1. 1
Keywords: Fermat’s last theorem, Pascal triangle, Pythagorean equation, Figurate polynomials
Subject classification: 11D41, 11B83, 11C08
Author: Vladimir Godovalov
Independent researcher
BS in E&E Engineering, Moscow State Technological Aviation University, 1990-1996
Email: vgodovalov@yahoo.com
Language: English
Comparative analysis of 𝒙 𝟑
+ 𝒚 𝟑
= 𝒛 𝟑
and 𝒙 𝟐
+ 𝒚 𝟐
= 𝒛 𝟐
in the Interconnected Sets
Vladimir Godovalov
Abstract. This paper introduces an innovative technique of study 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝒚 𝟑
on the subject of its
insolvability in integers. Technique starts from building the interconnected, third degree sets:
𝐴3 = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛3
, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ , 𝐵3 = 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛 , 𝐶3 = 𝑐 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛+1 − 𝑏 𝑛 and 𝑃3 = {6}
wherefrom we get 𝑎 𝑛 and 𝑏 𝑛 expressed as figurate polynomials of third degree, a new finding in
mathematics. This approach and the results allow us to investigate equation 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝑦 in these
interconnected sets 𝐴3 and 𝐵3, where 𝑧3
∧ 𝑥3
∈ 𝐴3, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵3. Further, in conjunction with the new
Method of Ratio Comparison of Summands and Pascal’s rule, we finally prove inability of 𝑦 = 𝒚 𝟑
. After
we test the technique, applying the same approach to 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝑦 where we get family of primitive
𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝑦2
as well as introduce conception of the basic primitiveness of 𝑧′2
− 𝑥′2
= 𝑦2
for
𝑧′
− 𝑥′
= 1 and the dependant primitiveness of 𝑧′2
− 𝑥′2
= 𝑦2
for co-prime 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
> 1.
Part 1.0 Third degree figurate polynomials getting
This technique requires a new terminology. So, in this paper we extended notation for the sets by
attaching a degree number to the symbols of set, introduced the term “figurate polynomial” and
designated a two-index symbol to the figurate numbers.
Build the table of elements of the sets ℕ, 𝐴3, 𝐵3, 𝐶3, 𝑃3:
Table 1
𝑛,
𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝐴3,
𝐴3 = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛3
𝐵3,
𝐵3 = 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛
𝐶3,
𝐶3 = 𝑐 𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛+1 − 𝑏 𝑛
𝑃3,
𝑃3 = 6
0 0
1
0
6
1 1
7
6
6
2 8
19
12
6
3 27 18

2. 2
37 6
4 64
61
24
6
5 125
91
30
6
6 216
127
36
6
7 343
169
42
6
8 512
217
48
6
9 729
271
54
6
10 1000
331
60
6
… … … … …
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
The first column is the set ℕ: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … 𝑛.
Second column are the set 𝐴3 elements: 𝑎0 = 03
= 0, 𝑎1 = 13
= 1, 𝑎2 = 23
= 8, 𝑎3 = 33
= 27,
𝑎4 = 43
= 81, … 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛3
.
Subtraction of adjacent elements of the set 𝐴3 are the set 𝐵3 elements: 𝑏0 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑏1 = 𝑎2 −
𝑎1 = 7, 𝑏2 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = 19, … 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛 .
Subtraction of adjacent elements of the set 𝐵3 are the set 𝐶3 elements: 𝑐0 = 𝑏1 − 𝑏0 = 6, 𝑐1 = 𝑏2 −
𝑏1 = 12, … 𝑐 𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛+1 − 𝑏 𝑛.
Subtraction of adjacent elements of the set 𝐶3 are the set 𝑃3 elements: 𝑝 = 𝑐1 − 𝑐0 = 6, 𝑝 = 𝑐2 −
𝑐1 = 6, … 𝑝 = 𝑐 𝑛+1 − 𝑐 𝑛 = 6.
Apply the algorithm of getting of 𝑎 𝑛 и 𝑏 𝑛 through elements of the set 𝑃3.
