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仮説関係
Hypotheses relation

観測可能なデータ
Observable Data

抽象概念を量的指標化する
To assign empiric(quantifiable) indicators to
abstract concepts

結果
Answer
e.g. Music Albums

測定手法は、必ず変数が属する全てのコンテンツを表現しなければならない。
A measure instrument MUST contain a representation of ALL the items of the content to which the variables belongs.

測定

繰り返す適用の程度は同じ結果を生成している

e.g. Arithmetic operations

Measure

The degree in which the repeated application produces the same results.

コンテンツ関連する証拠
外的基準(標準)と比較することによって、測定手法の有効性を確立する。
e.g. Past, present, future comparative results.

Content related evidence

Establishes the validity of the measuring instrument by comparing it with an external criteria (standard).

確実性
本当に測定する手法の程度は意図している測定です。

RELIABILITY

The degree in which an instrument really measures what is intended to be measured.

基準関連する証拠
Criterion related evidence

妥当性

測定の程度は常に仮説と関連している理論から派生した。The

VALIDITY

理論関連する証拠

degree on which the measure consistently relates with hypotheses derived from theory

Construct (theory) related evidence

妥当性
VALIDITY

確実性
e.g. Intelligence measurement

e.g. Behaviour measurement

即興

基本コンセプト

RELIABILITY

Primary Concepts

Improvisation

文化的文脈と時間
Cultural Context and Time

e.g. Complicated language

e.g. economical background

妥当性と確実性に影響を与える要因

共感

Factors that affect Validity and Reliability

Empathy

e.g. educational background

e.g. Weather

環境
Environment

e.g. Lunch time

e.g. Not enough space for writing

b)集計手法を適用する

形態論

b) Apply the collection instrument

Morphology
e.g. Too small characters

a)集計手法を選択または開発する
2+ applications

a) Select or design a Collection instrument

時間は大事な要因
TIME is a relevant factor

安定(テスト∼繰り返すテスト)

データー集計
Data Collection

Stability (Test-retest)

2+ applications

平行的な手法
Parallel instruments

確実性の計算
Calculating RELIABILITY

Data Matrix

c)データのコード化及び分析

1 application

c) Data Codification & Analysis

分割半分Split-halves

Code Book

クロンバックのα信頼性係数
Cronbach alpha coefficient

KR−20数係

既存集計手法を選択して、特定の要件に適合させる

KR-20 coefficient

Selecting an EXISTING instrument and adapt it to the particular requirements

妥当性の計算
Calculating VALIDITY

変数のリストアップ
List the variables

何を測定するのか?
What is going to be measured?

統計的な計算(妥当性係数、信憑性、誤差、など)

その概念の定義を調べる

Statistical Calculation (Validity coefficient ¦ error margin ¦ etc.)

Review its conceptual definitions

測定された変数が何を表しているのか? (指標)
What does represent the measured variable? (indicators)

どうやって測定をするのか?(運用上の定義)
How is going to be measured? (Operational Definition)

名義

新集計手法を開発する

Nominal

Designing a new instrument

順序

次元

Ordinal

Dimensions

間隔
Interval

どうやって測定を適用するのか

比率

How is going to be applied the measurement

Ratio

手法は何ですか?(アイテム)
What is the instrument? (items)

どうやってデータをコード化するのか?
How is codified the data? (codification)

手法は何を測定するのか?
What is measuring the instrument? (items scales)

CLOSED QUESTIONをする場合は、適切な選択肢を提供する
ために、研究者はこの研究対象の分野の深い知識が必要です。To

態度は兆候だけです。

手法のテスト(パイロット)
Testing the instrument (pilot)

Attitudes are symptoms only.

態度は、行動ではなく、行動の指標です。

ask closed questions the researcher should have a deep knowledge of the field under study in order to anticipate
possible answers.

Attitudes are an INDICATORS of conduct but NOT the conduct itself.

態度は物がシンボルに対する賛成か反対かを反映する学習の偏向です。
Binary

Learned predisposition to react in favour or against to objects or symbols

種類

態度

Types

Attitude

答えやすい

リッカート尺度

Multiple

Easy to answer
(effortless)

態度測定
Attitude measurement

Likert Scale

早い

SD法

Faster

Semantic Differential

態度スケール
Attitude Scales

メリット
コード化しやすい

ガットマンスケール

Advantages

Guttman Scale

Easy to Codify

分析しやすい
Easy to analyse

CLOSED questions (限定するカテゴリーの自
由な答えあるいは提供された選択肢からの答え)
デメリット

手法Instrument

CLOSED questions (Delimited Categories or Alternatives of answers)

Disadvantages

限定された選択肢からの答えのため、参加者
の本当の答えが見つからない可能性がある。

数量的

Quantitative

Due to their nature, these questions might limit the number of options and not
really represent the respondents' mind.

