Carbon trading, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, hydrological cycle

1. Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural
University,
College of Agriculture, Parbhani
Carbon Trading, Carbon Cycle,Carbon Trading, Carbon Cycle,
Hydrological Cycle and Nitrogen CycleHydrological Cycle and Nitrogen Cycle
BY
SHAIKH WASIM CHAND
2017A/04P

2. Carbon TradingCarbon Trading
• Carbon trading is also called as Emissions trading.
• It is the action of buying, selling, and trading carbon credits,
offsets, and permits within various carbon markets.
• Market‐based strategy for mitigating the emissions of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
• Carbon trading markets bring buyers and sellers of carbon
credits together with standardized rules of trade.
• “Cap‐and‐trade” program is one type of carbon trading program.

3. • Cap is the limit on the total amount of
emissions. An emissions cap is set for an
entire industry for a set period of time.
• Allowances for the total amount of
pollutant that can be emitted within the
regulation period.
• Trade: Emission sources can buy or sell
allowances with other emission sources,
or they can purchase “offsets” from non‐
regulated market participants.

4. Basics of cap and trade program:
•Government sets cap on total emissions from regulated industry.
•Industry must hold allowances equal to their emissions.
•In order to meet the compliance requirements, industry can:
1. Reduce their own emissions.
2. Buy allowances.
3. Buy offsets from greenhouse gas emission reductions achieved by
other non‐regulated market participants

5. Benefits of Carbon trading:
•Reduction in green house gas emission.
•Source of revenue for developing nations.
•Supports a free market system.
•Option for Alternative sources of energy or green technology.
Disadvantages of Carbon trading:
•Right to pollute.
•Lack of centralized system or global framework.
•No effective carbon reduction in the atmosphere.

6. Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle
• The same carbon atoms are used repeatedly on earth.
• They cycle between the earth and the atmosphere.

8. Plants Use Carbon Dioxide
•Plants pull carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
•Using sunlight with the CO2 they make glucose.
•This process is photosynthesis.
•The carbon can be used by the plant (food) and used to build the plant
(cellulose).
Animals Eat Plants
•When organisms eat plants, they take in the carbon
and some of it becomes part of their own bodies.
•They generate CO2 from cellular respiration and exhale
this CO2 into the atmosphere.

9. Animals Eat Animals
•When organisms eat animals, they take in the carbon and some of it
becomes part of their own bodies.
•They generate CO2 from cellular respiration (break down of glucose)
and exhale this CO2 into the atmosphere.

10. Plants and Animal Die
•When plants and animals die, most of their bodies are decomposed and carbon atoms
are returned to the atmosphere.
•Carbon slowly returns to atmosphere
•Carbon in rocks and underground deposits is released very slowly into the atmosphere.
This process takes many years.
Carbon in Oceans
•Additional carbon is stored in the ocean.
•CO2 passes into the water from the atmosphere.
•Plants and phytoplankton use for photosynthesis.
•Many animals pull carbon from water to use in shells, etc.
•Animals die and carbon substances are deposited at the bottom of the ocean.
•Oceans contain earth’s largest store of carbon.

11. Burning wood and Fossil Fuels
•Releases carbon compounds in air, water, and soil.
•Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere increases
global warming.
Cycle – Repeats Over and Over and Over and Over …Cycle – Repeats Over and Over and Over and Over …
What We Need to Do?
•Burn less, especially fossil fuels.
•Promote plant life, especially trees.

12. Hydrological CycleHydrological Cycle
• It is also known as global water cycle or H₂O cycle.
• Process of hydrological cycle starts with oceans.
• Water in oceans, gets evaporated due to heat energy provided by
solar radiation and forms water vapour.
• This water vapour moves upwards to higher altitudes forming clouds.
• Most of the clouds condense and precipitate in any form like rain,
hail, snow, sleet.
• A part of clouds is driven to land by winds.
• Precipitation, while falling to the ground, some part of it evaporates
back to atmosphere.

13. • Portion of water that reaches the ground, enters the earth’s surface
infiltrating various strata of soil and enhancing the moisture content as
well as water table.
• Vegetation sends a portion of water from earth’s surface back to
atmosphere through the process of transpiration.
• Once water percolates and infiltrates the earth’s surface, runoff is
formed over the land, flowing through the contours of land heading
towards river and lakes and finally joins into oceans after many years.
• Further again the process of this hydrological cycle continues by blowing
of cool air over ocean, carrying water molecules, forming into water
vapour then clouds getting condensed and precipitates as rainfall.
• Thus the cyclic process continues.

15. Components of Hydrological CycleComponents of Hydrological Cycle
• Evaporation
• Transpiration
• Sublimation
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Run-off
• Infiltration and percolation
• Ground-water flow

16. Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle
• It is an essential component of the different molecules found in
all living things. It is used by organisms to build proteins and
nucleic acids.
• The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical cycle.
• Nitrogen makes up 78.9% of the atmosphere.
• It is essential to living organisms and its availability plays a crucial
role in the organization and functioning of the world's
ecosystems.

18. Steps of Nitrogen CycleSteps of Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Fixation
•Nitrogen gas is converted into inorganic nitrogen compounds. It is
mostly (90%) accomplished by free-living, nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Nitrogen Assimilation
•Are assimilation of nitrates and ammonia resulting from nitrogen
fixation into the specific tissue compounds of algae and higher plants.
•Animals then ingest these algae and plants, converting them into their
own body compounds.

19. Ammonification
•The remains of all living things and their waste products, are
decomposed by microorganisms which yields ammonia.
Nitrification
•It is a process carried out by nitrifying bacteria, transforms soil
ammonia into nitrates, which plants can incorporate into their own
tissues.
Denitrification
•The process where nitrates are metabolized by denitrifying bacteria to
free nitrogen and returned to the atmosphere