We have for:
the set 𝐶3: 𝑐 𝑛 = 6𝑛;
the set 𝐵3: 𝑏1 = 𝑏0 + 6 ∙ 1, 𝑏2 = 𝑏0 + 6 1 + 2 , 𝑏3 = 𝑏0 + 6(1 + 2 + 3);
the set 𝐴3: 𝑎1 = 𝑎0 + 𝑏0, 𝑎2 = 2𝑏0 + 6 ∙ 1, 𝑎3 = 3𝑏0 + 6 2 ∙ 1 + 2 , 𝑎4 = 4𝑏0 + 6(3 ∙ 1 + 2 ∙ 2 + 3).
Make analysis of the results:
- for the set 𝐵3 we have the sequence: 1, 1 + 2 , 1 + 2 + 3 , what is the triangular figurate
numbers – 1,3,6. Designate their 𝑘 𝑛
(2)
, where 𝑛 – sequence number, (2) – figurate row number.
Since 𝑏0 = 1, and with help of induction method, we get the common formula of the set 𝐵3
elements:
𝑏 𝑛 = 1 + 6𝑘 𝑛
(2)
(1.0)
Triangular figurate numbers 𝑘 𝑛
(2)
are the numbers of third Pascal’s triangle diagonal [1] also known as
the OEIS library sequence A000217 [2].

3. 3
- For the set 𝐴3 we have: coefficients of 𝑏0 − 1,2,3,4 which correspond to index 𝑛 of each 𝑎 𝑛,
and sequence: 1, 2 ∙ 1 + 2 , 3 ∙ 1 + 2 ∙ 2 + 3 what is the tetrahedral figurate numbers –
1,4,10. Designate their 𝑘 𝑛
(3)
, and with help of induction method, get the common formula of the
set 𝐴3 elements:
𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛 + 6𝑘 𝑛−1
(3)
(1.1)
Tetrahedral figurate numbers 𝑘 𝑛
(3)
are the numbers of forth Pascal’s triangle diagonal [2] also known as
the OEIS library sequence A000292 [3].
Finally, using the table’s dependences write two formulas:
1) Subtraction of two adjacent set 𝐴3 elements
𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛 = 1 + 6𝑘 𝑛
(2)
(1.2)
is a single set 𝐵3 element 𝑏 𝑛, where 𝑛 ≥ 0.
2) Subtraction of two non-adjacent set 𝐴3 elements
𝑎 𝑛+𝑘 − 𝑎 𝑛 = 1 + 6𝑘𝑖
(2)𝑛+𝑘−1
𝑖=𝑛 (1.3)
is a 𝑘 − sum of the set 𝐵3 elements 𝑏 𝑛, where 𝑛 ≥ 0, 𝑘 ≥ 1.
Objectivities of this technique
a) Based on (1.2) and (1.3) we can study any 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝑦 in order to find out whether 𝑦 = 𝒚 𝟑
,
taking 𝑧3
∧ 𝑥3
∈ 𝐴3, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵3 and 𝑦 is odd.
b) Either 𝑧3
, 𝑥3
and 𝑦 have got additional properties due to their expression in the figurate
polynomials form (1.0) and (1.1)
c) For any 𝑧3
there are involved all possible combinations of 𝑥3
and 𝑦.
d) The equation 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝑦 always has solutions in integers
These are fundamental differences between these principles and currently existing.
Part 1.1 Set B3 investigation
The obvious first step to find out whether 𝑦 = 𝒚 𝟑
in 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝑦 is analysis of each single element 𝑏 𝑛 of
the set 𝐵, taking 𝑧3
= 𝑎 𝑛+1, 𝑥3
= 𝑎 𝑛 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑛 according to (1.2). So we come to the condition
𝑏 𝑛 ∈ 𝐴3 ↔ 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝒚 𝟑
(1.4)
Since the condition 𝑏 𝑛 ∈ 𝐴3 means equality of some 𝑏 𝑛 to some 𝑎 𝑛 then we should differentiate
indexes 𝑛 and rewrite (1.4)
𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛′ ↔ 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝒚 𝟑
(1.5)

4. 4
To find solution (1.5) we need transform the general condition 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛′ into particular case of some
common form, so express these elements in the kind of a set 𝐵3 figurate polynomial, thus
𝑏 𝑛 = 1 + 6𝑘 𝑛
(2)
and
𝑎 𝑛′ = 𝑛′
+ 6𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(3)
and finally the required form
𝑎 𝑛′ = 1 + 6 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(3)
+
𝑛′
− 1
6
Rewrite (2.2) in kind of
𝑘 𝑛
(2)
= 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(3)
+
𝑛′
− 1
6
↔ 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛′ (1.6)
So we have the task to solve: can we get a triangular figurate number 𝑘 𝑛
(2)
from the sum of a tetrahedral
figurate number 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(3)
and
𝑛′ −1
6
?
