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The Structure of
Matter
Matter – Anything that has mass
and takes up space
Mass – The amount of matter in
an object
Molecule – The smallest particle
of a substance (such as water) that
can still be identified as that
substance
(Latin = little mass)
Ex. – 60 million H2O – diameter of a
penny
Ex. All water molecules are the same
-Once a molecule is divided it is no
longer that substance
Ex. H2O
H2 Not water
O Not water
O
H H
Physical & Chemical Properties
of Matter
Physical Properties – A characteristic
of matter that can be observed by using
any of your senses
Ex. Hardness, density, melting pt. /
boiling pt., State (solid, liquid, gas)
Size, shape, color, odor, taste
Physical & Chemical Properties of Matter
Chemical Properties – A description
of how one kind of matter behaves in
the presence of another kind of matter.
Ex. Vinegar & baking soda
- When vinegar is added to baking
soda, CO2 is produced
States of Matter
State Definite Shape Definite Volume
Solid
Liquid
Gas No
Yes
Yes Yes
No
No
Solid Liquid Gas
http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/index.html
http://www.juliethompson.com/science.html
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Plasma- State of matter where gas
molecules have separated into
electrically charged particles
Ex. STARS (fusion)
Physical & Chemical Changes
Physical Change- a change in which
the form or appearance of matter
changes but not its composition
Ex. Shape – crumpled paper
Dissolving – Koolaid
Change in State
Physical Changes
Solid Liquid Gas
Freezing
Melting
Condensation
Vaporization
Deposition
Sublimation
- Only the MOTION of the molecules
has changed!
Chemical Changes
Chemical Change – a change in which
the composition of a substance changes
Ex. Fireworks, Rust
- causes a new substance to form.
Physical science structure_and_properties_of_matter
Chemical Changes
Signs of Chemical Changes
- Color ChangesEx. Trees, apples, toast
- Energy
Released – fire – heat, light
Gained – cooking/cake
Chemical Changes
Signs of Chemical Changes
- Odor Ex. Rotten food
- Bubbles formed
Ex. Vinegar + Baking soda
Antacid
Chemical Changes
Signs of Chemical Changes
- Solid formed - Precipitate
Ex. Sodium iodide = lead nitrate
- Not easily reversed Ex. Ice melting vs.
Wood burning
http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&alpha=A
Physical Chemical
EASY HARD
VS.
Anton Lavoisier – 18th
Century
The LAW of Conservation of Mass-
- States that mass is neither created
nor destroyed
(and as a result, the mass of the substance
before a physical or chemical change is
equal to the mass of the substances present
after the change)
Ex. Apple cut up, candle burning
Gases
The Kinetic Theory of Matter-
- The scientific principal that says that
all matter is made of particles whose
MOTION determines if the matter is
solid, liquid, or gas
-Each of the 3 states of matter is
called a phase
State Definite Shape Definite Volume
Solid
Liquid
Gas No
Yes
Yes Yes
No
No
4 Properties of Gases
- explained by the Kinetic theory of matter
1. Gas molecules move VERY FAST
-A gas is mostly empty space
(large distance between gas molecules)
-Particles collide MANY times per second
(particles are NOT affected by collisions)
- No definite shape, they expand to fill
all available space
2.Moving gas molecules cause pressure
Ex. Balloon
(All that moving and colliding into
things causes a force to be applied)
Pressure- The amount of force
applied to a unit of area
3.Gases have NO definite volume
-can be crowded together
-This the pressure (more collisions)
-can be allowed to expand
-This the pressure (fewer collisions)
4.The temperature of a gas measures
how fast molecules move
- Heat = in particle movement
(particles tend to move further apart)
- volume or the pressure
Ex. Bicycle tire on a hot day
- Heat = in particle movement
Absolute Zero -
-The Temperature at which particles of
matter stop moving -273 o
C
-No Kinetic Energy at absolute zero
-Kelvin (K) Temperature scale -
-A temperature scale on which zero is
equal to absolute zero
GAS LAWS!
Boyle’s Law
Pressure = Volume
Pressure = Volume
No Temperature change
V1
.
P1 = V2
.
P2
Ex. The air in a balloon occupies a
space of 1000mL and has a pressure
of 5 N
/cm2
. When Gary grabs the
balloon the pressure increases to 10
N
/cm2
. What is the new volume of the
balloon?
V1= V2=
P2= P2=
V1= 1000mL V2= ? mL
P1= 5 N
/cm2
P2=10N
/cm2
1000 .
5 = V2
.
10
V1
.
P1 = V2
.
P2
5000 = V2
.
10
5000 = V2
.
10
10 = 10
500 = V2
V2 = 500 mL
GAS LAWS!
Charle’s Law
Temperature = Volume
Temperature= Volume
V1
.
T2 = V2
.
