks largely un-quantified and cultivated
stocks (almost) completely unknown – Can’t manage
what don’t measure?
•
Despite this lack of data, some species are highly
regulated (often unenforced or un-monitored, and
corruption), others chains in a formal void.. Others
customarily governed
•
Conflicting interests; conservation lobby vs. immediate
and long term livelihood needs
•
Fears that NTFPs may become extinct as shifts from
subsistence to international trade lead to overexploitation of wild stocks without domestication
•
Market arrangements, especially international trade,
appear counterproductive to sustainable trade - actors
and issues in chain unknown to each other
THINKING beyond the canopy
Photo: K Stewart

6. Aims & Research Questions
Gnetum africana
Aim
Explore interrelationships and impacts of the variety of governance arrangements on
sustainable livelihoods of those engaged in forest product market chains originating from the
Congo Basin.
Questions
1. What do NTFPs contribute to the livelihoods (economic, socio-cultural & environmental) of
actors involved in the value chains? Especially the poorest and the forest based?
2. What types of governance arrangements are found in NTFP market chains? and how and
why do they shape and affect NTFP chains and subsequent livelihoods? the canopy
THINKING beyond

7. Key concepts
Governance
PRODUCTEURS
MARCHE
Game Theory
AUTOCONSOMMATION
DONS
Value chains
KINSHASA
Marche local BAS CONGO
DETAILLANTS
GROSSISTES
Sustainable livelihoods
GROSSiSTES
DETAILLANTS
DETAILLANTS
AMBULANTS
CONMMATEUR
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8. Governance is the whole of public & private interactions initiated to solve
societal problems & create opportunities. Includes the formulation & application
of principles guiding interactions & caring for the enabling institutions (Bavinck
et al, 2005) ....the system of values, policies & institutions by which a society
manages its economic, political and social affairs through interactions within
and among the state, civil society & private sector..’’(UNDP, 2004).
Value chains to understand activities to bring a product from conception, to
production & delivery to final consumers and ultimately disposal (Kaplinsky &
Morris 1999). VC Analysis a conceptual framework for mapping and
categorizing economic processes, understand how and where enterprises
positioned in processes, identify opportunities and possible leverage points for
upgrading…encompasses
organization,
coordination,
equity,
power
relationships, linkages and governance between organizations and actors.
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including material & social
resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is
sustainable when it can cope with & recover from stresses and shocks &
maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, both now and in the
future, while not undermining the natural resource base (Chambers &
Conway, 1992).
THINKING beyond the canopy

9. Dacrodyes edulis
Democratic Republic Congo
Safou
Europe, USA
Equateur
Bas Congo
Kinshasa
Study sites
Cola spp.
Rhapia spp.
Cameroon
Dacryodes edulis
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10. Selection
Field work
VCA
2007-2009
PAR
Analysis
Outputs
• Literature review; NTFPs in Cameroon and VCs
• Actor sample and Production zone selection – Stakeholder interviews (2007)
• Inventory - transects 3 zones (2007-2008)
• Bark regeneration post-harvest study – 4 zones (2009)
• Structured Interviews (25% sample of actors in chains ) = 3424 actors & 632 consumers
• 40 focus group interviews &7 problem analysis workshops in 4 cities .
• 5 market surveys (2007-2008)
• Participatory action research: SWOTs, stakeholder analysis, Prunus africana: 6 working sessions
stakeholder groups & 1 all stakeholder workshop, participatorily developed Prunus africana
management plan. Honey: EU Export HMRP, Geographic Origin Indication , National Union, National
honey profiling
• Capacity building events; group organisation, business skills. Harvest, production & processing
(honey & Prunus )training, legal framework
• Data analysis SPSS and Excel, TIAMA, interpretation satellite images, SWOT, GIS mapping
• Preliminary findings verified in meetings /workshops & peer cross-checked
• Value chain maps: Visualisations
• Reports: Problem analysis workshop report, Inventory in NW & SW Cameroon, Guidelines for a
National Management Plan for Prunus africana in Cameroon, Assessment sustainable harvest
methods, Baseline study of Prunus africana chain, Domestication Guide (ICRAF), Harvest and
inventory norms GTZ + CIFOR)
• Actors’ grouping: Prunus Platform, Scientific Group supporting CITES Authority,
• Policy brief: NTFPs in Cameroon & Product sheet: Prunus africana in Cameroon
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Methodology
Review

