The document discusses cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an important pulse crop grown in India and other tropical regions. It provides information on the following: - Cowpea production, uses, nutritional value, and world leading producers like Nigeria. - Results from studies on cowpea including correlations and path analysis between traits and heterosis estimates from line x tester hybrids. - The importance of cowpea as a food, feed, cover crop, and its ability to fix nitrogen and enrich soil. - Tables with cowpea taxonomy, composition, year-wise production data, and combining ability analysis results from different studies.

1. 1

2. 2

3.  Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy.
 Pulses is the second rank for cultivation.
 In pulses highest proteinaceous value and lowest in fat.
 Pulses also have high in fibers and minerals (Zn, Iron, phosphorous, vitamin etc.)
 Now a day processing is the tool for improving their nutritive value like soaking in water
before consumption due to which reduces anti-nutritional factors present in pulses.
 Pulses production of India is 22.95 million tones.
Introduction of pulses
3
Source:- Ministry of Agriculture, GOI India (17-18).

4. Sr. No. Crop Kharif Rabi Total
1 Rice 98.0 15.0 113.0
2 Wheat - 100.0 100.0
3 Maize 20.0 8.0 28.0
4 Cereal 34.3 12.4 46.7
5 Pulses 9.0 16.0 25.0
6 Total food grains 141.2 144.0 285.2
Source:- Global Business, T.V. Jayan, 18 Sep. 2018
4
Table No.1 Production targets of food grains in India
(Mm Tons)

5. 5

6. Sr. No Year Pulses million metric tons
1 2014 51.51
2 2015 50.19
3 2016 54.01
4 2017 55.07
Source:-www.statistics.com
Table No.2 Year wise production of Pulses in world
6

7. Area, Production and Productivity of pulses in India
Source:-DPD- Annual report (2016-17)
7

8. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Maharashtra
India
8.38
9.82
0.81 0.71 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.82
Cereal Pulses Onion Sugar
Monthly
availability of
pulses
Kg/capita
Area, Production and Productivity of pulses in
India
8

9. 9
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) a member of the family Fabaceae, is a crop grown
throughout the tropics and the subtropics covering Africa, Asia, South America, parts of
Southern Europe and the United States (Singh et al. 1997).
In India, cowpea cultivated area is 3.9 million ha with 2.2 million tonne seed production
and 567 kg/ha productivity (Anonymous, 2011).
Cowpea seeds possess high nutritive value. The plants are well adapted to grow under high
temperature and drought and tolerate low soil fertility due to their high rate of nitrogen
fixation and ability to form effective symbiotic mycorrhizae. Therefore, cowpea can play an
important role in agricultural development (Ghalmi et al.2009).
Cowpea is called as vegetable meat due to more than 25% protein in grain as well as in
young leaves (dry weight basis) with better biological value.
Cowpea - A pulse

10. Sr. No.
1 Kingdom : Plantae
2 Division : Spermatophyta
3 Sub division Angiosperms
4 Class : Dicotyledonae
5 Order : Fabales
6 Family : Fabaceae
7 Genus : Vigna
8 Species : unguiculata
9 Botanical name: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
10 Origin: Central Africa
11 Chromosome number: 2n=22
Table No.3 Taxonomy of cowpea
10

11. Macronutrients Micronutrients
Water-9.23 g Calcium – 71.3 mg
Calories-286 mg Iron – 8.3 mg
Proteins – 20.0 g Magnesium – 278 mg
Carbohydrate – 50.0 g Phosphorus- 366 mg
Fiber- 8.9 g Potassium- 1148 mg
Fat – 1.7 g Sodium – 48 mg
(no cholesterol) Zinc – 5.1 mg
Table No.4 Nutritional availability in cowpea
Source- International Pulse year 2016, B.B Singh
Cowpea is a complete food minus fat…
11

12. Nigeria
Niger
Camroon
Sudan
Burma
Srilanka
China
India
3027596
1987100
191315
165000 113250 14694
13762
7000
Production in Tons
Source:-FAOSTAT, 2016
World wise production of cowpea in 2016
12