Part 1.2 Searching 𝒃 𝒏 = 𝒂 𝒏′ in the 𝑨𝟑 and 𝑩𝟑 sets
According to (1.6) we should find some 𝑛 and 𝑛′
if
𝑘 𝑛
(2)
= 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(3)
+
𝑛′
− 1
6
(1.7)
is true or prove that such are absent.
To solve this problem we use the Method of Ratio Comparison of Summands and Pascal’s rule, a one
new tool. The left part of (1.7) is the sequence of triangular figurate numbers 𝑘 𝑛
(2)
presented by the
third diagonal of Pascal triangle, where the formula to get these (each number is a sum of two above it)
is 𝑛+1
2
= 𝑛 +
𝑛(𝑛−1)
2
. Rewrite 𝑛 +
𝑛(𝑛−1)
2
into similar specific form of kind “number+coefficient ∙
number” but with the integer coefficient, get: 𝑛 +
𝑛(𝑛−1)
2
=
𝑛
2
+ 𝑛 ∙
𝑛
2
, and write (1.7) as
𝑛
2
+ 𝑛 ∙
𝑛
2
= 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(3)
+
𝑛′ −1
6
(1.8)
Disclosing the figurate number 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
3
=
𝑛′ 𝑛′ 2−1
6
, and also rewriting right part (1.8) into the specified
form, get: 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
3
+
𝑛′ −1
6
=
𝑛′ −1
6
+ 𝑛′
𝑛′
+ 1 ∙
𝑛′ −1
6
, write (1.8) as
𝑛
2
+ 𝑛 ∙
𝑛
2
=
𝑛′ −1
6
+ 𝑛′
𝑛′
+ 1 ∙
𝑛′ −1
6
(1.9)
As it is seen, firstly, both sides (1.9) are functions of one variable in kind of sum of two summands and
secondly each function generates particular pair of numbers for summing. Use Method of Ratio
Comparison of Summands, which divides the greater summand on the smaller in each side (1.9), then

5. 5
compares these ratios and with help of Lemma1 provides a strong conclusion. So, introducing the ratio
for left side (1.9) as 𝑅3, get
𝑅3 = 𝑛
For the right side (1.9) accordingly get
𝑅3′
= 𝑛′
(𝑛′
+ 1)
Lemma 1:
Values of functions
𝑛′ −1
6
+ 𝑛′
𝑛′
+ 1 ∙
𝑛′ −1
6
≠
𝑛
2
+ 𝑛 ∙
𝑛
2
for any 𝑛′
∧ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, if 𝑅3′
≠ 𝑅3 for
common 𝑛.
Proof:
Let for some 𝑛′
value of function
𝑛′ −1
6
+ 𝑛′
𝑛′
+ 1 ∙
𝑛′ −1
6
=
𝑛
2
+ 𝑛 ∙
𝑛
2
for another 𝑛, where 𝑛 > 𝑛′
.
Then using equipollent changing of each summand on some value 𝑗, the function
𝑛′ −1
6
+ 𝑗 + 𝑛′
𝑛′
+ 1 ∙
𝑛′ −1
6
− 𝑗 eventually takes form
𝑛′
2
+ 𝑛′
∙
𝑛′
2
where 𝑛′
= 𝑛. Obviously here,
the ratio 𝑅3′
= 𝑛′
, and since the values of these functions are equal , hence, for this 𝑛′
the ratio of
𝑛′ −1
6
+ 𝑛′
𝑛′
+ 1 ∙
𝑛′ −1
6
will be the same. However it is known that for all 𝑛′
the ratio of this function
is 𝑅3′
= 𝑛′
(𝑛′
+ 1). But the set ℕ does not have such 𝑛′
for which will exist simultaneously two various
ratios of the same function. From here follows nonexistence of such 𝑛′
.
