1. COMPANIES
CONTENTS
• Types of Companies
• Differences between Companies and
Partnerships
• Advantages of Companies over Partnerships

2. DEFINITION
A company
is an association of persons,
existing as a SEPARATE LEGAL ENTITY
from the owners (or for members)

3. CORPORATION
LEGAL DEFINITION:
• S.4 (1) Companies Act (CA) 1965 – corporation is any body
corporate whenever formed or incorporated.
• Include – any company or foreign company
• Exclude –
Public authorities, Instrumentalities or agencies of the Government of
Malaysia or of any State or body corporate not incorporated for
commercial purposes and declared as such by notice of the Minister in
the…
• Gazette;
• Corporation sole;
• Co-operative societies; and
• Trade Unions

4. REGISTERED COMPANIES
• Incorporated/registered under the CA 1965.
• An artificial legal person – may buy or sell
properties, exercise rights of ownership and
may sign contract by using a common seal.
• Common seal is the signature of the company

5. TYPES OF COMPANIES
• Companies in Malaysia are classified according to:
• (i) liability or
• (ii) private or public status
BY LIABILITY
• S.14 (2) Companies Act 1965 (CA) – a company may
be:
– A company limited by shares;
– A company limited by guarantee;
– A company limited by shares and guarantee;
– An unlimited (liability) company.

6. COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES
• S.4 – company formed on the principle of having the
liability of its members limited by the memorandum to
the amount (if any) unpaid on the shares respectively held
by them.
• Liability of a member of this company will depend on
whether his shares are fully paid or not.
– If holds fully paid shares, has no further liability to
the company. (If the company becomes insolvent he
does not have to contribute to the assets of the
company)
– If partly paid shares, will be liable to contribute to
the company’s assets, up to the amount still unpaid
on the shares.

7. COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES
• S.214 (1) – liability of a member on the winding up does
not extend beyond the amount of unpaid shares.
• S.22 (3) – “Berhad” or “Bhd” as part of its name to indicate
Ltd. Liability.
This is to inform creditors that the liability of the members
are limited and that they can only look to whatever assets
the company has to seek payment of the company’s debt.
• This is the most common form of company.
• Classifies into
– (i) Private Co.
– (ii) Public Co.

8. COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE
• S.4 – liability of its members limited by the memorandum
to such amount as the members may respectively
undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in
the event of its being wounded up.
• The liability of the members is specified in the
memorandum association.
• Non- profit making purposes
• Does not have a share capital. Members not required to
contribute capital while company is operating.

9. COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE
• Supported by subscriptions of the members.
• Berhad or Bhd to indicate Ltd liability. S.23 (3).
May apply to the Minister (MDTCA) to omit
the word “Berhad” or “Bhd” – S.24
• After 1 February 1986 – only in the form of
Public Company.

10. COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE
• If co is wound up, then its member who has undertaken in the
memorandum to contribute a certain sum of money to the assets
upon winding up, may be required to contribute up to his amount
of guarantee towards payment of debts incurred by the company
while he was a member.
• This liability extends to those who had left the co, but was a
member within a year before the co wound up.
• Although this type of co does not have a share capital, it is still a
separate legal entity.
• It is not normally used for trading, but often formed to run clubs
and other organisations that are maintained by subscriptions, social
activities and donations.

11. UNLIMITED COMPANY
• Defined by S.4 as ‘a company formed on the principle of having no limit
placed on the liability of its members.
• In winding up, the members of this company are liable for the debts of
the company without limit if the company’s assets are not sufficient.
• It is not much different than partnerships.
• The type of company enjoys the advantage of being a separate legal entity
with two special features;
– Unlike other companies, they are free to return their capital to their
members;
– They must have their own Articles of Association (unlike other
companies that may adopt Table A- Fourth Schedule)

12. UNLIMITED COMPANY
• This company may or may not have a share
capital and is rarely used as a trading company.
• It has been used for mutual funds where the
company holds assets as investments among the
shareholders.
• If a shareholder wishes to leave, he may sell back
his shares to the company.