13. Cowpea as pulses:-
Cowpea as important food crops of tropical and subtropical regions, the seed also contains
small proteins of b-carotene, thiamine, vitamin A, niacin, folic acid ascorbic acid.
Sr. no Constituents Seed
1 Carbohydrate 55-66
2 Protein 22-24
3 Water 11
4 Crude fiber 5.9-7.3
5 Ash 3.4-3.9
6 Fat 1.3-1.5
7 Phosphorous 0.146
8 Calcium 0.104-0.076
9 Iron 0.005
Chemical composition (%) of seed
Cowpea as vegetable:-
 Cowpea is grown for a mainly for its
edible beans, but what mainly people
don’t know is that the crop can be grown
as a vegetable.
 It tender leaves and young pods are also
edible and can be used to make delicious
and nutritious vegetable dishes.
13
Uses cowpea

14. 14
Sr. no Constituents Leaves
1 Carbohydrate 8.0
2 Protein 4.7
3 Water 85.0
4 Crude fiber 2.0
5 Ash -
6 Fat 0.3
7 Phosphorous 0.063
8 Calcium 0.256
9 Iron 0.005
Table No.5 Chemical composition (%)
of leaves
Cowpea as leafy vegetable

15. Cowpea as cover crop:-
It as grown for cover crops, because cover crops are not harvested for direct profit .
Crop are grown primarily to enrich the soil, but also help to reduce dust pollution.
Cowpea as cover crop
Cowpea as fodder crop:-
Cowpea is called as the hungry season
crop because it is the first harvested crops,
before the cereal crops.
Farmers can choose to harvest it for grains
or as forage for their livestock.
15

16. Cowpea is of major importance to livelihoods of relatively poor people in
developing and less developed countries of the tropics including South Sudan, especially
where animal protein is not easily available for the family.
Importance of Cowpea:-
( I ) Provision of nutritious food
( II ) Provision of high quality feed for animals
( III ) Cowpea as cover crop
( IV ) Provision of organic matter to the soil
( V ) Fixes atmospheric nitrogen and adds it to the soil
16
Importance and scope of cowpea

17. Case studies
17

18. Study of correlation coefficient for different characters in cowpea( Vigna unguiculata L. walp.)
Patel, U. V., Paramar, V. K*., Patel, P. B. and Malviya, A.V
N.M. College of agriculture, Navasari (GJ) India(2016)
Objective :- To study the correlation coefficient for different characters in cowpea
Material and method :- Genotype : 32
Replication: 3
Experimental design : RBD
Case study No.1
18

19. Character
Days to 50%
flowering
No. of
Cluster/
plant
Pod length
(cm)
No. seeds/
pod
No. pod /
plant
plant ht. at
final harvest
(cm)
Sugar
content
%
Green pod yield /plant
rg -0.205* -0.153 0.456** 0.055 -0.056 0.092 0.269**
rp -0.139 -0.156 0.312** 0.027 -0.091 0.067 0.217*
Days to 50 % flowering
rg 0.277* -0.067 0.092 -0.069 -0.062 0.128
rp 0.120 0.031 0.043 -0.033 -0.041 0.087
No. of cluster / plant
rg -0.179 -0.018 -0.135 -0.021 -0.129
rp 0.059 -0.041 0.061 0.071 -0.018
Pod length (cm)
rg 0.297** -0.533** -0.299** 0.103
rp 0.214* -0.281 -0.166 0.089
No. of seed/ pod
rg -0.070 -0.104 0.048
rp -0.059 -0.098 0.041
No. of pods / plant
rg 0.118 -0.103
rp 0.191 -0.083
Plant ht at final harvest (cm)
rg 0.103
rp 0.088
Table No.5 Genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) coefficient for different
characters in cowpea.
20
* Significant at 5% level. ** significant at 1% level.

20. Study of path coefficient analysis for different characters in cowpea( Vigna unguiculata L. walp.)
Patel, U. V., Paramar, V. K*., Patel, P. B. and Malviya, A.V
N.M. College of agriculture, Navasari (GJ) India(2016)
Objective :- To study the genotypic path coefficient analysis showing direct and indirect effects
of different characters on green pod
Material and method :-
Case study No.2
20
Genotype : 32
Replication : 3
Experimental design : RBD

