5. The Areas of Finance
Business or Corporate Finance-the firm’s ability
to make good finance decisions;
Personal Finance-retirement provision, saving
plans etc.,;
Public Finance-income distribution, stability plans
etc.,;
5
6. Finance v
Accounting
Financial Accounting
concentrates on record keeping
and submitting of financial
statements;
Finance focuses on making
decisions and carrying out
analysis based on information
presented by accounting;
6
9. Business Finance
Types of Financial Decisions
Investment Decisions;
Financing Decisions;
Asset Management
Decisions;
9
10. Investment Decisions
Should we built this component or buy it?
What specific assets should be acquired?
Should we introduce a new product?
Which projects should be undertaken?
10
11. Financing Decisions
What is the best structure of
financing(debt versus equity)?
How much of our debt should be short-
term as opposite to long-term?
What is the best dividend policy?
How will the funds be physically acquired?
11
12. Asset-Management
Decision
How do we manage existing assets
efficiently?
Financial Manager has varying degrees of
operating responsibility over assets;
Greater emphasis on current asset
management than fixed asset
management; 12
13. The Goal of the Business
13
The target of business is
the maximize
shareholder’s wealth;
It’s measured as the
price of stocks;
Wealth maximization
concept adjusts for
deficiencies of previous
concept;
14. Profit Maximization
Short-Term Oriented;
Can not account for risk;
Can lead
mismanagement;
Wealth
Maximization
Long-term Oriented;
The risk factor is taken
account;
Recognizes the timing of
returns;
14
Comparison of Two
Concepts
16. Types of Businesses
Sole Proprietorships
A business that owned
and operated by one
individual;
The owner and the
business are legally
identical;
16
18. Partnerships
A business that owned
and controlled by two or
more persons who are
equally liable for losses;
Typically governed by
partnership agreement;
18
20. Company
• Business that owned by
shareholders;
• Shareholder liability is
limited to nominal value of
shares that they own;
• Business is legally
separate from it’s owners;
20
25. Role of Management
An agenagentt is an individual authorized by
another person, called the principal, to act
in the latter’s behalf;
Management acts as an agentagent for the
owners (shareholders) of the firm;
25
26. Agency Theory
Principals must provide
incentivesincentives so that
management acts in the
principals’ best interests and
then monitormonitor results;
Incentives include stockstock
options, perquisites,options, perquisites, and
bonusesbonuses;
26
28. Financial Markets
Businesses interact continually with the
financial markets;financial markets;
Composed of all institutions and
procedures for bringing buyers and sellers
of financial instruments together;
28
29. The Purpose of Financial
Markets
Mobilization of savings-uselessly lying fund is made to
flow the place where it is really needed;
Facilitate price discovery-the price is determined by the
forces of demand and supply;
Provide liquidity to financial assets-buyers or sellers of
securities are available all the times;
Reduce the cost of transaction-making all necessary
information available without any cost;
29
30. Flow of Funds
in the Economy
INVESTMENT SECTOR
FINANCIAL
INTERMEDIARIES
SAVINGS SECTOR
FINANCIAL BROKERS
SECONDARY MARKET
30
31. Types of Financial
Markets
Money Market-market for trading of short-term
securities(Repo, CDO, commercial paper, T-bills);
Capital Market-where the transaction of long-term
securities takes place(corporate bonds, government
bonds);
Primary Market-newly issued instruments are bid;
Secondary Market-already issued stocks are sold and
bought;
31
32. Financial Intermediaries
Come between
ultimate borrowers
and lenders by
transforming direct
claims to indirect
claims;
Commercial banks,
insurance
funds,mutual funds;
32
33. Efficient Allocation of
Funds
Funds will flow to economic units that are willing
to provide the greatest expected return;
The highest expected returns will be offered only
by those economic units with the most promising
investment opportunities;
Result:Result: Savings tend to be allocated to the most
efficient uses;
33
34. What Influences Security
Expected Returns?
Default Risk-the failure to meet the terms of contract;Default Risk-the failure to meet the terms of contract;
Marketability-Marketability- is the ability to sell a significant volume of
securities in a short period of time in the secondary
market without significant price concession;
34
35. What Influences
Expected Security
Returns?
Maturity-Maturity- is concerned with the life of the security; the
amount of time before the principal amount of a
security becomes due;
Embedded Options-Embedded Options- provide the opportunity to
change specific attributes of the security;
InflationInflation -the greater inflation expectations, then the
greater the expected return;
35
36. Risk-Expected Return
Profile
RISK
EXPECTEDRETURN(%)
U.S. Treasury Bills (risk-free securities)U.S. Treasury Bills (risk-free securities)
Prime-grade Commercial PaperPrime-grade Commercial Paper
Long-term Government Bonds
Investment-grade Corporate Bonds
Medium-grade Corporate Bonds
Preferred Stocks
Conservative Common Stocks
Speculative Common Stocks
36
37. Term Structure of
Interest Rates
A yield curve is a graph of the relationship between yields
and term to maturity for particular securities.
Upward Sloping Yield CurveUpward Sloping Yield Curve
Downward Sloping Yield Curve
0246810
YIELD(%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
(Usual)
(Unusual)
YEARS TO MATURITY
37