2. Introduction
• Crystalline solids – The constituent atoms or molecules
are arranged in an orderly fashion throughout in a
three dimensional pattern. The atoms are arranged
like soldiers on a parade ground in a well defined
columns and rows.
• Crystal defect – The irregularities in the structure of
crystal.
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4. Point defect – 0D
• Point defect
Imperfect packing of atoms during crystallisation.
Imperfect point like regions in the crystal.
(a) Vacancies
Simplest point defect in a crystal.
Missing of atom or a vacant atom site.
May be single or divacancies or trivacancies.
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Vacancy
5. (a) Interstitial defect
Extra atom occupy interstitial position.
Atom is displaced from its normal position within the crystal to an
interstitial position.
Foreign atom substitutes the position of parent atom in the crystal
lattice.
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Interstital defect
6. (c) Schottky defect
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A pair of positive and negative ions are missing in a crystal.
Pair of ion vacancies – Schottky defect.
Crystal is electrically neutral in this type of defect.
7. (d) Frenkel defect
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An atom may leave its regular site and may occupy nearby
interstitial site giving two defects – Vacancy and interstital.
Two defects together – Schottky defect.
Common in ionic crystals.
8. Line defect – 1D
• Line defect
Due to dislocation or distortion of atoms along a line in some direction.
Dislocation is a boundary between slipped and unslipped region.
Types – Edge dislocation
Screw dislocation
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9. (a) Edge dislocation
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Due to insertion of an extra half plane of atoms.
Extra plane of inserted atoms is above the slip plane – Positive dislocation
represented by
Extra plane is inserted below the slip plane – Negative dislocation
represented by T
Burger vector – indicates the direction and magnitude of the shift of the
lattice on the slip plane.
10. (b) Screw dislocation
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Displacement of atoms in one part of a crystal relative to the rest of crystal
forming a spiral ramp around dislocation line.
Region of lattice disturbance extends in two separate planes at right
angles to each other.
Burger vector – indicates the direction and magnitude of the shift of the
lattice on the slip plane.
Burger vector is parallel to the dislocation line.
Screw dislocation
11. Surface defect – 2D
• Surface defect
Takes place on the surface of a material.
Due to imperfect placing of atoms during crystallization or defective
orientation of the surface.
Types - Grain boundary
- Twin boundary
- Stacking fault
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12. (a) Grain boundary
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Grain boundary – Defects which separate grains of different orientation
from each other in a polycrystalline material.
Orientation difference between two crystals is greater than 10-15° - High
angle grain boundary
Orientation difference between two crystals is less than 10° - Low angle
grain boundary.
Grain boundary
13. (b) Twin boundary
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Boundaries in the grains at which the atomic arrangement on one side of
the boundary is the mirror image of the atoms on the other side.
Volume of material which has orientation similar to the mirror image of
the matrix operation – Twin
Mirror – Twinning plane.
14. (c) Stacking fault
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Stacking fault – planar surface imperfections and are caused by fault in
the stacking sequence of atomic planes in crystals of FCC and HCP
materials.
15. Volume defect – 3D
• Volume defect
Cracks may arise when there is only small electrostatic dissimilarity
between the stacking sequences of close packed planes in metals.
Whenever a cluster of atoms are missing large vacancy or void is got.
Foreign particle inclusions, large voids or non crystalline regions which
have the dimensions of the order of 20 Å - volume imperfection.
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