21. Character
Days to
50%
flowerin
g
No. of
branches /
plant
No.
cluster /
plant
Pod
length
( cm)
No. see
d / pod
No.pod
/ plant
Plant ht
at final
harvest
(cm)
Sugar
content
%
Genotypic
Correlatio
n
with yield
Days to 50 %
flowering
0.645 0.134 0.179 -0.043 0.059 -0.044 -0.040 0.080 -0.205*
No. of branches
/
plant
-0.006 -0.030 -0.010 0.006 0.003 0.009 0.004 0.008 -0.159
No. of cluster /
plant
-0.070 -0.085 -0.251 0.045 0.005 0.034 0.005 0.033 -0.153
Pod length (cm) -0.048 0.145 -0.128 0.716 0.213 -0.382 -0.214 0.074 0.456**
No. of seed/ po
d
-0.017 0.017 0.003 -0.054 -0.180 0.013 0.019 -0.009 0.055
No. of pods /
plant
-0.020 -0.087 -0.039 -0.154 -0.020 0.289 0.034 -0.030 -0.056
Plant ht at final
harvest (cm)
-0.013 -0.027 -0.004 -0.061 -0.021 0.024 0.204 0.021 0.092
Sugar content
%
0.028 -0.060 -0.028 0.023 0.011 0.023 0.022 0.219 0.269**
Table No.6 Genotypic path coefficient analysis sowing direct (diagonal and bold ) and
indirect effects of different characters on green pod yield / plant
21

22. Heterosis for yield and yield related traits in cowpea( Vigna unguiculata L. walp.)
U.B Pethe *, NS Dodiya, SG Bhave , Amit Dadheech and DR Meghawal
Dr. B S Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (M.S.) India(2017)
Objective :- Estimates of heterosis for seed yield traits in cowpea
Material and method :- Genotypes : 11
Method : Line x Tester
Line : 8
Tester : 3
Replication : 2
Experimental design : RBD
Case study No.3
22

23. 23
Table.7 Promising hybrids for grain yield per plant with heterobeltiosis, economic
heterosis and component showing significant desired heterosis in cowpea.
Cross
No.
Hybrids
Grain
yield
per plant
(g)
Hetero-
beltiosis
(%)
Economic heterosis (%) Useful and significant for component traits
SC-I SC-II
Heterobeltiosis
SC – I
(Kokan Safed)
SC – II
(Konkan
Sadabahar)
1
CPD -83 x
PCP-97102
22.95 17.69 67.51** 171.59**
CPP,
PPP,TW, GYPP,
CPP,
PPP,TW, GYPP,
HI,
CPP, PPP,
PL, TW, GY
PP.
2
CPD -219
x
GS-9240
26.25 85.51** 91.60** 210.65**
CPP,GYPP,
HI,
CPP, GYPP, HI,
CPP, PL,TW,
GYPP,HI
3
CPD -193 x
PCP-97102
26.85 71.56** 95.98** 217.75** PPP, GYPP,
PPP,TW, GYPP,
HI
CPP, PPP,
PL,TW,
GYPP
CPP-Number of cluster per plant , PPP- No. Pod per plant, PL- pod length, GPP-No. of grains per pod, TW- Test
weight, GYPP- Grain yield per plant, HI-Harvest index.

24. Case study No.4
24
Line X Tester analysis in cowpea( Vigna unguiculata L. walp.)
U.B.Pethe *, N.S.Dodiya, S.G. Bhave and V.V.Dalvi
Department of Agricultural Botany Dr. B S Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (M.S.)India (2017)
Objective :- Estimates of general combining ability and specific combining ability for seed yield
and its components traits in cowpea
Material and method :- Genotypes : 11
Method : Line x Tester
Line : 8
Testers : 3
Replication : 2
Experimental design : RBD

25. 25
Sources
of
variations
df DF DM PH CPP PPP PL GPP TW GYPP HI
Lines
7 18.33** 18.45** 40.05 0.93** 30.48** 4.72** 1.61* 20.45*
*
50.37*
*
215.40*
Testers
2 141.44** 133.31*
*
136.04 0.38** 27.00** 2.61 1.04 73.25*
*
77.52*
*
56.50*
L X T 14 27.15** 26.15** 86.14 0.92** 26.62** 2.91** 1.45* 19.58*
*
39.07*
*
209.53*
Error 34 5.52 5.42 48.89 0.03 1.63 0.90 0.56 0.14 3.08 7.39
б2GCA - 0.250 0.241 -0.335 -0.002 0.042 0.018 0.002 0.170 0.234 -0.392
б2SCA - 10.815 10.364 18.625 0.447 12.493 1.008 0.445 9.719 17.994 101.067
Table.8 Analysis of variance for combining ability for various traits in
Cowpea.
*Significant at 5% level. ** significant at 1 % level, DF-degree of freedom, days to 50% flowering, DM- Days to
maturity , PH- plant height(cm),CPP-Number of cluster per plant , PPP- No. Pod per plant, PL- pod length(cm), GPP-
No. of grains per pod, TW- Test weight(g), GYPP- Grain yield per plant(g), HI-Harvest index(%).

