Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.

1. Prepared By:
Yogendra Katuwal
AGR-03M, 2016
AFU, Rampur

2. INTRODUCTION
Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting
for an extended period of time.
In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature,
precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several
decades or longer.
Climate change and agriculture are inextricably linked. Agriculture still depends
fundamentally on the weather.
Globally, climate change (CC) is the most serious environmental threat that
adversely affects agricultural productivity (Enete and Amusa, 2010).
Based on some projections, changes in temperature, rainfall and severe weather
events are expected to reduce crop yield in many regions of the developing
world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia (Gornall et al., 2010).
The impact and consequences of CC in agriculture tends to be more severe for
countries with lower levels of development & little adaptation capacity (Keane et
al., 2009).

3. CONTD…
On the other hand, various studies indicate that current agricultural activities are
a significant source of GHGs that aggravate climate disruption (Parvatha, 2014).
However, agricultural sector has large potential to mitigate and adapt climate
change.
According to (IPCC ,2007a),
Mitigation is an intervention to reduce the emissions sources or enhance the
GHG sinks whereas,
Adaptation is the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual
or expected climatic change or their effects, to reduce harm or exploit beneficial
opportunities.

4. RELATIONSHIP
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE
Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways (World Bank, 2008a);
Including thorough changes in average temperatures,
Rainfall and climate extremes with an important impact on soil erosion (i.e.
floods, drought, etc):
Changes in pests and diseases,
Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide,
Changes in the nutritional quality of some foods,
Changes in growing season, and
Changes in sea level

5. Modified precipitation patterns enhances water scarcity and associated drought
stress for crops. Also reduces the predictability of farmers’ planning (OECD, 2014).
In an indirect way, change in temperature and moisture levels may lead to change
in absorption rate of fertilizers and other minerals, that determine yield output.
The rise in temperature along with the reduction in rainfall reduces agricultural
productivity if both are beyond the threshold that is suitable for crop production.
Climate change is also likely to affect the livestock sector both by affecting the
quantity and quality of feed however, there is a limited literature available on
climate change impacts on livestock (Hoffmann, 2013).
Large proportion of marginal farmers with small landholding, limited irrigation,
low income level, limited institutional capacity, and greater dependency of
agriculture on climate-sensitive natural resources increase the degree of
vulnerability (Regmi and Adhikari, 2007).
CONTD…

7. • Despite technological improvements that increase corn yields, extreme weather
events have caused significant yield reductions in some years. Source: USGCRP
(2009)

8. THE CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES TO
CLIMATE CHANGE
Thornton and Lipper, 2013, reports that agriculture contributes 30-40% of
anthropogenic GHG emissions.
Three-quarters of agricultural GHG emissions occur in developing countries, and
this share may rise above 80% by 2050 (Thornton and Lipper, 2013).
According to Smith et al., 2007a, there is a significant increase in GHGs emission
from 2001-2011 (14%) in developing countries, the increase occurred, due to an
expansion of total agricultural outputs.
Agriculture creates both direct and indirect emissions. Direct emissions come
from fertilized agricultural soils and livestock manure.
Indirect emissions come from runoff and leaching of fertilizers, emission from
land-use changes, use of fossil fuels for mechanization, transport and agro-
chemical and fertilizer production (IPCC, 2014).
CONTD…

10. According to Busari et al., 2015, agriculture contributes about half of the global
emissions of two of the most potent non-CO2 GHG: nitrous oxide (N2O) and
methane (CH4).
These non-carbon GHGs have powerful greenhouse effects and have greater
longevity than CO2
Globally, agriculture contributes to 58 % of total N2O emission (World Bank,
2008b).
It creates 4.5 million tons of nitrous oxide annually (IPCC, 2007d).
The use of synthetic fertilizer for agriculture is a major source of nitrous oxide
emissions.
Livestock, especially cattle, produce methane as part of their digestion. This
process is called enteric fermentation. The sector is responsible for 47 % of the
world’s methane emissions.
When the manure of livestock is not used as a fertilizer or left in fields during
grazing. Many of these systems create conditions that are favorable for nitrous
oxide producing bacteria (IPCC, 2014).
CONTD…