Lemma 1 is proved.
So, we never get a triangular figurate number 𝑘 𝑛
(2)
from the sum of a tetrahedral figurate number 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(3)
and
𝑛′ −1
6
.
Conclusion: 𝑏 𝑛 ≠ 𝑎 𝑛′ ↔ 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
≠ 𝒚 𝟑
The set 𝐵3 does not have even a single 𝑏 𝑛 equal to 𝑎 𝑛′ of the set 𝐴3. It means that 𝑦 ≠ 𝒚 𝟑
, hence,
𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝒚 𝟑
does not exist in the sets 𝐴3 and 𝐵3 for 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1.
Part 2.0 Second degree figurate polynomials getting
Test our technique by applying the same principles and methods to 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝑦 in the interconnected
sets 𝐴2 and 𝐵2, where 𝑧2
∧ 𝑥2
∈ 𝐴2, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵2 and 𝑦 is odd.
Build the table of elements of the sets ℕ, 𝐴2, 𝐵2, 𝑃2:
Table 2
𝑛,
𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 𝐴2 = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛2
A2,
𝐵2 = 𝑏 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛
𝐵2,
𝑃2 = 2
𝑃2,
0 0
1
2
1 1
3
2

6. 6
The first column is the set ℕ: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … 𝑛.
Second column are the set 𝐴2 elements: 𝑎0 = 02
= 0, 𝑎1 = 12
= 1, 𝑎2 = 22
= 4, 𝑎3 = 32
= 9, 𝑎4 =
42
= 16, … 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛2
.
Subtraction of adjacent elements of the set 𝐴2 are the set 𝐵2 elements: 𝑏0 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑏1 = 𝑎2 −
𝑎1 = 3, 𝑏2 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = 5, … 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛.
Subtraction of adjacent elements of the set 𝐵2 are the set 𝑃2 elements: 𝑝 = 𝑏1 − 𝑏0 = 2, 𝑝 = 𝑏2 −
𝑏1 = 2, … 𝑝 = 𝑏 𝑛+1 − 𝑏 𝑛 = 2.
Apply the algorithm of getting of 𝑎 𝑛 и 𝑏 𝑛 through elements of the set 𝑃2.
We have for:
the set 𝐵2: 𝑏 𝑛 = 2 𝑛 +
1
2
;
the set 𝐴2: 𝑎1 = 𝑎0 + 𝑏0, 𝑎2 = 𝑎0 + 𝑏0 + 2 1 + 1 ∙
1
2
, 𝑎3 = 𝑎0 + 𝑏0 + 2 1 + 2 + 2 ∙
1
2
, 𝑎4 = 𝑎0 +
𝑏0 + 2 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 ∙
1
2
.
Make analysis of the results:
- for each set 𝐵2 element we have
𝑏 𝑛 = 1 + 2𝑛 (2.0)
- for the elements 𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3, 𝑎4 we have: 𝑎0 = 0, 𝑏0 = 1, coefficients of
1
2
− 1,2,3 which
correspond to index of each 𝑎 𝑛 as 𝑛 − 1, and the sequence: 1, 1 + 2 , 1 + 2 + 3 what are
the triangular figurate numbers – 1,3,6. Designate their as 𝑘 𝑛
(2)
, and with help of induction
method, get the common formula of the set 𝐴2 elements:
2 4
5
2
3 9
7
2
4 16
9
2
5 25
11
2
6 36
13
2
7 49
15
2
8 64
17
2
9 81
19
2
10 100
21
2
… … … …
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

7. 7
𝑎 𝑛 = 1 + 2 𝑘 𝑛−1
(2)
+
𝑛 − 1
2
or
𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛 + 2𝑘 𝑛−1
(2)
(2.1)
Triangular figurate numbers 𝑘 𝑛
(2)
are the numbers of third Pascal’s triangle diagonal [1] also known as
the OEIS library sequence A000217 [2].
