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Bob Gardner and Anthony Mohamed
The Wellesley Institute and St. Michael's Hospital
   Icebreaker
   Health equity 101
   Why we do planning on HE?
   HEIA Tool
   Small group assignment
   Report back



                                2
Getting on the bus…




                      3
WHO Definition of Health (1948)


         Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not
  merely the absence of disease or infirmity.




                                                 4
Equality vs. Equity

Equality = Sameness
Treating everyone the same, removing difference
Ignores power differentials

Equity = Fairness
Acknowledging and respecting our differences
Treating people accordingly


                                                  5
Health Equity
• Health disparities or inequities are differences in health
  outcomes that are avoidable, unfair and systematically
  related to social inequality and disadvantage

• The goal of a health equity strategy is to reduce or eliminate
  socially and institutionally structured health inequalities and
  differential outcomes




                                                                    6
Understanding discrimination…

Systemic Discrimination
  - “The way we do things around here”
   - How our multiple identities “intersect” with each other to compound discrimination
   - A social institution that uses it’s power to discriminate

Discrimination
  An action resulting from prejudice and stereotype, of an individual or small group of
   people of treating someone differently.

Prejudice
  Making a decision about a person without getting all the facts, usually based on a
   stereotype.


Stereotypes
  A negative generalization applied to all members of an identified social/cultural group.


                                                                                             7
What about other isms?
Racism            Faith affiliation
Sexism            Political affiliation
Homophobia        Country of origin
Ableism           Language
Class bias        Health status
Anti-Semitism     Housing status
Islamophobia      Family status
Ageism            Gender expression
Transphobia       Dress/Appearance

                                          8
• there is a clear gradient in health in which people with lower
  income, education or other indicators of social inequality and
  exclusion tend to have poorer health + major differences
  between women and men

• in addition, there are systemic disparities in access to and
  quality of care within the healthcare system

• that’s why enhancing health equity has become a clear
  priority – from the Province to LHINs to many providers

• and that’s why we need tools and approaches to build equity
  into effective system and service planning

                                                                   9
10
11
Diabetes Incidence, TC LHIN 2004/05
                        16
                        14         13.3
                        12
      New Cases/1,000




                        10
                        8
                                                         5.8
                        6

                        4
                        2
                        0

                                Low Income           High Income
Two fold difference in Diabetes Incidence among lowest and highest
neighbourhoods.

Age Standardized Rates. Data Source: Ontario Diabetes Database, 2004/05
www.ices.on.ca/intool                                                     12
13
14
• Gap between the health status of the best off and most
  disadvantaged can be huge – and damaging

   • difference btwn life expectancy of top and bottom income decile = 7.4
     years for men and 4.5 for women

   • more sophisticated analyses add the pronounced gradient in morbidity
     to mortality → taking account of quality of life and developing data on
     health adjusted life expectancy

   • even higher disparities btwn top and bottom = 11.4 years for men and
     9.7 for women (Statistics Canada Health Reports Dec 09)
• these systemic and pervasive health inequalities are the
  problem we are trying to solve

                                                                          15
• the point of all this analysis is to be able to identify
  policy and program changes needed to reduce health
  disparities

• but health disparities can seem so overwhelming and
  their underlying social determinants so intractable →
  can be paralyzing

• think big and think strategically, but get going

• need to start somewhere – and we’re in health
  systems

                                                         16
• addressing health disparities in service delivery and
  planning requires a solid understanding of:
   • key barriers to equitable access to high quality care
   • the specific needs of health-disadvantaged populations
   • gaps in available services for these populations


• and this requires an array of effective and practical
  equity-focused planning tools



                                                              17
1.   quick check to ensure equity is            1.   simple equity lens
     considered in all service
     delivery/planning

2.   take account of disadvantaged              2.   Health Equity Impact Assessment
     populations, access barriers and related
     equity issues in program planning and
     service delivery

3.   assess current state of provider           3.   equity audits and/or HEIA
     organization

4.   determine needs of communities facing      4.   equity-focused needs assessment
     health disparities

5.   assess impact of                           5.   equity-focused evaluation
     programs/interventions on health
     disparities and disadvantaged
     populations
                                                                                       18
• HEIA is one part of this repertoire of equity-focused planning tools
• arose out of broader health impact assessments, which have been
  increasingly used in many jurisdictions in last 15 years
    • HIA is commonly understood in municipal and community planning circles
    • one reason for HEIA was increasing policy attention to SDoH and health
      disparities → need explicit equity focus
    • at same time, need for shorter and more focused processes – sometimes
      called Rapid HIA -- had been recognized
    • HEIA is seen to be relatively easy-to-use tool
• planning tool that analyzes potential impact of program or policy change
  on health disparities and/or health disadvantaged populations




                                                                               19
1.   screening – identifying projects where HEIA would be useful

2.   scoping – which pop’n and health effects to consider

3.   assessing potential equity risks and benefits – specifying
     particular pop’n

4.   developing recommendations – to promote positive or
     mitigate negative effects

