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Digestive system Ch.8
1.
2. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver cells.
The disease progresses with the increase in
inflammation and necrosis interfering with
blood flow to the liver.
3. Percutaneous/permucosal exposure to blood
or blood products
Unprotected sex with infected individual
Perinatal transmission (Infants born to
infected mothers)
Contaminated needles users
4. Asymptomatic
Malaise
Fatigue
Myalgias (muscle pain)
Hepatic tenderness
Hepatomegaly and
spleenomegaly
The HBV vaccine is
the best means of
prevention
Acute infection:
supportive care such
as rest, proper diet
Chronic infection:
Antiviral medications
such as Lamivudine
(Epivir-HBV)
5. IBD can affect structures or segments along
the gastrointestinal tract.
The exact cause is unknown and there is no
cure.
6. Genetics
Culture (Caucasians and Jewish)
Gender and age (young adulthood prone in
females and older adulthood prone in males)
Diet (low fiber diet)
Smoking
Stress
Autoimmunity and infection
8. PUD is an erosion of the mucosal lining of
the stomach or duodenum
The erosion can lead to exposition of the
epithelium to gastric acid which can
precipitate bleeding and perforation
9. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection
Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
and corticosteroid use
Severe Stress
Type O blood
Excess alcohol intakes
Chronic pulmonary or kidney disease
10. Dyspepsia- heartburn, bloating, nausea, and
vomiting
Pain (gastric ulcer: cramps upon ingestion of
food; duodenal ulcer: pain after meal
relieved by eating or antacid)
Bloody emesis or stools
Weight loss
Epigastric pain upon palpation
11. GERD is characterized by acidic gastric
content and enzymes leaking into the
esophagus
These fluids irritate the esophageal tissue
12. Obesity
Older age
Sleep apnea
Use of nasogastric tube
Increased gastic acid caused by stress or
medications such as NSAIDs
14. Fremgen, Bonnie F.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language/
Bonnie F. Fremgen, Suzanne S. Frucht-5th
ed.
Lewis, Dirksen
Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and
Management/ Dirksen Lewis, Heitkemper
Bucher-8th ed.