1. A PROJECT
ON
THE SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR MANKIND

2. Source:- Wikipedia

3. Presented On:- 14th
November 2011

4. Prepared by
VISHAL PANDEY & ALOK SINGH
CLASS - XI ‘B’
KENDRIYAVIDYALAYA
B.H.U.
VARANASI

5. TheBeginning OF SPACE AGE
The space age started with the launch of first Russian satellite
Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957.Ever since,the rocket powered launch
vehicles carried state of the art scientific equipment to explore
moon , the sun , solar system and the cosmos. This resulted in
designing and fabricating the instruments having more than
6000000 components with reliability greater than 99.9999%. In
1960s man landed on moon and in 1970s the planetary exploration
continued the space march. The comet Halley, which orbits the sun
in about 76 years was photographed from a distance of about 500
kms in the year 1986. The success of launch and recovery of Space
Shuttle made the space just another location in 1980s. This opened
a variety of new vistas of science and technology.

6. SPACE SCIENCE BENEFITSMANKIND
In any case, we have come a long way in this endeavor. Space
became an enterprising commodity from both commercial and
military point of view. Today some people have started selling the
lunar land like real estate! It was expected. Consequently, in 1958,
shortly after launching of the first artificial satellite the General
assembly of the United Nations established an ad hoc committee of
peaceful uses of outer space in order to deal with both international
cooperation and deal with legal problems. The committee currently
comprises of 61 member states, whose present chairman is
Professor U. R. Rao. Incidentally, Professor Rao is the chairman of
the governing council of Physical research Laboratory, to which
Udaipur Solar Observatory belongs.

7. This United Nation body created an outer space treaty in
1966. The treaty has 17 articles, signed in January 27,
1967 and entered into force on 1st October 1967.
Hence we celebrate this week as International Space
Week. Let us discuss some of its important articles. The
Article I of the treaty declares that space shall be free for
exploration and use by all states. Article II states that
outer space, the moon and the other celestial bodies are
not subject to national appropriation by claim of
sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any
other means. Article III provides that a nation’s activity in
exploration and use of outer space shall be in
accordance with the international law, in the interest of
maintaining international peace and security.

8. CONTRIBUTION of SCIENTISTS
Four hundred years ago Sir Isac Newton showed that
the physical principles governing the dynamics of both
the terrestrial and celestial objects are the same. The
famous "laws of motion", laid down by him successfully
described the orbit of planets, moon and the comets.
This is the beginning of the modern scientific age. The
scientific achievements of mankind have been steadily
progressing since than, and what were fantasies earlier
are made into reality.

9. As a result of the application of the same physical
principles, man placed his foot on the brightest object of
the night sky - the moon. It indeed was a "giant step for
the mankind" as Niels Armstrong declared. The object,
which had been worshiped by various religions over
centuries, was conclusively shown to be similar to our
earth, when they brought the lunar material on their
return. This made us both proud and humble, for we
came to know, we can do things as great as stepping
into moon and the earth we live in is really a tiny object
in the vast universe. This is the single great achievement
of space science and technology of 20th century.

10. BENEFITSTO MANKIND
 SCIENCE EXPLORATION:
Basically the exploration of outer space is known as Space
exploration. The process of space explorations are done by taking
the information provided by astronomy and space technology. The
need to explore space is more so today as it has been found to
have high potential not only for the survival of human life but also it
can help to make life on earth more convenient. The process by
which space exploration is conducted physically is by sending
manned space crafts into space to study it and also by sending
unmanned by robotic space crafts. Though earlier it was astronomy
which is the observation done through telescopes to understand the
various objects in space, later it was the rockets that were sent into
space that recorded information of outer space making it more
convenient for physical exploration as there are a number of
benefits of space exploration.

11. First one launched by Soviet Union in 1957 (Sputnik 1):-
Did create a concern that a nuclear weapon could be sent
into orbit and then landed in another country US sent Explorer
1 into space in 1958
Enhanced communications:-
Television channels, internet service Connected all parts of
countries together
Tracking devices:-
Wildlife researchers use them to study animal migratory
movements .GPS (Global Positioning System) Uses
microwave signals for map-making, surveying, personal use,
etc.
Satellites:

12. Remote sensing and digital imaging
Shows changes over time for later analysis.
Assess the impact of human populations.
Real-time imaging
Not all satellites take pictures.
Can advance human understanding of phenomena.
Millions of pictures taken over several years can be
combined to show the “full picture” of Earth .(interpreted real-
time images)

13.  DEFENCE:
There are benefits to national defense. The Moon, Mars and
asteroids represent the new military high ground of space. Dick
Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld Rumsfield led the President's task
force that determined American astronauts must be sent to this
high ground of space. China and the European Union, have
plans to establish their presence there. The United States needs
to be able to defend its orbital assets. Earth has had some close
calls with asteroids. Nuclear devices can be used to aim them at
the United States. Without action in the future, a nation, hostile
toward the United States and its allies, could gain the
leadership.There are many reasons why space exploration has
become a necessity as it has been found that a number of
benefits of space exploration exist. Some of the areas in which
the benefits have been seen are scientific research in various
areas, uniting the nations of the world, delving for possibilities for
future human survival and above all communication in various
areas that range from the military to the telephonic
conversations.

14.  SPIRITUAL BENEFITS:
There are spiritual benefits. When we do space exploration, we are
studying the creator's handiwork. On the Apollo 15 Moon Mission,
Astronaut Jim Irwin stated that he could feel the influence of God there.
Ancient Man recognized the hand of the creator in the regular motions
of the Moon and Planets. The telescope brought out these wonders in
greater detail. Unmanned space probes revealed even greater glory.
Watching astronauts walk on the Moon, brought us closer to the
experience.

