Network Sharing Technologies

1. 1
 WHAT IS Wi-Fi ?
Introduction to Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Many devices can use Wi-Fi, like personal computers, video-game consoles,
smartphones, some digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These
devices can be connected over a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless
network access point. Such as an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20
meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot may have the coverage
area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many
square kilometers achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Fig.- 1.1 Symbols Of Wi-Fi
Wi-fi or Wi-Fi, is a local area wireless technology, which allows an electronic device to
exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio
waves. According to the Wi-Fi Alliance Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network
(WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers'
(IEEE) 802.11 standards".Moreover, since most modern WLANs are based on these
standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN". Only
Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing
successfully may use the "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" trademark
.
Fig.1.2- “Wi-Fi CERTIFIED” trademark

2. 2
Brief History
Some have dubbed Dutch engineer Vic Hayes the "father of Wi-Fi" due to his
involvement in negotiating the initial standards within the IEEE while chairing the
workgroup.The Australian radio-astronomer John O'Sullivan developed a key patent,
which was used in Wi-Fi as a by-product in a CSIRO research project, "a failed
experiment to detect exploding mini black holes the size of an atomic particle".In 1992
and 1996, Australian organization CSIRO (the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization) obtained patents for a method later used in Wi-Fi to
"unsmear" the signal. In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold
the Wi-Fi trademark.
Fig.1.3 IEEE notations of Wi-Fi
Security
Wi-Fi are the less secure than wired connections (such as Ethernet), as an intruder
does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use SSL are secure but
unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Due to this reason, Wi-
Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP, proved
easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional
feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that
allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.The Wi-Fi Alliance has since
updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist
attacks. US Federal Communications Commission released the 802.11g wireless fidelity
for the ISM band for unlicensed use.
In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11
intended for use in cashier systems. The first wireless products were under the name
WaveLAN.

3. 3
WLAN Architecture—Infrastructure Mode
Fig.1.4-Wi-Fi Architecture
Fig.1.5-Actual Architecture

4. 4
 UPDATES OF WI-FI: WI-MAX
Introduction to Wi-Max
After the past three decades after invention of Wireless system, we were unable to send
data without any wire at high speed. In 1999, the invention of Wi-Fi revaluated the
telecom industry. The latest version of Wi-Fi 2004.802.16d, started to update the Wi-Fi
system.
Wi-MAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless
communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data
rates,with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. WiMax is a radio
technology that promises to deliver two-way Internet access at speeds of up to 75 Mbps
at long range.
Fig.2.1-Wi-Max Icon
Wi-MAX Forum
The name "Wi-MAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June
2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes
Wi-MAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL.
Fig.2.2-Wi-Max Forum Symbol
Its backers claim that WiMax can transmit data up to 30 miles between broadcast
towers and can blanket areas more than a mile in radius with bandwidth that exceeds
current DSL and cable broadband capabilities.

5. 5
WiFi vs. WiMAX
Table.2.1- Difference Between Wi-Fi And Wi-MAX
WiMax Protocols
 The protocols that govern WiMax have been standardized. They are collectively
referred to as 802.16.
 Like Wi-Fi = 802.11, WiMax = 802.16.
 Overall vision for 802.16 is that carriers (e.g., ISP) would set up base stations
connected to a public (wired) network. This is like cellular.
 Each base station would support hundreds of fixed subscriber stations. Fixed
means that subscriber stations do not move. Plans to expand the standard to
include mobile stations is in the working.
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.16a
Max Speed 54Mbps (a&g) 10-100Mbps
Range 100m 40 km
QoS none yes
Coverage Indoor Outdoor
Users Hundred Thousand
Service Level None Yes

6. 6
 NEW INTERNET TECHNOLOGY: LI-FI
Introduction to Li-Fi
Weather we are using the wireless connection in a coffee shop or stealing it from the
guy next door, or competing bandwidth at a conference or training centers, we get
frustrated for the slow speed of internet. But in the contradiction, the limited available
RF spectrum in subject to think about the problems which are faced mentioned before.
Fig.3.1 IEEE notations of Li-Fi
Li-fi is the only solution which is operated via VLC. Therefore, there have been many
independent warnings of a looming. 'RF Spectrum Crisis ' as a mobile data demands
continue to increase while the network spectral efficiency saturates despite newly -
introduced standards and great technologies advancements in the field. It is new
estimated that by 2017, more than 11 bytes of data traffic will have to be transferred
through mobile networks every month.
Key Features
i. Short for Light fidelity.
ii. At the heart of this technology is a new generation of high brightness light
emitting diodes.
iii. It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LED’s
flicker on and off to give different strings 1s and 0s.
iv. Li-Fi is a term, one used to describe visible light communication technology
applied to high speed wireless communication.

7. 7
Advantages of Li Fi
a. Green information technology.
b. Lighting points Used as Hotspots.
c. Can be used in hospitals and even underwater
Disadvantages of Li Fi
a. Li-Fi doesn’t work in the dark or outdoors.
b. Li-Fi has a big drawback compared to Wi-Fi, unlike wi-Fi we cannot move to
other rooms unless there are wired bulbs too.
How Li- Fi Works
We can imagine ourselves walking into a complex where GPS Signals
are unavailable but the complex is equipped with ceiling bulbs that
create their own ' constellation ' of navigation becomes.As the concern
of our cell phone automatically receives these signals, it switches our
navigation software to use this information to guide us to the ATM
machine we are looking for we conclude our ATM transaction and notice
the Giga spot sign for instant digital movie download within a few
seconds, or AD movie into Gign link flash desire plugged into the USB
port of our smartphone.
As we walk away, out phone notifies us that the leather jacket featured
in the character of movie is ON sale nearby. We walk over there towards
the slow window and own image comes up on the screen, wearing the
jackets. We can turn and pause while the image matches our orientation
and body gestures for a digital filtering. When we walk into the store, the
clerk handover us the actual jacket into exactly size tilting.