5.   reporting results to decision makers

6.   monitoring and evaluation – of effectiveness of
     recommendations




                                                                   20
• Ontario surveyed best practice jurisdictions:
   •   Wales and New Zealand were furthest advanced
   •   Ontario model was adapted from them
   •   but increasing interest in other jurisdictions
   •   including from PHAC here in Canada

• MOHLTC equity unit developed a one page tool and
  accompanying ‘how-to’ guide – first used in Aging at Home
  initiatives in 2008
• MOHLTC partnered with the Toronto Central LHIN
• the Wellesley Institute was engaged to consult, refine and
  pilot test the tool in spring-summer 09


                                                               21
• in response to consultations:
   • template was revised
   • a new workbook was developed to support easy and consistent use

• the workbook:
   • provides definitions, examples, prompts and possible questions
   • is set up to help users work through the HEIA process in a step-by-step
     way
   • users simply fill out the appropriate tables in workbook itself to
     complete their HEIA
   • the workbook was designed so it can be adapted to become a Web-
     based interactive resource

• further changes were made in response to the pilot phase, but
  this basic structure has been retained

                                                                          22
• HEIA is being used in Toronto Central LHIN:
   • Aging at Home applications are encouraged to use HEIA in
     developing their proposal
   • those short-listed will be required to do HEIA

• MOHLTC is working with several LHINs to
  further implement and develop HEIA

• HEIA is being incorporated into a “health in all
  policies’ framework by MOHLTC

                                                            23
• each table will actually go thorough the HEIA for a concrete
  specific example
• we will see if participants have examples they want to pursue

• and/or some tables will work up this hypothetical case:

   • You are planning to develop diabetes outreach in a specific
     neighborhood. You want to improve people’s ability to monitor and
     manage their own care, and to get residents hooked into primary care
     for ongoing support and monitoring. Use the tool to help plan this
     programme.

• we will then report back and collectively discuss lessons learned



                                                                        24
25
1. template asks how the planned program or initiative affects
   health equity for particular populations
   •   list of health disadvantaged populations – not exhaustive
   •   potential impact on social determinants of health

2. planners assess potential positive and negative impacts of the
   initiative on the population(s) (and indicate where more
   information is needed)

3. develop strategies to build on positive and mitigate negative
   impacts

4. planners indicate how implementation of the initiative will be
   monitored to assess its impact

                                                                    26
Report Back / Q&A




                    27
Wellesley has developed a page on HEIA resources at
  http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/health-equity-impact-assessment-
  heia-resources

Other Health Equity Resources:
• The Wellesley Institute http://wellesleyinstitute.com
• Health Equity Council http://healthequitycouncil.ca
• Rainbow Health Network http://www.rainbowhealthnetwork.ca
• Ontario Women’s Health Network http://www.owhn.on.ca
• Ethno-Racial People with Disabilities http://erdco.ca
• Health Equity Toolkit – blog is at
   http://www.smallstepsbigdifference.blogspot.com


                                                                       28

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Health Equity Impact Assessment Workshop: Healthy Connection