26. 26
Parent
No.
Lines/
Testers
D50%F DM PH CPP PPP PL GPP TW GYPP HI
Lines
1. CPD -
219
2.06* 2.15* -0.27 -0.53** -2.92** 0.37 0.47 -1.11** -2.25** 6.45**
2. CPD -
220
-2.90** -2.81** 2.48 -0.08 1.58** 0.09 0.37 -1.03** 2.22** 1.45
3. CPD -
172
0.06 -0.02 1.82 0.80** 1.58** -0.40 0.19 -0.03 -0.94 3.10**
4. CPD -
31 0.56 0.646 0.32 0.28** 0.58 -0.93* -0.21 -0.73** -1.12 -1.81
5. CPD -
193
-1.94 -1.854 1.85 -0.07 -0.42 -1.20** -0.94** -1.70** -0.87 -7.21**
6. CPD -
173
-1.60 -1.688 -3.23 -0.18** 1.92** -0.25 -0.03 1.92** -1.42 -5.97**
7. CPD -
25
-1.10 -1.354 1.58 -0.03 -3.92** 1.43** -0.44 3.67** -1.95* -5.05**
8. CPD -
83
-0.94 -0.688 -4.55 -0.18** 1.58** 0.88* 0.59 -0.99** 6.33** 9.04**
S.E. ± 0.96 0.950 2.85 0.07 0.52 0.39 0.31 0.15 0.72 1.11
Testers
1. PCP-
97102
3.31** 3.19** -1.57 -0.14** 1.50** -0.44 -0.04 -2.26** -1.39** -0.83
2. GS
9240
-2.434** -2.44** -1.79 -0.03 -0.75* 0.36 0.27 0.26** 2.54** 2.15**
3. NKO
32
-0.88 -0.750 3.37 0.17** -0.75* 0.08 -0.24 2.00** -1.14* -1.32
S.E. ± 0.59 0.582 1.75 0.04 0.32 0.24 0.19 0.09 0.44 0.68
Table.9 General combining ability effects of parents for various traits.
*Significant at 5% level. ** significant at 1 % level, DF- days to 50% flowering, DM- Days to maturity , PH-
plant height(cm), CPP-No. of cluster per plant, PPP-No.of pods per plant, PL-Pod length(cm), GPP-No. Of grains
per pod, TW-Test weight(g), GYPP-Grain yield per plant(g), HI-Harvest index(%).

27. 27
Cross
No.
Hybrid D50%F DM CPP PPP PL GPP TW GYPP
1
CPD -219 x
GS-9240
4.35* -3.81* 0.69** 3.67** 0.40 -0.40 -0.58* 5.66**
2
CPD -220 x
GS-9240
-4.31* -4.02* 0.87** -4.33** -0.43 1.27* -0.41 -5.06**
3
CPD -31 x
GS-9240
-3.06 -3.23 0.14 3.42** -0.58 -0.37 1.41** 5.73**
4
CPD -31 x
NKO-32
-4.06* -3.90* -0.14 -0.08 1.36 0.33 2.61** -2.44
5
CPD -193 x
PCP-97102
3.44* 3.60* -0.24* 5.92** 0.47 -0.94 0.58* 5.41**
6
CPD -83 x
PCP-97102
-0.46 -0.25 0.33** 4.08** -0.45 0.15 6.22** 5.74**
SE+ 1.66 1.65 0.115 0.903 0.669 0.529 0.262 1.240
*Significant at 5% level. ** significant at 1 % level, DF- days to 50% flowering, DM- Days to maturity , CPP-No. of
cluster per plant, PPP-No.of pods per plant, PL-Pod length(cm), GPP-No. Of grains -per pod, TW-Test weight(g), GYPP-
Grain yield per plant(g).
Table No.10 Estimates of specific combining ability effects for seed
yield and its components traits in cowpea.