アンケート(特定の変数についての質問のセット)

これらの質問は、測定されたトピックに関
するより詳細なデータの収集を可能にする

Questionnaire ( a set of questions about a certain variable)

Measuring sets of variables or quantities and
their relationship to one another

These questions allow the gathering of more detailed data about the measured
topic

メリット
Advantages

OPEN
questions(NON Delimited
Categories or Alternatives of answers)

遅い
Slower

共通のパターンを探す

Standardised test and
inventories

デメリット
Disadvantages

Look for common patterns

コード化しづらい
Difficult to Codify

分析しづらい
Difficult to analyse

わかりやすい、理解しやすい

インタビュー

BE Clear and Easy to understand

interview

質的

Qualitative

不快なことは与えない
NOT be uncomfortable or disturbing

フォーカスグループ
固有の論理の側面に行く

Focus Group

BE oriented toward a UNIQUE logical aspect.

質問は必ず…
Questions must…

全く自由意志否定ません
NOT contain the answers or elements which
negate the free will of the respondent

回答者の社会的·文化的特性に応じたこと
Be according to the social and cultural characteristics of the respondent

組織やグループなどの考えを表現しない
NOT express ideas supported by institutions, organisations, or groups.

わかりやすい、理解しやすい説明があり
Include clear and easy to understand INSTRUCTIONS.

アンケートは…すべき
A questionnaire should…

回答者は慣れるためにニュートラル 質問があります(年齢、性別、仕事、など)
Contain introductory questions of a neutral nature (age, sex, job, etc.) so the respondent can get accustomed to the situation.

答えは本当に必要な情報を表示しているかどうか

検証質問があり(必要性による)

Depend on wether the answers really reveal the necessary information.

Include (depending on the necessity) verification questions

不必要な質問が含まれていない
not ask unnecessary or unjustified questions in order to
keep the answer time on a "comfortable scope"

Understanding the qualities of a specific field
of inquiry.

集計手法
Collection Instrument

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Data collection(データー集計 )