  • 1. Bob Gardner and Anthony Mohamed The Wellesley Institute and St. Michael's Hospital
  • 2. Icebreaker  Health equity 101  Why we do planning on HE?  HEIA Tool  Small group assignment  Report back 2
  • 3. Getting on the bus… 3
  • 4. WHO Definition of Health (1948) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 4
  • 5. Equality vs. Equity Equality = Sameness Treating everyone the same, removing difference Ignores power differentials Equity = Fairness Acknowledging and respecting our differences Treating people accordingly 5
  • 6. Health Equity • Health disparities or inequities are differences in health outcomes that are avoidable, unfair and systematically related to social inequality and disadvantage • The goal of a health equity strategy is to reduce or eliminate socially and institutionally structured health inequalities and differential outcomes 6
  • 7. Understanding discrimination… Systemic Discrimination - “The way we do things around here” - How our multiple identities “intersect” with each other to compound discrimination - A social institution that uses it’s power to discriminate Discrimination An action resulting from prejudice and stereotype, of an individual or small group of people of treating someone differently. Prejudice Making a decision about a person without getting all the facts, usually based on a stereotype. Stereotypes A negative generalization applied to all members of an identified social/cultural group. 7
  • 8. What about other isms? Racism Faith affiliation Sexism Political affiliation Homophobia Country of origin Ableism Language Class bias Health status Anti-Semitism Housing status Islamophobia Family status Ageism Gender expression Transphobia Dress/Appearance 8
  • 9. • there is a clear gradient in health in which people with lower income, education or other indicators of social inequality and exclusion tend to have poorer health + major differences between women and men • in addition, there are systemic disparities in access to and quality of care within the healthcare system • that’s why enhancing health equity has become a clear priority – from the Province to LHINs to many providers • and that’s why we need tools and approaches to build equity into effective system and service planning 9
  • 10. 10
  • 11. 11
  • 12. Diabetes Incidence, TC LHIN 2004/05 16 14 13.3 12 New Cases/1,000 10 8 5.8 6 4 2 0 Low Income High Income Two fold difference in Diabetes Incidence among lowest and highest neighbourhoods. Age Standardized Rates. Data Source: Ontario Diabetes Database, 2004/05 www.ices.on.ca/intool 12
  • 13. 13
  • 14. 14
  • 15. • Gap between the health status of the best off and most disadvantaged can be huge – and damaging • difference btwn life expectancy of top and bottom income decile = 7.4 years for men and 4.5 for women • more sophisticated analyses add the pronounced gradient in morbidity to mortality → taking account of quality of life and developing data on health adjusted life expectancy • even higher disparities btwn top and bottom = 11.4 years for men and 9.7 for women (Statistics Canada Health Reports Dec 09) • these systemic and pervasive health inequalities are the problem we are trying to solve 15
  • 16. • the point of all this analysis is to be able to identify policy and program changes needed to reduce health disparities • but health disparities can seem so overwhelming and their underlying social determinants so intractable → can be paralyzing • think big and think strategically, but get going • need to start somewhere – and we’re in health systems 16
  • 17. • addressing health disparities in service delivery and planning requires a solid understanding of: • key barriers to equitable access to high quality care • the specific needs of health-disadvantaged populations • gaps in available services for these populations • and this requires an array of effective and practical equity-focused planning tools 17
  • 18. 1. quick check to ensure equity is 1. simple equity lens considered in all service delivery/planning 2. take account of disadvantaged 2. Health Equity Impact Assessment populations, access barriers and related equity issues in program planning and service delivery 3. assess current state of provider 3. equity audits and/or HEIA organization 4. determine needs of communities facing 4. equity-focused needs assessment health disparities 5. assess impact of 5. equity-focused evaluation programs/interventions on health disparities and disadvantaged populations 18
  • 19. • HEIA is one part of this repertoire of equity-focused planning tools • arose out of broader health impact assessments, which have been increasingly used in many jurisdictions in last 15 years • HIA is commonly understood in municipal and community planning circles • one reason for HEIA was increasing policy attention to SDoH and health disparities → need explicit equity focus • at same time, need for shorter and more focused processes – sometimes called Rapid HIA -- had been recognized • HEIA is seen to be relatively easy-to-use tool • planning tool that analyzes potential impact of program or policy change on health disparities and/or health disadvantaged populations 19
  • 20. 1. screening – identifying projects where HEIA would be useful 2. scoping – which pop’n and health effects to consider 3. assessing potential equity risks and benefits – specifying particular pop’n 4. developing recommendations – to promote positive or mitigate negative effects 5. reporting results to decision makers 6. monitoring and evaluation – of effectiveness of recommendations 20
  • 21. • Ontario surveyed best practice jurisdictions: • Wales and New Zealand were furthest advanced • Ontario model was adapted from them • but increasing interest in other jurisdictions • including from PHAC here in Canada • MOHLTC equity unit developed a one page tool and accompanying ‘how-to’ guide – first used in Aging at Home initiatives in 2008 • MOHLTC partnered with the Toronto Central LHIN • the Wellesley Institute was engaged to consult, refine and pilot test the tool in spring-summer 09 21
  • 22. • in response to consultations: • template was revised • a new workbook was developed to support easy and consistent use • the workbook: • provides definitions, examples, prompts and possible questions • is set up to help users work through the HEIA process in a step-by-step way • users simply fill out the appropriate tables in workbook itself to complete their HEIA • the workbook was designed so it can be adapted to become a Web- based interactive resource • further changes were made in response to the pilot phase, but this basic structure has been retained 22
  • 23. • HEIA is being used in Toronto Central LHIN: • Aging at Home applications are encouraged to use HEIA in developing their proposal • those short-listed will be required to do HEIA • MOHLTC is working with several LHINs to further implement and develop HEIA • HEIA is being incorporated into a “health in all policies’ framework by MOHLTC 23
  • 24. • each table will actually go thorough the HEIA for a concrete specific example • we will see if participants have examples they want to pursue • and/or some tables will work up this hypothetical case: • You are planning to develop diabetes outreach in a specific neighborhood. You want to improve people’s ability to monitor and manage their own care, and to get residents hooked into primary care for ongoing support and monitoring. Use the tool to help plan this programme. • we will then report back and collectively discuss lessons learned 24
  • 25. 25
  • 26. 1. template asks how the planned program or initiative affects health equity for particular populations • list of health disadvantaged populations – not exhaustive • potential impact on social determinants of health 2. planners assess potential positive and negative impacts of the initiative on the population(s) (and indicate where more information is needed) 3. develop strategies to build on positive and mitigate negative impacts 4. planners indicate how implementation of the initiative will be monitored to assess its impact 26
  • 27. Report Back / Q&A 27
  • 28. Wellesley has developed a page on HEIA resources at http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/health-equity-impact-assessment- heia-resources Other Health Equity Resources: • The Wellesley Institute http://wellesleyinstitute.com • Health Equity Council http://healthequitycouncil.ca • Rainbow Health Network http://www.rainbowhealthnetwork.ca • Ontario Women’s Health Network http://www.owhn.on.ca • Ethno-Racial People with Disabilities http://erdco.ca • Health Equity Toolkit – blog is at http://www.smallstepsbigdifference.blogspot.com 28