11. 1. Sudden movement of hot gases and magma
2. Volcanic activities
3. Stress, caused by water pressure in dams
4. Tectonic stress generated by movement of tectonic plates.
12. Effects
• Increased incidence of fire, landslides, etc.
•Destruction and demolition of houses, dams, factories,
and other human construction. It cause heavy loss of human
life.
Management
Earthquake prone areas should be recognized and appropriately
designed earthquake resistant buildings such as houses, factories, dams
etc should be constructed.
Appropriate relief measures by individuals and governmental and
non-govenmental organisations should be provided to the affected
areas as soon as possible.
Awareness should be spread amongst people educating them
regarding the things to do in case of an emergency.
13.
14.
15. 1 ) Earthquake :
most of the landslides are
induced by earthquakes and these
landslides become the major
contributors of casualties during
such earthquakes.
2 ) Volcanic eruptions
Landslides on volcanoes are common because of the massive height
of their cones. These cones are often weakened by the rise an
eruption of magma and the tremendous weight of the lava causes
them to settle under the force of gravity leading to landslides
17. Rocks, large amounts of debris and huge landmasses
dislodged during landslides destroy urban and rural
habitation.
Landslide cause damage to roads, dams ,bridges and
any other construction in their path.
They severely damage crops and agricultural lands.
The slopes to landslides may be assessed by using remote
sensing techniques.
Construction activities should be done only after properly
evaluating the geological and graphical conditions.
18. Floods
Types of floods
Flash floods
these occur within hours of heavy rainfall and are
usually associated with towering cumulus clouds, thunder
storms, and cyclones etc.
River floods
these floods are caused by precipitation over large
catchment areas or by melting of snow or sometimes both.
Coastal floods
these are associated with the cyclonic activities such
as hurricanes, tropical cyclones etc.
19.
20. Crop damage
Damage to life and properties
Disturbance in transportation
Spread of disease vectors and pathogens
Loss of biodiversity
Economic crisis
Plantation on slopes
Drainage management
Flood plain zoning
forecasting
25. Anthropogenic disasters
Anthropogenic disasters are those that are
caused as a result of human activities ;these
disasters are unpredictable and may be
caused intentionally or by accident. they may
cause severe damage and destruction to
human life and property.
these disasters may be classified as
social hazards, such as wars, acts of terrorism
and civil disasters and technological hazards
such as industrial accidents ,fires etc.
