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1. Shinichi SAKAI
Kyoto University
The Material Cycles Society Committee of
the Central Environment Council
Japanese strategy for the Circular Economy
The 4th Fundamental Plan for Establishing
a Sound Material-Cycle Society
1
2. Rapid increase in waste generation along with the
economic growth
➢ Responsibility of business operators to manage
industrial waste, in addition to municipality’s
responsibility to handle municipal wastes
➢ Serious shortage of landfills and need for
incineration facilities
Awareness for proper treatment of waste and
environmental protection
➢ Need for appropriate recourse circulation such
as recycling
Public Cleansing Act (1954)
Waste Management Act (1970)
➢ Defined the responsibility of business
operators to manage their own waste
➢ Development of basic systems for
industrial waste management
Recycling Acts (1995~)
Historical Background
Basic Act for Establishing
a Sound Material-Cycle
Society (2000)
Collection and disposal of waste as the
obligation of municipalities
➢ Additionally defined the obligation of
national and prefectural governments to
provide financial and technological
support to municipalities
2
Waste discarded on roadsides or vacant lots, piled
up in unsanitary conditions, or ocean dumping
Flies, mosquitoes and rat from waste dump sites
➢ Need for improvement of public health
Public health issues (1945~)
Resource Productivity (1990s~)
Environmental pollution (1960s~)
3. • Established in 2000 under the initiative of MOEJ
• Basic principles for establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society
• Priorities and measures for “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Heat recovery and Disposal”
• 1st Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society in 2003
Basic Act on Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society
3
1. Measures for waste prevention
2. Measures for appropriate use of recycled resources
3. Promotion of utilization of recycled products
4. Promotion of prior evaluation of products
5. Environmental measures for utilization & disposal
of recycled resources
6. Economic incentives for waste prevention
7. Conduct necessary action survey and build
research systems
State’s measures
4. Hierarchical Measures for Wastes
4
3R Concept as Countermeasures for Waste Issues
Reduce
Reuse
Recycling
Energy recovery
Final disposal
Concept of
3Rs
5. 1. Find the best way for the top priority of waste prevention/ avoidance
to reduce waste flow amount in society to a fixed certain level.
2. Utilize and recycle renewable resources as a basic principle. Consider
accumulation of exhaustible resources before recycling.
3. Waste unavoidably generated should be treated by energy recovery
and managed as natural capital at final sinks as much as possible.
3R + Renewable & Recovery
5
Principles of Resource Use based on 3R Concept
6. Resource productivity improved by 58% and final disposal amount
reduced by 74% due to policy advancement over 15 years since 2000
• Decrease in large-scale public works
• Changes in the industrial structure
• Promotion of recycling based on recycling acts
Underlying factor
38
0
10
20
30
40
50
2000 2005 2010 2015
資源生産性［万円/トン］
年度
16%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
2000 2005 2010 2015
入口側の循環利用率
年度
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2005 2010 2015
最終処分量［百万トン］
年度
[10,000 JPY/ ton]
Fiscal Year
[million ton]
58% increase
Fiscal Year Fiscal Year
74% decrease 60% increase
Resource productivity Cyclical use rate (resource base)
6
Achievements
= GDP/ Input of natural
resources, etc.
=Amountofcyclicaluse/(Amountofcyclical
use+Inputofnaturalresources,etc.)
Final disposal amount
7. • The Plan is formulated based on the Basic Act on Establishing a Sound
Material-Cycle Society and sets a mid-to long-term direction for the
establishment of a sound material-cycle society in Japan.
• The 4th Fundamental Plan, which was approved by the Cabinet on June
19th, 2018, indicates measures to be implemented in a strategic manner.
Integrated measures toward a sustainable society
Integrated improvements on the environment, economy and society
Sustaining fundamentals for 3Rs and waste management
Technologies, Human Resources and Awareness Raising, and Information and Databases
Resource
Circulation
throughout
the entire
Lifecycle
Disaster
Waste
Management
Systems
Proper
Waste
Management
and
Environmental
Restoration
Regional
Circular and
Ecological
Sphere
International
Resource
Circulation
7
The 4th Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society
The
Fundamental
Plan
Pillars of the Strategy
8. 16%
17% 18%
5%
10%
15%
20%
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
[Fiscal Year]
0%
44% 45%
47%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
[Fiscal Year]
0%
Resource productivity
Cyclical use rate (waste base)
= Amount of cyclical use/ Generation of waste, etc.
Cyclical use rate (resource base)
14 17 13
0
20
40
60
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
最終処分量［百万トン］
年度
FY2025 target: 18%
= approx. 80% increase from FY2000
FY2025 target: 47%
= approx. 30% increase from FY2000
FY2025 target: 13 million ton
= 77% reduction from FY2000
Final disposal amount
FY2025 target: 490,000JPY/ton
= approx. double from FY2000
3rd plan
target
4th plan
target
38
46 49
10
20
30
40
50
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
[Fiscal Year]
0
3rd plan
target
4th plan
target
[10,000 JPY/ton]
3rd plan
target
4th plan
target
3rd plan
target
4th plan
target
[million ton]
8
Targets and Indicators for Progress Monitoring
9. 9
Through the 4th Industrial Revolution, conduct resource circulation
throughout the entire lifecycle by “providing the necessary products and
services to persons in need, when necessary, and in the necessary amounts.