28. Stability analysis in cowpea
( Vigna unguiculata L. walp.)
S. B.Chaudhari,M.R.Naik,S.S.Patil and J. D. Patel
Navasari Agriculture University (India)(2013)
Objective :- To study the stable genotype
Material and method :- Entries :36
Parents : 8
F1’S : 28
Experimental design: RBD
Case study No.5
28

29. 29
Sr
No. Genotypes Seed yield per plant(g) Protien content(%)
Mean bi S2di Mean bi S2di
1 GC3 18.78 1.07 -0.49 23.47 0.75 -0.14
2. RC 19 16.39 1.48 5.36** 25.39 2.08 0.24
3. GC 4 23.87 1.12 -0.04 24.13 0.57 0.44
4. GC 5 20.27 1.04 -0.44 23.72 -0.24 1.38**
5 V 240 21.91 -0.18 1.40 22.21 2.57** -0.12
5. DCP 2x GC4 18.97 0.97 -0.19 23.04 1.20 0.08
6. DCP 2 x V 240 31.03 1.27 1.32 19.47 0.31 0.03
7. DCP 2 x DCP 10 15.20 1.42 6.41** 25.12 1.27** -0.23
8. DCP 2x HC 03 01 17.26 0.34** -1.35 22.99 1.69 0.01
9 GC3x GC5 26.90 1.00 0.78 21.56 0.69 -0.16
10 GC3x HC 03 01 16.52 1.14 -0.22 24.30 1.86** -0.20
11 RC 19x GC4 19.80 1.78 3.65* 24.63 0.97 0.87**
12 RC 19 x V 240 24.59 0.94 -1.15 23.81 2.11** 0.59*
13 RC 19x GC5 14.19 -0.38** -0.48 24.71 1.38 -0.02
14 RC 19x HC 03 01 15.76 0.78 7.81** 24.83 1.22 0.06
15 GC 4 x V 240 28.18 0.60 6.85** 22.08 1.14 1.40**
16 GC4x GC5 33.62 -0.29 4.63* 20.17 0.79 0.09
17 GC4x HC 03 01 17.03 1.26 -0.64 22.86 0.48 0.75*
18 DCP 10x GC5 32.25 0.87 -0.27 25.90 2.21 0.44
19 DCP 10x HC 03 01 22.01 2.45 5.09** 24.94 0.80 1.02**
20 GC5x HC 03 01 17.48 0.94 1.58 23.63 0.67 0.65*
Mean 20.62 1.00 23.14 1.00
S.Em.± 1.07 0.69 0.47 0.62
Table 11. Stability parameters for fruit yield and its components in
Cowpea.
bi-regression coeffiicient, S2di-deviation from regression

30. 30
Achievement

31. 31
Sr. No. State varieties
1 Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and
Bihar
C152, Sf-68
2 Himachel Pradesh C152, Pusa-1, Sel-27
3 Haryana SF-68, Pusa Komal
4 Rajasthan JC-5, Jc-10
5 Uttar Pradesh Type-2, Pusa Barsati, Pusa Do Fasali
6 West Bengal 5269
7 Madhya Pradesh C-152, K-11, K-14
8 Maharashtra C-152, No.-2, 19-141, Konkan Safed, Pusa Komal
9 Orissa C-152, SF-68, SFB-2
10 Karnataka C-152, Sel-61-B-1, S-488, S-203
11 Tamilnadu C-152, Co-1, Co-2, Pusa-3, Pusa Do
Fasali
Table No.12 State-wise popular varieties of cowpea.

32. Varieties
Seed
color
Yield
kg/ha
Protein
%
Iron
ppm
Zinc
ppm
Mn ppm
Pant lobia-1 White 1969 28 89 45 14
Pant lobia-2 Red 1845 31 90 45 31
Pant lobia-3 Brown 2072 27 97 51 34
Pant lobia-4 White 1794 25 109 51 12
Pant lobia-5 Tan 2161 24 66 36 13
Table No. 13 Recently released varieties of cowpea in India
Source- International pulse year 2016, B.B Singh
32

33. Conclusion
 Combining ability is a major step to evaluating or finding the unkown
performance of testers to be used in breeding programme this is development
procedure in the concept of general and specific combining ability.
 Heterosis Phenomenology said, we provide the details of what needs to be
explained and a direction of pursuit or may be exploited that the further plant
breeding programme or identification of transgressive segreants from the
advance generation.
 The purpose of stability testing is to provide evidence of how the qualitative
and quantitative character of the yield and its contributing characters express it
self.
33

34. 34