  • 1. 仮説関係 Hypotheses relation 観測可能なデータ Observable Data 抽象概念を量的指標化する To assign empiric(quantifiable) indicators to abstract concepts 結果 Answer e.g. Music Albums 測定手法は、必ず変数が属する全てのコンテンツを表現しなければならない。 A measure instrument MUST contain a representation of ALL the items of the content to which the variables belongs. 測定 繰り返す適用の程度は同じ結果を生成している e.g. Arithmetic operations Measure The degree in which the repeated application produces the same results. コンテンツ関連する証拠 外的基準(標準)と比較することによって、測定手法の有効性を確立する。 e.g. Past, present, future comparative results. Content related evidence Establishes the validity of the measuring instrument by comparing it with an external criteria (standard). 確実性 本当に測定する手法の程度は意図している測定です。 RELIABILITY The degree in which an instrument really measures what is intended to be measured. 基準関連する証拠 Criterion related evidence 妥当性 測定の程度は常に仮説と関連している理論から派生した。The VALIDITY 理論関連する証拠 degree on which the measure consistently relates with hypotheses derived from theory Construct (theory) related evidence 妥当性 VALIDITY 確実性 e.g. Intelligence measurement e.g. Behaviour measurement 即興 基本コンセプト RELIABILITY Primary Concepts Improvisation 文化的文脈と時間 Cultural Context and Time e.g. Complicated language e.g. economical background 妥当性と確実性に影響を与える要因 共感 Factors that affect Validity and Reliability Empathy e.g. educational background e.g. Weather 環境 Environment e.g. Lunch time e.g. Not enough space for writing b)集計手法を適用する 形態論 b) Apply the collection instrument Morphology e.g. Too small characters a)集計手法を選択または開発する 2+ applications a) Select or design a Collection instrument 時間は大事な要因 TIME is a relevant factor 安定(テスト∼繰り返すテスト) データー集計 Data Collection Stability (Test-retest) 2+ applications 平行的な手法 Parallel instruments 確実性の計算 Calculating RELIABILITY Data Matrix c)データのコード化及び分析 1 application c) Data Codification & Analysis 分割半分Split-halves Code Book クロンバックのα信頼性係数 Cronbach alpha coefficient KR−20数係 既存集計手法を選択して、特定の要件に適合させる KR-20 coefficient Selecting an EXISTING instrument and adapt it to the particular requirements 妥当性の計算 Calculating VALIDITY 変数のリストアップ List the variables 何を測定するのか? What is going to be measured? 統計的な計算(妥当性係数、信憑性、誤差、など) その概念の定義を調べる Statistical Calculation (Validity coefficient ¦ error margin ¦ etc.) Review its conceptual definitions 測定された変数が何を表しているのか? (指標) What does represent the measured variable? (indicators) どうやって測定をするのか?(運用上の定義) How is going to be measured? (Operational Definition) 名義 新集計手法を開発する Nominal Designing a new instrument 順序 次元 Ordinal Dimensions 間隔 Interval どうやって測定を適用するのか 比率 How is going to be applied the measurement Ratio 手法は何ですか?(アイテム) What is the instrument? (items) どうやってデータをコード化するのか? How is codified the data? (codification) 手法は何を測定するのか? What is measuring the instrument? (items scales) CLOSED QUESTIONをする場合は、適切な選択肢を提供する ために、研究者はこの研究対象の分野の深い知識が必要です。To 態度は兆候だけです。 手法のテスト(パイロット) Testing the instrument (pilot) Attitudes are symptoms only. 態度は、行動ではなく、行動の指標です。 ask closed questions the researcher should have a deep knowledge of the field under study in order to anticipate possible answers. Attitudes are an INDICATORS of conduct but NOT the conduct itself. 態度は物がシンボルに対する賛成か反対かを反映する学習の偏向です。 Binary Learned predisposition to react in favour or against to objects or symbols 種類 態度 Types Attitude 答えやすい リッカート尺度 Multiple Easy to answer (effortless) 態度測定 Attitude measurement Likert Scale 早い SD法 Faster Semantic Differential 態度スケール Attitude Scales メリット コード化しやすい ガットマンスケール Advantages Guttman Scale Easy to Codify 分析しやすい Easy to analyse CLOSED questions (限定するカテゴリーの自 由な答えあるいは提供された選択肢からの答え) デメリット 手法Instrument CLOSED questions (Delimited Categories or Alternatives of answers) Disadvantages 限定された選択肢からの答えのため、参加者 の本当の答えが見つからない可能性がある。 数量的 Quantitative Due to their nature, these questions might limit the number of options and not really represent the respondents' mind. アンケート(特定の変数についての質問のセット) これらの質問は、測定されたトピックに関 するより詳細なデータの収集を可能にする Questionnaire ( a set of questions about a certain variable) Measuring sets of variables or quantities and their relationship to one another These questions allow the gathering of more detailed data about the measured topic メリット Advantages OPEN questions(NON Delimited Categories or Alternatives of answers) 遅い Slower 共通のパターンを探す Standardised test and inventories デメリット Disadvantages Look for common patterns コード化しづらい Difficult to Codify 分析しづらい Difficult to analyse わかりやすい、理解しやすい インタビュー BE Clear and Easy to understand interview 質的 Qualitative 不快なことは与えない NOT be uncomfortable or disturbing フォーカスグループ 固有の論理の側面に行く Focus Group BE oriented toward a UNIQUE logical aspect. 質問は必ず… Questions must… 全く自由意志否定ません NOT contain the answers or elements which negate the free will of the respondent 回答者の社会的·文化的特性に応じたこと Be according to the social and cultural characteristics of the respondent 組織やグループなどの考えを表現しない NOT express ideas supported by institutions, organisations, or groups. わかりやすい、理解しやすい説明があり Include clear and easy to understand INSTRUCTIONS. アンケートは…すべき A questionnaire should… 回答者は慣れるためにニュートラル 質問があります(年齢、性別、仕事、など) Contain introductory questions of a neutral nature (age, sex, job, etc.) so the respondent can get accustomed to the situation. 答えは本当に必要な情報を表示しているかどうか 検証質問があり(必要性による) Depend on wether the answers really reveal the necessary information. Include (depending on the necessity) verification questions 不必要な質問が含まれていない not ask unnecessary or unjustified questions in order to keep the answer time on a "comfortable scope" Understanding the qualities of a specific field of inquiry. 集計手法 Collection Instrument