3. 看待伊斯蘭國的另類眼光
西方軍事擴張與政治干預主義的在地反彈。
9/11「反恐戰爭」的徹底失敗:恐怖主義不減反增。
宗教法西斯不是唯一的法西斯,更不是穆斯林社群獨有:ISIS
is a vanguard that will not allow itself to be easily displaced
and, like the fascists in Italy and Germany in the 1920s and
1930s, will seek to crush anybody who tries. (2014:p14)
2003年後,美軍扶植的Shia政權弱化其他族群的政治權力,
創造許多Sunni政治犯,但其國家力量薄弱。Kurds剛好趁亂
把長期被壓抑的獨立願望施展,敘利亞與伊拉克邊界形同虛
設。
2011阿拉伯之春,敘利亞叛軍接受美援武器,為了日後的伊斯
蘭國打下了武裝的基礎。Raqqa城是叛軍唯一控制的城市,
2013年被ISIS拿下。
38. Javanese Muslim Nigerian wedding
European Muslim
Ethiopian Muslim
Looking straight
At the camera
Egypitan fashion
European Mulslim
Editor's Notes
Schwarzenegger plays the undercover agent Harry Tasker, who tracks the plans of the criminal group Crimson Jihad that allegedly hold weapons of mass destruction. In an attempt of marital reconciliation, when being asked by his wife if he is ever forced to kill anyone, the agent responds “yeah, but they were all bad.” Hence we have the prototype of a killer who cherishes family values and who guards family against barbaric terrorists.
保家衛國
Films like Under Siege 2 (1995), Executive Decision (1996), Air Force One (1997), The Peacemaker (1997), and finally, The Siege (1998), all feature some vaguely “Islamist” terrorist groups—from underspecified “Middle Eastern terrorists,” an elderly bearded “Saudi Sheik,” the Chechen mafia, or some Muslims who wish to manipulate Russia’s nuclear weapons. Moving into the 2000s, the image of Muslim radicals unable to rid themself of the fanatic notion of “Jihad the holy war” has deeply seeped into the media culture and is bluntly taken for granted by news reports, TV series, and popular novels (Shaheen 2003; McAlister 2005, 82–83; Gottschalk and Greenberg 2008, 118–25). These media representations of Muslims have translated the old discourse of Orientalism into contemporary popular culture, in which an age-old European discourse of a “civilized”, “modern”, Europe bravely confronting an imagined “barbaric”, “tyrannical” and “fundamentalist” Islamic world has become a graphic, visualized and hyper-real commonsense (Miles 1989, 34–35; Said 1979, 48).