T1
http://www.delta.edu/slime/cancrush.html
V1
.
T2 = V2
.
T1
Charle’s Law
10
o C
V1= V2=
T2= T1=
30
o C
30mL ? mL
30mL
30o
C
? mL
10o
C
V1
.
T2 = V2
.
T1
Charle’s Law
10
o C
V1= V2=
T2= T1=
30
o C
30mL
? mL
30mL
30o
C
? mL
10o
C
30 .
30 = V2
.
10
900 = V2
.
10
10 10
90 = V2
V2 = 90mL
Solids & Liquids
(the molecules stay in a fixed patteren)
Solids- A piece of solid matter cannot
change shape by itself
Ex. crystal
Crystal- A solid whose orderly
arrangement of particles gives it a
regular shape
- The shape (of the crystal) is determined
by the way the particles are arranged
-Almost all solids are made of crystals
Ex. salt
(different crystals
break in different
ways)
Super cooled liquids- Solids that have
been cooled soooooo quickly that they
have NO crystal pattern
-Almost all solids are made of crystals
Ex. Volcanic glass
Liquids- molecules (can move from
one place to another) have NO fixed
pattern.
-Can flow (change shape)
- when not moving it will have a level
surface
Change to a Liquid
-Heat is added (to a solid)
- Motion / Temp
- particles can’t stay in crystal pattern
Change to a Liquid
Melting point- the temperature at
which a solid becomes a liquid
- each crystalline solid has its own
melting point
Mercury = -39 o
C
Salt = 801 o
C
Sugar = 186 o
C
Water = 0 o
C
Change to a Liquid
Heat of fusion- the amount of heat
required to change 1 gram of solid to a
liquid
- the energy used to
break the crystalline
structure
(at the same temp
no temp change)
Sublimation
- Changing from a Solid Gas
Ex. Dry ice
Change to a Gas
- In most liquids (at ordinary Temps.)
Some molecules have enough energy to
(escape and) become a gas
Ex. Water evaporation
Heat = evaporation
Boiling point –The Temp (at ordinary
pressure) at which the molecules of a
liquid have enough energy to become a
gas
Exact boiling point depends on:
1. Energy needed to make
particles separate
2. Pressure of the air
pressure = boiling point
pressure = boiling point
- Water (at normal pressure)
will never be hotter than 100o
C
Heat of Vaporization-
The amount of heat required to
change 1 gram of liquid to a gas
(No temperature change)
http://www.chem4kids.com/index.html

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Physical science structure_and_properties_of_matter

  • 1. The Structure of Matter Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space Mass – The amount of matter in an object
  • 2. Molecule – The smallest particle of a substance (such as water) that can still be identified as that substance (Latin = little mass) Ex. – 60 million H2O – diameter of a penny
  • 3. Ex. All water molecules are the same -Once a molecule is divided it is no longer that substance Ex. H2O H2 Not water O Not water O H H
  • 4. Physical & Chemical Properties of Matter Physical Properties – A characteristic of matter that can be observed by using any of your senses Ex. Hardness, density, melting pt. / boiling pt., State (solid, liquid, gas) Size, shape, color, odor, taste
  • 5. Physical & Chemical Properties of Matter Chemical Properties – A description of how one kind of matter behaves in the presence of another kind of matter. Ex. Vinegar & baking soda - When vinegar is added to baking soda, CO2 is produced
  • 6. States of Matter State Definite Shape Definite Volume Solid Liquid Gas No Yes Yes Yes No No Solid Liquid Gas http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/index.html
  • 10. Gas
  • 11. Plasma Plasma- State of matter where gas molecules have separated into electrically charged particles Ex. STARS (fusion)
  • 12. Physical & Chemical Changes Physical Change- a change in which the form or appearance of matter changes but not its composition Ex. Shape – crumpled paper Dissolving – Koolaid Change in State
  • 13. Physical Changes Solid Liquid Gas Freezing Melting Condensation Vaporization Deposition Sublimation - Only the MOTION of the molecules has changed!
  • 14. Chemical Changes Chemical Change – a change in which the composition of a substance changes Ex. Fireworks, Rust - causes a new substance to form.
  • 16. Chemical Changes Signs of Chemical Changes - Color ChangesEx. Trees, apples, toast - Energy Released – fire – heat, light Gained – cooking/cake
  • 17. Chemical Changes Signs of Chemical Changes - Odor Ex. Rotten food - Bubbles formed Ex. Vinegar + Baking soda Antacid
  • 18. Chemical Changes Signs of Chemical Changes - Solid formed - Precipitate Ex. Sodium iodide = lead nitrate - Not easily reversed Ex. Ice melting vs. Wood burning http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&alpha=A Physical Chemical EASY HARD VS.