11. Why use a participatory market chain approach?
• Understand demand & supply, volumes & values
• Map and analyse actors interactions, power relations, governance
arrangements and pressures
• Comprehend institutional and customary and legal framework and
influence and implementation in practice
• Understand livelihood and cultural aspects
• By participating in developing the VC, actors validate , own and
understand chain & issues
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12. Key findings
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Garcinia kola
.
Positive impacts on forest based, rural & urban livelihoods
Dacryodes
edulis
Large and growing demand for NTFPs in rural, and
.
especially, urban areas
NTFPs play a role in food security, health and providing cash
income to meet basic needs
Level of organisation and efficiency of markets a function of
local culture, product & location
Lack of knowledge among actors about their chain
Market information influences vertical integration
Irvingia spp.
Market Information System and actor Platforms show initial
positive results improving integration and margins
Wide variances in sustainability of livelihoods and chains
Stakeholders shown openness to participate in formulating
Gnetum spp.
policy options
Sustainable harvest techniques & domestication technologies
offer potential to increase profits – but needs wide scale
disseminating and enforcement
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13. VALUES
How 5 NTFPs in Cameroon & DRC are used by
harvesters
% Perished
% barterd
% given as gifts
% Consumed
% Sold
0
10
20
30
40
% of total production
50
60
70
% contribution to producers household total income
from NTFPs
Subsistence
&
income
TOTAL
NTFP and Country
Irvingia CSL CM
Irvingia East CM
Irvingia SW CM
Prunus CM
Apiculture DRC
Apiculture CM
Gnetum SW CM
Safou DRC
Gnetum DRC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
% contribution to household income
70
80
90
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Beeswax

14. Livelihoods
$ annual market chain sales 2007/2008
60,000,000
48 million US$
Employment &
Production
50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
Gnetum
DRC
Safou DRC
Gnetum Honey CM Honey DRC Prunus CM Irvingia
SW, C CAM
SW, C,S, L, E
CM
Number of people directly involved
Numbers of direct actors in 5 regional NTFP
market chains DRC & Cameroon
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Gnetum
DRC
Safou DRC
Gnetum Apiculture Apiculture Prunus CM Irvingia
SW, C CAM
CM
DRC
SW, C,S, L, E
CM
Chain and Country
TOTAL
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TOTAL

15. the tip of the canopy...?
Forest sector employment*
Forest products market value US$
(10* export timber species, 4 domestic timber
species and 15 NTFPs)
1,200,000,000
Domestic Timber value
2008
Major traded NTFPs
9%
1,000,000,000
45,000
58,000,000
54,824,876
33%
800,000,000
29,000,000
Timber Exports value
(2003 DRC, 2004 Cam)
213,388,071
163,000
600,000,000
400,000,000
870,000,000
690,000,000
58%
283,822
200,000,000
22,500
15,000
70,376
65%
-
Cameroon
DRC
*Direct & indirect employment
*80% exports from 10 species in Cameroon and 85% in DRC
Cameroon
DRC
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Sources : CIFOR 2008, 2009 , de Wasseige et al, 2009, Lescuyer et al 2009

16. Illustrations of impacts of governance arrangements
•
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Unregulated access to Raphia leads to decreases in quantity and quantity
Cola is planted upon the birth of the 1st son and trees are often ‘owned’
Over 52 % of Prunus africana trees inventoried in wild forests are harvested,
of which 60% unsustainably – compared to 40% planted Prunus of which 38%
unsustainably
97% of eru harvesters indicate increasing scarcity & 45% is harvested using
unsustainable techniques
Beekeepers now planting hive material sources and avoiding using Kofia
(Lophira lanceolota) as fuel wood to melt wax
Intermediaries and new markets increase honey buying price for honey up to
50% plus diversify to wax, propolis and by-products
Irvingia increasingly domesticated and access controlled (100% SW, 32%
East) as value increases and land use changes (65% in SW, 5% East) –
frequently conserved in fallows
THINKING beyond the canopy

17. Conclusions
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Congo Basin NTFP trade under appreciated & insufficiently captured in economic,
employment, food security and health statistics
Governance arrangements major impact on income equity & distribution, market
access & control and profit margins
Power, relationships (lobby and government contacts) & tenure critical
Overlapping & conflicting traditional, regulatory and devolved authorities cloud
governance
Policy & regulatory extremes & inappropriate legal framework ripe for rationalisation
Processing & storage important to add value locally (vertical integration)
Domestication a good indicator of sustainability - trees act as savings account
Cultivation appears decisive for long term chain continuation
Employment & profitability increase when sector professionalised - but access to
most profitable parts of chain may be limited
Importance of business, capital, legal, infrastructure & technical support
For long lived species, need to wait for long term results when governance
arrangements change
Awareness and enforcement of new policy regimes (honey, Prunus africana) will
be critical
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18. Cheers!
www.cifor.cgiar.org
v.ingram@cgiar.org
The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
is one of the 15 centres supported by the Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
THINKING beyond the canopy
THINKING beyond the canopy