8. 8
Working Technology of Li-Fi
Fig.3.2 Architecture of Li-Fi

9. 9
 FUTURE OF LI-FI:
 INTRODUCTION TO GI-FI
Gi-Fi or gigabit wireless refers to wireless communication at a data rate of more than
one billion bits (gigabit) per second.By 2004 some trade press used the term "Gi-Fi" to
refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards marketed under the trademark Wi-
Fi.
In 2008 researchers at the University of Melbourne demonstrated a transceiver
integrated on a single integrated circuit (chip) that operated at 60 GHz on the CMOS
process.It will allow wireless transfer of audio and video data at up to 5 gigabits per
second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one-tenth the cost.
Researchers chose the 57–64 GHz unlicensed frequency band since the millimeter-
wave range of the spectrum allowed high component on-chip integration as well as the
integration of very small high gain arrays. The available 7 GHz of spectrum results in
very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second to users within an indoor environment,
usually within a range of 10 meters.Some press reports called this "Gi-Fi".
It was developed by Melbourne University-based laboratories of NICTA (National ICT
Australia Limited), Australia‘s Information and Communications Technology Research
Centre of Excellence.
Fig.4.1 IEEE notations of Gi-Fi
In 2009, the Wireless Gigabit Alliance was formed. It used the term "Wi-Gig" which
avoided trademark confusion. It utilize at 5mm square chip and a 1mm wide antenna
burning its less than 2milli watts of power to transmit data wirelessly over short
distance.. it provides many features like ease of development small from factors
,enabling the future of information management, high speed of data transfer low power
consumption etc.

10. 10
FEATURES OF GI-FI
1. capacity of high speed of data transfer:
The data transfer rate of Gi-fi is in gigabits/sec speed of Gi-fi is 5gbps,10 times faster
than all existing technologies providing higher data transfer rate is the main feature of
gi-fi.an entire HD movie can be transmitted to a home computer or screen at the same
speed.
2. Interference in Data Transfer:
It uses the 60 GHz millimeter were spectrum to transmit the data which gives the
advantage are WI-FI. Wi-Fi‘s part of spectrum is increasingly crowded, phones which
leads to interference and slower speeds. But the millimeter were spectrum(30 to 300
GHz) is all must an occupied And the new chip is potentially hundreds of times faster
than the average home Wi-Fi technology.
3. Power consumption:
Gi-Fi technology is based on IEEE 802.15.3C and this Standard provides more security
since it provides optional security in the link level and service level. Point-to-point
wireless systems operating at 60 GHz have been used for many years by the
intelligence community for high security communications and by the military for satellite-
to-satellite communications.
 Network Evolution
 Applications of Gi-Fi
I. Household appliances : It makes the wireless home and office of the
future.
II. Office appliances : As it transfers data at high speeds that made work
very easy .
III. Video information transfer: We can transfer at a speed of gbps.

11. 11
 Conclusion
We have already discussed the all technologies here.Now we will recall a brief overview
of this paper. The wireless communication already contributed a huge revolution in the
telecom sectors from the last three decades. Wi-Fi gives us the point-to-multiple point
internet facility, by which we can create the Wi-Fi hotspot zone anywhere.
Wi-Max completely revaluated the business world for the faster internet facility. Now
according to the demand of consumers we introduced the Li-Fi technology for more
than 1 Gbps speed.
Gi-Fi follows the tradition of Li-Fi. More and more research should be done in the field of
these new wireless technology and its applications.
But when we follow the availability of facilities, price, operating system by the users,
complexity- the Gigabyte Technology is not suitable for the common users.
The Li-Fi system is also follows the path of Gi-Fi. That`s why till this date the Wi-Fi is
more popular than any other technologies available there.
But the modern demanding users are not satisfied for the Wi-Fi. They need really the
new existing technology.
The Wi-Max has those parameters, which are very demanding for the new users. But
we don`t say that, the industry do not need to focus on the Li-Fi and Gi-Fi technologies.
But according to the situation, we really need to follow on the Wi-Max technology.
Finally:
“Technology is supposed to make our lives easier, allowing us to do things
more quickly and efficiently. But too often it seems to make things harder,
leaving us with fifty-button remote controls, digital cameras with
hundreds of mysterious features and book-length manuals, and cars with
dashboard systems worthy of the space shuttle.”
James Surowiecki

12. 12
 References
I. ISTP Journal of Research in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering (ISTP-JREEE)
II. Wikipedia -> http://en.m.wikipedia.org?wiki?wireless
III. www.cisco.com/wireless_networking
IV. http://www.slideshare.net/accessallow/lifi technology
V. http://thefutureofthings.com/3898-the-future-of-wimax
VI. http://www.slideshare.net/tapeshchalisgaonkar1/gi-fi-
technology-finl-ppt
VII. http://1000projects.org/seminarprojects/Thread-Download-
Gi-Fi-Seminar-Report-PPT-628
VIII. http://www.slideshare.net/yogeshprasanna/gi-fi-technology-
32448889