  • 19. Anton Lavoisier – 18th Century The LAW of Conservation of Mass- - States that mass is neither created nor destroyed (and as a result, the mass of the substance before a physical or chemical change is equal to the mass of the substances present after the change) Ex. Apple cut up, candle burning
  • 20. Gases The Kinetic Theory of Matter- - The scientific principal that says that all matter is made of particles whose MOTION determines if the matter is solid, liquid, or gas
  • 21. -Each of the 3 states of matter is called a phase State Definite Shape Definite Volume Solid Liquid Gas No Yes Yes Yes No No
  • 22. 4 Properties of Gases - explained by the Kinetic theory of matter 1. Gas molecules move VERY FAST -A gas is mostly empty space (large distance between gas molecules) -Particles collide MANY times per second (particles are NOT affected by collisions) - No definite shape, they expand to fill all available space
  • 23. 2.Moving gas molecules cause pressure Ex. Balloon (All that moving and colliding into things causes a force to be applied) Pressure- The amount of force applied to a unit of area
  • 24. 3.Gases have NO definite volume -can be crowded together -This the pressure (more collisions) -can be allowed to expand -This the pressure (fewer collisions)
  • 25. 4.The temperature of a gas measures how fast molecules move - Heat = in particle movement (particles tend to move further apart) - volume or the pressure Ex. Bicycle tire on a hot day - Heat = in particle movement
  • 26. Absolute Zero - -The Temperature at which particles of matter stop moving -273 o C -No Kinetic Energy at absolute zero -Kelvin (K) Temperature scale - -A temperature scale on which zero is equal to absolute zero
  • 27. GAS LAWS! Boyle’s Law Pressure = Volume Pressure = Volume No Temperature change
  • 28. V1 . P1 = V2 . P2 Ex. The air in a balloon occupies a space of 1000mL and has a pressure of 5 N /cm2 . When Gary grabs the balloon the pressure increases to 10 N /cm2 . What is the new volume of the balloon? V1= V2= P2= P2=
  • 29. V1= 1000mL V2= ? mL P1= 5 N /cm2 P2=10N /cm2 1000 . 5 = V2 . 10 V1 . P1 = V2 . P2 5000 = V2 . 10 5000 = V2 . 10 10 = 10 500 = V2 V2 = 500 mL
  • 30. GAS LAWS! Charle’s Law Temperature = Volume Temperature= Volume V1 . T2 = V2 . T1 http://www.delta.edu/slime/cancrush.html
  • 31. V1 . T2 = V2 . T1 Charle’s Law 10 o C V1= V2= T2= T1= 30 o C 30mL ? mL 30mL 30o C ? mL 10o C
  • 32. V1 . T2 = V2 . T1 Charle’s Law 10 o C V1= V2= T2= T1= 30 o C 30mL ? mL 30mL 30o C ? mL 10o C 30 . 30 = V2 . 10 900 = V2 . 10 10 10 90 = V2 V2 = 90mL
  • 33. Solids & Liquids (the molecules stay in a fixed patteren) Solids- A piece of solid matter cannot change shape by itself Ex. crystal
  • 34. Crystal- A solid whose orderly arrangement of particles gives it a regular shape - The shape (of the crystal) is determined by the way the particles are arranged -Almost all solids are made of crystals Ex. salt (different crystals break in different ways)
  • 35. Super cooled liquids- Solids that have been cooled soooooo quickly that they have NO crystal pattern -Almost all solids are made of crystals Ex. Volcanic glass
  • 36. Liquids- molecules (can move from one place to another) have NO fixed pattern. -Can flow (change shape) - when not moving it will have a level surface
  • 37. Change to a Liquid -Heat is added (to a solid) - Motion / Temp - particles can’t stay in crystal pattern
  • 38. Change to a Liquid Melting point- the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid - each crystalline solid has its own melting point Mercury = -39 o C Salt = 801 o C Sugar = 186 o C Water = 0 o C
  • 39. Change to a Liquid Heat of fusion- the amount of heat required to change 1 gram of solid to a liquid - the energy used to break the crystalline structure (at the same temp no temp change)
  • 40. Sublimation - Changing from a Solid Gas Ex. Dry ice
  • 41. Change to a Gas - In most liquids (at ordinary Temps.) Some molecules have enough energy to (escape and) become a gas Ex. Water evaporation Heat = evaporation
  • 42. Boiling point –The Temp (at ordinary pressure) at which the molecules of a liquid have enough energy to become a gas
  • 43. Exact boiling point depends on: 1. Energy needed to make particles separate 2. Pressure of the air pressure = boiling point pressure = boiling point - Water (at normal pressure) will never be hotter than 100o C
  • 44. Heat of Vaporization- The amount of heat required to change 1 gram of liquid to a gas (No temperature change) http://www.chem4kids.com/index.html