11. AGRICULTURE AS A SOLUTION FOR CLIMATE
CHANGE
Agricultural sector holds significant climate change mitigation potential through
reductions of GHG emissions and enhancement of agricultural sequestration.
Adaptation alone is not enough to offset the effects of climate change, and thus
still need to be supplemented by concerted mitigation efforts (Vuren et al., 2009).
Agricultural activities are relatively affordable form of mitigation option, for
which many technical options are already readily available (FAO, 2010a)
Global adoption of organic agriculture (OA) has the potential to sequester up to
the equivalent of 32% of all current man-made GHG emissions (FAO, 2009).
In OA, soil fertility is maintained mainly through: (OECD, 2015)
Farm internal inputs (organic manures, legume production, crop rotations etc.)
Rejection of energy-demanding synthetic fertilizers & plant protection
And there is less or no use of fossil fuel

12. Change in crop variety
It involves switching from one crop variety to another in response to climatic
stresses and changes.
Study done by FAO, 2011 in Tanzania explained that Tanzania’s farmers try to
adapt climate change by using drought resistance crops.
Change in cropping pattern
Application of changes in how crops are cycled within a season.
Farmers in the drought-prone semi-arid areas of Brazil have realized that several
varieties of a single crop species can occupy a common land area, incorporating
several bean varieties, maize and sorghum, among others, to increase harvest
potential arid climate stresses (Komba and Muchapondwa, 2015).
CONTD…

13. Change in cropping calendar
Another common adaptation to climate change at the farm level, which largely
involves altering the timing of farm activities to suit climatic variations/changes.
Farm management practices
Organic Agriculture focus on maintaining diverse farming systems and helps to
diversify potential sources of income for farmers, making farming household
more resilient to adverse impacts of climate (Rhodes et al., 2014).
According to Rhodes et al., 2014, also crop residue management practice is
considered one of the best climate smart actions.
CONTD…

14. Livestock management
It related to livestock and their waste management particularly to adapt climate
change by breeding locally adapted livestock species, proper resource
management practices & alternative feed production technologies (Muller,2009).
Agroforestry
Agroforestry presents an opportunity to counter the adverse impacts of climate
change through the joint action of adaptation and mitigation (FAO, 2006).
Trees on farms enhance the coping capacity of small farmers to climate risks
through crop and income diversification, soil and water conservation and efficient
nutrient cycling and conservation (Action Aid, 2008).
CONTD…

15. BARRIERS TO ADAPT AND MITIGATE CLIMATE
CHANGE IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR
According to Takimoto et al., 2008, the main barrier to mitigate CC is:
That it needs long time (15-60 years) to obtain maximum storage i.e. carbon
sequestration in soils, depending on management practice, management history
and the system being modified.
Nhemachena and Hassan, 2007 also found the following barriers:
Lack of awareness and knowledge on climate change and adaptation strategies,
Lack of capital and improved seeds, and
Lack of irrigation played an important role in hindering adaptation.
Similarly, Ishaya and Abaje, 2008 study finding revealed that:
Policy barrier such as lack of local context and little attention to local situation
Limited capacity to implement the policy &
Lack of coordination hinder farmers to practice different adaptation activities.

17. CONCLUSION
From this review, it is concluded that globally, climate change has relationship
with agriculture in one or another way.
This relationship becomes stronger in developing countries as their livelihood
depends on agricultural activities that mostly depends on climatic condition.
Moreover, the impact of climate change is very serious in developing counties
due to their limited adaptive capacity and lack of technology
Within the current and projected situation of climate change globally, only
climate change mitigation is not enough so long term solution is important by
combining climate change adaptation in agriculture sector.
Such practices could be conservation agriculture, organic agriculture, manure
management, agroforestry practice etc.

18. THANK YOU