15.  FUTURE BENEFITS:
Future advancements in space transportation will make it possible for
average citizens to tour the solar system. Being inspired by the wonders
of God's creations, is worth infinitely more than the money spent to
explore it.

16.  HISTORY:
We also need a Final Frontier. When Queen Elizabeth, of England,
pledged her country's wealth on settling the new world, her country
became a superpower for more than 400 years. China, in 1433, had
discovered the Americas, started to colonize them it, and then gave up,
because they wanted to focus on problems at home. They lost
everything. We need the exploration and settlement of the space frontier
to remain a robust, viable civilization.

17.  BENEFITSIN AGRICULTURE & RELATED FIELDS:
Some of the other more important benefits of space exploration
include agriculture and forecasting the weather. The weather
forecast today has a high accuracy level and this accuracy has
helped in preventing a lot of calamities from causing damage.
Besides weather forecast the satellites put up on space, are also
able to predict the quantum of agricultural yields, information
regarding infestation by pests of various kinds and a complete
geographical analysis of the area that is to be cultivated. Such
geographical analysis also helps in identifying the minerals and
metals ores that are buried in the depths of the earth. Till
recently unfathomable, these areas have now become
potentially rich resources for the country in which it is located.

18.  POSSIBILITIESOF GETTING RESOURCESIN SPACE:
The whole Moon has yet to be explored. Where there is heavy cratering,
there should be the same natural resources found in asteroids and
meteorites. There should be a considerable quantity of high grade iron
ore. Using weightless space manufacturing techniques, steel four times
stronger than that made on Earth could be created. In lesser amounts,
other natural resources include titanium, gold, silver, platinum, and
many other elements. Platinum mining could be worthwhile with current
space transportation costs.

19.  POSSIBILITIESIN CONSTRUCTION FIELD:
Construction in outer space, using outer space resources, will
dramatically bring down the cost of building space settlements and
factories. Solar Energy could be harvested 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week and beamed safely down to collectors on Earth.

20.  ECONOMIC GROWTH:
Werhner Von Braun has stated that growth in the U.S. economy is
dependent on research and development . During the 1960s, one
fourth of the nation's total research and development was invested in
the Space Program. During the same time period, the Gross National
Product doubled

21.  GROWTH IN TECHNOLOGY:
Much of medical technology and industrial processes have benefited
from the Space Program. A commonly quoted figure is that the benefits
are worth 7 seven times the cost.
Other areas that have had great benefits of space exploration include
that of medicine, energy sciences and Electronics. Firstly the medical
field today has seen vast development due to the space explorations.
The metals that are used for the space crafts are now used very safely
and successfully in the health care industry. Secondly a number of
instruments have now been developed in the medical to make things
easier for the patients as well as the medical fraternity.

22.  EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS:
Finally, tens of thousands of students bettered their education after
being inspired by the Apollo Moon Program. Many of these young
people dreamed of becoming astronauts or workers on space
development. These better educated individuals went on to make the
world’s economy much stronger, by their becoming more productive
members of the work force.

23.  PROVIDING COVENIENT LIFE:
Though such space explorations have faced flak for over expenditure,
especially in such financially low times, the critics have been silenced by
the supporter of space exploration. According to them the benefits of
space exploration are so many that it is definitely a boon to mankind and
for a more comfortable and convenient life. Some of the benefits that
space exploration can lead to include predicting natural calamities like
floods, storms, hurricanes and even wild fires with the help of the
satellites that are well equipped to provide information.

24.  Security for Earth, knowledge, and craving for discovery:
While the cost of space exploration is a controversial issue, our past
explorations have had a lasting impact on mankind. If the government
were to put more money into space exploration many benefits would be
awarded. Although the explorations may take an enormous amount of
money, time, and research, it also promises us astronomic profits in
return. Many of us don't understand all of the benefits that come along
with space exploration, and how in the long run, they could out weigh
the negative effects. Space exploration needs to expand farther than
ever before, in order to gain security for Earth, knowledge, and craving
for discovery.

25. Careersin Space:-
64% of astronauts (present and former) were Boy Scouts
Systems Programmer
Aerospace Engineers
Research Associates
Operations Technicians
Space Scientists

26. effect of NASA technology on our life
 Thebenefitsof America'sspaceprogram can befound just about
everywhere!
At Home
NASA technology is a guest in
our home everyday through home
improvement, appliances and home safety.

27. At TheMuseum
Along with dinosaurs and artifacts,
you will find NASA technology
at work in museums.

28. At TheHospital
From a more accurate
thermometer to a treatment for
brain cancer, NASA
technology has provided the
medical community with
advancements in medical care.

29. On TheFarm
From crop improvements to a
mother for baby pigs, NASA
technology has made strides
on the farm.

30. At TheMall
A trip to the mall can bring you
face to face with space
technology. These spinoffs
range from sunglasses to
facial makeovers.

31. At TheFirehouse
Improved firefighting and rescue
equipment has evolved out of
the space program.

32. At TheStadium
When you cheer for your favorite
team, include NASA!
Technology from the space
program provides many
benefits to the sports world.

33. For Science
Virtual reality and other
scientific advancements
were made possible
through NASA
technology.

34. At TheAirport
Contributions from the space
program have impacted the
safety of airports.

35. For Humankind
NASA technology is at work to
make the Earth beautiful and
safe for everyone.

36. SomeAstronauts
Mercury Astronauts

37. Neil Armstrong Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin

38. Bill McArthurRich Clifford

39. International SpaceStation

40. The End