Finally, using the table’s dependences write two formulas:
1) Subtraction of two adjacent set 𝐴2 elements
𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛 = 1 + 2𝑛 (2.2)
is a single set 𝐵2 element 𝑏 𝑛, where 𝑛 ≥ 0.
2) Subtraction of two non-adjacent set 𝐴2 elements
𝑎 𝑛+𝑘 − 𝑎 𝑛 = 1 + 2𝑗𝑛+𝑘−1
𝑖=𝑛 (2.3)
is a 𝑘 − sum of the set 𝐵2 elements 𝑏 𝑛, where 𝑛 ≥ 0, 𝑘 ≥ 1.
Part 2.1 Set B2 investigation
The obvious first step to find out whether 𝑦 = 𝒚 𝟐
in 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝑦 is analysis of each single element 𝑏 𝑛 of
the set 𝐵2, taking 𝑧2
= 𝑎 𝑛+1, 𝑥2
= 𝑎 𝑛 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑛 according to (2.2). So we come to the condition
𝑏 𝑛 ∈ 𝐴2 ↔ 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝒚 𝟐
(2.4)
Since the condition 𝑏 𝑛 ∈ 𝐴2 means equality of some 𝑏 𝑛 to some 𝑎 𝑛 then we should differentiate
indexes 𝑛 and rewrite (2.4)
𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛′ ↔ 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝒚 𝟐
(2.5)
To find solution (2.5) we need transform the general condition 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛′ into particular case of some
common form, so express these elements in the kind of a set 𝐵2 figurate polynomial, thus
𝑏 𝑛 = 1 + 2𝑛
and
𝑎 𝑛′ = 𝑛′
+ 2𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(2)
where finally the required form is
𝑎 𝑛′ = 1 + 2 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(2)
+
𝑛′
− 1
2
Rewrite (2.2) in kind of

8. 8
𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(2)
+
𝑛′
− 1
2
↔ 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛′ (2.6)
So we have got the task to solve: can we get an integer 𝑛 from the sum of a triangular figurate number
𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(2)
and
𝑛′ −1
2
?
Part 2.2 Searching 𝒃 𝒏 = 𝒂 𝒏′ in the 𝑨𝟐 and 𝑩𝟐 sets
According to (2.6) we should find some 𝑛 and 𝑛′
if
𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(2)
+
𝑛′
− 1
2
(2.7)
is true or prove that such are absent.
Find the ratio 𝑅2 for left part (2.7). Since the sequence of integers 𝑛 is the second diagonal of Pascal
triangle with formula 𝑛+1
1
= 1 + 𝑛, then 𝑅2 =
𝑛
1
= 𝑛.
Unveiling 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(2)
=
𝑛′ (𝑛′ −1)
2
, rewrite the right part (2.7) into the specified form,
get: 𝑘 𝑛′ −1
(2)
+
𝑛′ −1
2
=
𝑛′ −1
2
+ 𝑛′
∙
𝑛′ −1
2
, wherefrom find the ratio: 𝑅2′
= 𝑛′
. Since the ratios 𝑅2 = 𝑅2′
for
common 𝑛, then follows, there are such 𝑛 and 𝑛′
when (2.7) is true as says Lemma 1 in interpretation
for these functions.