Strengthening upstream actions
Promotion and evaluation of
business related to 2Rs, incl. sharing
Priority areas
Plastics: Establishment of a “Plastic strategy”
and promotion of accompanying measures
Metals: Promoting the collection and
recycling of small home appliances, along
with the Tokyo 2020 Medal Project
Biomass: National campaign to reduce food
waste, measures against inappropriate recycling
of food waste, and efforts toward food recycling
Stone/ construction materials: Reducing
construction and demolition waste by strengthening
buildings and prolonging their lifespan
Recently spread products and materials
• Mandatory recycling system for solar power generation facilities
• Diaper recycling
Tokyo 2020 Medal Project
Source: MOEJ
Repair
Sharing
PROCUREM
ENT
Reuse
Product as a service
DISTRIBUT
ION
PRODUCT
USE
MANUFACT
URING
DISPOSAL
Recycle
Expanded use of
recycled materials
Design for
environmentRemanufacture
• Expanded use of recycled materials, design
for the environment, 3D modeling, etc.
Resource Circulation throughout the entire Lifecycle
10. 1. Strategic approach required for 5 priority areas: plastics, biomass, metals, stone
and construction materials, and solar power generation facilities
2. Following steps needed for comprehensive promotion of plastic resource
circulation:
3. Use human resources and information to connect dispersed things
with values for producing value-adding business models
10
Reduce use of disposable containers/packaging
and plastics for environmental impact reduction
Collect and recycle used and unused plastics
thoroughly and effectively
Enhance practicability of bioplastics and promote
use of alternatives for fossil fuel-derived plastics
Steps for plastic
resource circulation
Plastic Resource Circulation on Premises for Lifecycle
11. “Resources-Circulating Sphere” was proposed in the 3rd Fundamental Material
Cycles Plan of 2013. It was integrated as “Regional Circular and Ecological Sphere”
in the 5th Basic Environmental Plan and the 4th Fundamental Plan for Establishing
a Sound Material-Cycle.
11
Regional Circular and Ecological Sphere
• Build an optimal scale of recycling
network based on characteristics of
recyclable resources and local
community.
• Develop multi-layered local recycling
networks by circulating recyclable
resources in the local area as much as
possible, and spreading the area for
resource circulation when necessary.
Key points
12. 12
Example 1: Realized higher efficiency and
accuracy of waste sorting by introducing
automatic sorting robots
• The world's first introduction of robots using image
recognition technology to waste sorting processes.
• Improved recycling efficiency may lead to the reduction
in natural resource inputs and CO2 emissions.
Industrial
waste
Sorting
process
Automatic
sorting
robot
Wood
chips,
rubbles,
glass
RPF ,
sand,
crushed stone
Monitoring platform
Example 2: Promoted secondhand vehicle
use by providing automobile sharing services
• The used car dealer utilizes its database to distribute
part of in-house inventory to car-sharing.
• Expansion of car sharing may realize maximization of
market value with economic and environmental
impacts (incl. CO2 emissions)
Used car
dealer
CustomerAuto-
auction
Used car
dealer
Used
car
dealer
Used
car
dealer
Customer
Car sharing
Sale
Optimized
distribution based
on databaseAutomatic
sorting by
recognizing
images
Sharing (lease)
Return
Sell
Transport Sell
Source: Shitara Kousan Co., Ltd. Source: NOREL website
Reserve on the Web
Enjoy driving
Receive the car at the
shop
Change cars
Transport
Promotion of Innovative 2R Business
13. 13
Further promote proper waste management
• Stable and efficient waste management system
• Strengthen measures against global warming and
disaster on waste management system
• Waste management facilities that creates added
value for the local community
• Waste management system corresponding to the
aging society
• Further mandate electronic manifests
• Restore and advance the recycling industry
Restoration of environments
• Measures against marine litter including microplastics
• Measures for abandoned buildings i.e. empty houses
and store buildings
131
0
500
1,000
1,500
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015[FY]
20.5
0
10
20
30
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020[FY]
[Years]
Proper Waste Management and Restoration of Environment
Number of incidents of Illegal dumping
Residual years of landfills (Municipal waste)
14. 14
More resilient, multi-layered waste
management systems on municipal,
regional block, and nationwide levels for
swift and proper treatment of disaster waste
Proportion of prefectures and
municipalities with disaster waste
management plans
FY 2025 target:
[Prefecture] 100%, [Municipality] 60%
6%
43%
57%
8% 9%
21%
24%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2013 2014 2015 2016
[End of Fiscal Year]
Prefecture (n= 47)
Municipality (n= 1,741)
Prefecture target
Municipality target
145 148
364 412
3
20
27
Disaster Waste Management Systems