13. UNLIMITED COMPANY
• Creditors have access to the personal property of all
members to an unlimited extent if the company is wound
up and has insufficient funds.
• Major advantage – ability to return capital to its members
without having to comply with the restrictions imposed by
S.64.
• A past member is STILL liable if he has ceased to be a
member less than a year prior to winding up.
• Name of a private unlimited company need only end with
‘Sendirian’ or ‘Sdn’.

14. COMPANIES LIMITED BY BOTH
SHARES AND GUARANTEES
• A member liable to pay the amount, if any,
unpaid on any shares held, in addition to
meeting the guarantee undertaking to
contribute a specified amount in the event
that the company is wound up. – S.214(4)
• S.14A – no longer possible to form such
company (as from 1986)

15. PRIVATE COMPANIES S.15(1)
Where its Memorandum or Articles:
• Restrict the rights of transfer shares. No prescribed form of restrictions.
The articles can state the restrictions, eg: giving right of pre-emption only
to tother members before shares can be transferred to other persons, or
there is to be no transfer unless the board of directors approve.
• Limit the number of members to not more than 50. If shares are jointly
held, they are considered as held by one person. Employees of the
company or its subsidiaries who are not members are not counted.
• Prohibits the invitations or offers of shares or debentures to the public;
• Prohibits the invitation or offer to the public to deposit money with the
company.

16. PRIVATE COMPANIES S.15(1)
• May have a share capital with ltd or unlimited liability.
• May be distinguished from public co in having the word
‘Sendirian’ or the abbreviation ‘Sdn.’ as part of its name. (If
the co is a limited liability co, then this word should come
before the word ‘Bhd’ e.g: Syarikat X Sdn Bhd is a private
limited co.)
• Can be exempt or non-exempt private co.
• Enjoy certain priviliged that are not given to public co. as
they do not seek funds from the public.

17. EXEMPT PRIVATE COMPANY
• Defined by S.4(1):
• ‘a private co the shares of which no beneficial interest is held
directly by any corporation, and which has not more than twenty
members none of whom is a corporation.’
• Therefore, its characteristics are:
• Its shares are held by individuals and not companies.
• It has a membership of not more than 20 persons.
• It is required to prepare a balance sheet and a profit and loss
account for their shareholders, but is exempted from having to file
them with the co’s annual return with the RoC (Registrar of
Companies)
• It can also give loans to the Directors.

18. PUBLIC COMPANIES
• S.4 – a company other than a private company.
• As this company raises funds from the public, it is subjected to
more regulatory controls than a private company. …necessary to
protect large numbers of people who are also interesting public.
Conversion of Private to Public company.
• A private company may convert to a public company by loading a
special resolution with the RoC (Registrar of Companies)
• It may also involuntarily becomes a public company if it
contravenes with the restrictions of S.15(1)
• A public company with a share capital may convert to a private
company also by lodging a special resolution.

19. GROUP COMPANIES
Holding and Subsidiary Companies.
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
S.5 defines Holding (H) and Subsidiary (S) as:
H controls the composition of the BOD of S,
H holds more than half of the voting power of S, or
H holds more than half of the ISK of S;
S is a subsidiary of any other corporation which is in turns
a subsidiary of H.
Ultimate Holding Co.
• Where another co. is a subsidiary of a company (UH), whilst
the UH is not itself a subsidiary of any corporation.

20. FOREIGN COMPANY
• S.4(1): ‘Where the company, or corporation, society,
association or other body incorporated outside Malaysia,
but which carries on business in Malaysia..‘
• It is wholly or majority owned (measured in % of shares
held) by non-Malaysians.
• Such company has to lodge certain documents as laid down
in S.332(1) CA 1965 and pay the appropriate fees before
commencing the business in Malaysia.
• A foreign company registered under the “Companies Act”
1965 has the power to hold immovable property in
Malaysia.