There is no need to formulate and prove the lemma for this case, because if write (2.7) as
𝑛 =
𝑛′ 2−1
2
(2.8)
becomes clear, that in order to get in the left side of (2.8) integer 𝑛 is enough to insert in the right side
an odd 𝑛′
. Actually, for
𝑛′
= 3: 𝑛 =
32
− 1
2
= 4
𝑛′
= 5: 𝑛 =
52
− 1
2
= 12
𝑛′
= 7: 𝑛 =
72
− 1
2
= 24
𝑛′
= 9: 𝑛 =
92
− 1
2
= 40
From here, the first four equalities of 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛′ are:
𝑏4 = 𝑎3′
𝑏12 = 𝑎5′
𝑏24 = 𝑎7′

9. 9
𝑏40 = 𝑎9′
In connection with this, write down the first four primitive Pythagorean equations, where according to
formula (2.2), get:
𝑎5′ − 𝑎4′ = 𝑏4 or in the numerical expression: 52
− 42
= 32
𝑎13′ − 𝑎12′ = 𝑏12 or in the numerical expression: 132
− 122
= 52
𝑎25′ − 𝑎24′ = 𝑏24 or in the numerical expression: 252
− 242
= 72
𝑎41′ − 𝑎40′ = 𝑏40 or in the numerical expression: 412
− 402
= 92
This technique allows us to find out and write down the sequence of Pythagorean primitive triples.
Part 3. Basic and dependant primitiveness
As it is known, if each member of a Pythagorean triple has no common factor then this equation calls
primitive. Farther we show that it is more complicated then were thought.
In the Part 1 and Part 2 we studied 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 𝑦 and 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝑦 for 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1. Thus we have missed
the cases 𝑧 − 𝑥 > 1 which can have as well a number of solutions. Consider them.
Let 𝑧′3
− 𝑥′3
= 𝒚 𝟑
, where 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
> 1 and 𝒚 is odd, (3.1)
then according to the factoring formula
𝑧′3
− 𝑥′3
= 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
𝑧′2
+ 2𝑧′
𝑥′
+ 𝑥′2
we can present the first factor as: 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
= 𝑙3
and the second as 𝑧′2
+ 2𝑧′
𝑥′
+ 𝑥′2
= 𝑚3
, from
here
𝒚 𝟑
= 𝑙3
∙ 𝑚3
(3.2)
However the result won’t change if we represent (3.2) as
𝒚 𝟑
= 1 ∙ 𝑙𝑚 3
Since the first factor is 1, hence there is some 𝑧3
and 𝑥3
with 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1 when
𝑧3
− 𝑥3
= 1 ∙ 𝒚 𝟑
(3.3)
But it is false, because on condition 𝑧3
∧ 𝑥3
∈ 𝐴3 with 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1 we have 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
≠ 𝒚 𝟑
as was proved
in Part 1.2
Otherwise, if we can’t get the second factor of (3.3) as 𝒚 𝟑
= 𝑙3
∙ 𝑚3
hence we have nothing to factorize
and get (3.1).
Conclusion: if 𝑧3
− 𝑥3
≠ 𝒚 𝟑
for 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1 then 𝑧′3
− 𝑥′3
≠ 𝒚 𝟑
for 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
> 1
Now consider 𝑧′2
− 𝑥′2
= 𝒚 𝟐
, where 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
> 1 and 𝒚 is odd, (3.4)

10. 10
then according to the factoring formula
𝑧′2
− 𝑥′2
= 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
𝑧′
+ 𝑥′
we can present the first factor as: 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
= 𝑙2
and the second as 𝑧′
+ 𝑥′
= 𝑚2
, from here
𝒚 𝟐
= 𝑙2
∙ 𝑚2
(3.5)
However the result won’t change if we represent (3.5) as
𝒚 𝟐
= 1 ∙ 𝑙𝑚 2
Since the first factor is 1, hence there are some 𝑧2
and 𝑥2
with 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1 when
𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 1 ∙ 𝒚 𝟐
(3.6)
Actually, for any odd 𝒚 𝟐
there always are such 𝑧2
∧ 𝑥2
∈ 𝐴2 with 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1 when this value will be
found according (2.2).
Otherwise, if we can get the second factor of (3.6) as 𝒚 𝟐
= 𝑙2
∙ 𝑚2
hence we have nothing to factorize
and get (3.4).
Conclusion: if 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝒚 𝟐
for 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1 then 𝑧′2
− 𝑥′2
= 𝒚 𝟐
for 𝑧′
− 𝑥′
> 1
Examples
Example1. Take 532
− 282
= 452
,
here 532
− 282
= 53 − 28 53 + 28 , where 𝑙2
= 25 = 52
and 𝑚2
= 81 = 92
Accept the first factor is 1 then the second factor is 𝑙𝑚 2
= 2025 and there are some 𝑧2
and 𝑥2
with
𝑧 − 𝑥 = 1 when 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 1 ∙ 2025 = 452
, to find these we need formula (2.2)
𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛 = 1 + 2𝑛
from it we get
𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑎 𝑛 = 1 + 2 ∙ 1012
Hence our 𝑧 and 𝑥 are
𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑛+1 = 1013 and 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑛 = 1012
Now assume that 10132
− 10122
≠ 1 ∙ 2025 ≠ 452
then we cannot factorize 1 ∙ 2025 into 25 ∙ 81 and
get 53 − 28 ∙ 53 + 28 , hence also 532
− 282
≠ 25 ∙ 81 ≠ 452
. From here follow that 10132
−
10122
= 452
is the basic primitive Pythagorean triple and 532
− 282
= 452
is its dependant primitive
Pythagorean triple, and nonexistence of the first leads to nonexistence of the second.
Obviously, the equations 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝒚 𝟐
for 𝒚 𝟐
= 𝑙 ∙ 𝑙 2
or 𝒚 𝟐
= 𝑙2
, where 𝑙 - prime number won’t
generate the dependant primitive Pythagorean triple and will exist in the single form. For example
12012
− 12002
= 492
where 492
= 7 ∙ 7 2
and 612
− 602
= 112
.

11. 11
Introduce the clear definition of primitiveness of Pythagorean triples: if a Pythagorean triple has all the
members co-prime where the bases subtraction result of any two is 1 than there is the basic
primitiveness otherwise it is the dependant primitiveness.
In the end of this part give two methods of getting the primitive Pythagorean triples.
The first is for getting the basic primitive Pythagorean triples based on relation (2.8) described in Part
2.2.
The second is for getting the dependant primitive Pythagorean triples, based on (3.5). Consider it
detailed.
Let 𝑧2
− 𝑥2
= 𝑦2
, where 𝑦2
= 𝑎2
∙ 𝑏2
. Take two co-prime odd numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏. Then find the centers
and offset values: 𝑑1 =
𝑏2−1
2
, 𝑑2 =
𝑏2+1
2
and 𝑗 =
𝑎2−1
2
. And finally get: 𝑧 = 𝑑2 + 𝑗 and 𝑥 = 𝑑1 − 𝑗.
Example2. Take 𝑎 = 15 and 𝑏 = 17, then 𝑑1 =
172−1
2
= 144, 𝑑2 =
172+1
2
= 145 and 𝑗 =
152−1
2
= 112.
Finally: 𝑧 = 145 + 112 = 257 and 𝑥 = 144 − 112 = 32.
Our triple is
2572
− 322
= 2552
This equation has no signs of the basic primitiveness, find out on which it depends. Since 2552
is a set
𝐵2 element 𝑏 𝑛, find which namely it is
𝑏 𝑛 = 1 + 2𝑛 = 2552
= 65025
from here get
𝑏35512 = 1 + 2 ∙ 35512
Applying (2.2) we get
355132
− 355122
= 2552
Example3. Take 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑏 = 13, then 𝑑1 =
132−1
2
= 84, 𝑑2 =
132+1
2
= 85 and 𝑗 =
72−1
2
= 24. Farther
𝑧 = 85 + 24 = 109 and 𝑥 = 84 − 24 = 60.
And finally our equitation is
1092
− 602
= 912
This equation has no signs of the basic primitiveness, find out on which it depends. Since 912
is a set 𝐵2
element 𝑏 𝑛, find which namely it is
𝑏 𝑛 = 1 + 2𝑛 = 912
= 8281
from here get
𝑏4140 = 1 + 2 ∙ 4140

12. 12
Applying (2.2) we get
41412
− 41402
= 912
4.0 Conclusion
The main merit of this work is creation of the ordered structure in study those equations. It allowed us
to better understand their nature and get new results. We hope we succeeded. At least the results say
it.
References:
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle
[2] http://oeis.org/A000217
[3] http://oeis.org/A000292